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1.
一次雷暴大风的物理环境场和多普勒雷达回波特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
2009年8月27日15-18时,石家庄地区出现雷暴大风等灾害性强对流天气过程,石家庄地区北部新乐县境内的多普勒雷达探测到了此次天气过程中完整的阵风锋、飑线、中气旋等中尺度天气系统,并对此次雷暴大风的环境场和多普勒雷达产品进行分析。结果表明:低层逆温、中低层垂直风切变较强的不稳定层结为强对流天气的发生发展提供了有利的环境条件。阵风锋对对流风暴发展强度具有反馈作用,当二者逐渐远离时,对流风暴强度减弱甚至消亡;当二者逐渐靠近时,对流风暴发展加强,甚至发展为超级单体对流风暴。多单体对流风暴带状排列构成飑线系统,所经测站出现风速突增、风向急转、气压涌升、气温下降,钩状回波、人字型回波、弓形回波和深厚持久发展的中气旋是本次天气过程中的超级单体对流风暴所具有的典型特征。地面破坏性大风主要由超级单体对流风暴所引发。  相似文献   

2.
利用常规观测、地面自动站加密观测资料、NCEP(0.25°×0.25°)再分析资料以及多普勒雷达资料等,对2016年9月24日发生在内蒙古东南部一次致灾飑线天气过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)中高层干冷空气扩散东南下与低层西南急流的辐合急剧加强为强飑线提供了非常有利的大尺度环流背景;(2)对流有效位能(CAPE)在强对流爆发前有明显跃升;假相当位温(θse)中低层分布呈显著的倒漏斗状,而且随高度增高递减率明显增大,这种上干下湿的层结有利于雷暴大风和冰雹等强对流天气产生;(3)地面中尺度露点锋(干线)和中尺度辐合线长时间维持、耦合并加强成为这次强对流天气的直接触发和维持机制;飑线后部一直维持雷暴高压,表明有地面大风存在;(4)雷达回波伴有弓形回波特征,低层呈现有界弱回波区(BWER),中高层有明显的回波悬垂,50~55 dBz强回波区延伸到7.5 km,表明对流风暴内有强烈的上升气流,有利于短时强降水和大冰雹的形成;(5)弓形回波径向速度剖面图上存在中层径向辐合(MARC)。  相似文献   

3.
2018年一次罕见早春飑线大风过程演变和机理分析   总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2  
盛杰  郑永光  沈新勇  张涛  曹艳察  林隐静 《气象》2019,45(2):141-154
2018年3月4—5日,华南、江南等地发生了一次大范围强对流过程,发生时间早,落区范围广,多地伴有雷暴大风、冰雹、短时强降水等剧烈对流天气,尤其飑线在江西境内造成了严重大风灾害。基于大气环流和雷达回波发展演变特征,将该次过程分为初始、发展和减弱三个阶段:初始阶段西风槽前西南急流造成的低压倒槽为强对流提供大尺度触发条件;发展阶段对流活动位于槽前暖区中,飑线在江西造成极端大风;入夜后,冷锋南下,对流进入减弱阶段。环境场及对流参数诊断表明江西中北部低层高温高湿,中层干冷,温度垂直递减率大,有利于产生雷暴大风。南昌探空长时间序列分析表明温湿要素气候态异常,与历史同期比,低层明显偏暖偏湿,中层偏干,有利于极端对流天气发生。综合多源观测资料和雷达资料分析中小尺度特征,本次江西飑线过程特点及成因包括:(1)受引导气流和前向传播共同作用,飑线移动速度快。(2)自动站分析显示飑锋后雷暴高压强,与锋前暖低压作用造成强密度流,有利于产生大范围直线型大风;(3)通过对比飑线弓状回波南北段回波结构差异表明,飑线后侧中层干后向入流促使降水粒子相变,剧烈降温形成的强下沉运动(下击暴流)是导致极端大风的主要原因,后部层云区下沉气流增强雷暴高压加之动量下传作用对雷暴大风有增幅作用。  相似文献   

4.
2021年8月23日午后黑龙江省西南部地区出现了一次区域性雷暴大风天气。本文利用常规观测资料和ERA5再分析资料对此次过程进行了特征分析。结果表明:该过程是在冷涡背景下,低层暖湿输送强迫形成的区域性多类型雷暴大风天气,强垂直风切变、中层干层、大的对流有效位能提供了有利的环境条件。地面辐合线触发在暖锋锋生区内产生了下击暴流和多单体风暴,造成了局地的雷暴大风和低质心强降水;线状对流系统中的弓形回波其前侧入流缺口、后侧弱回波区、高反射率因子梯度大值区、超过60 d Bz的强中心不断生消及其V型缺口,都对雷暴大风和冰雹有很好的预警指示;冷池的面积与冷源强度同雷暴有明显的对应关系且对流的发展和冷池加强也形成了反馈机制。  相似文献   

5.
康岚  刘炜桦  肖递祥  师锐  王秀明 《气象》2018,44(11):1414-1423
利用常规观测资料、FY-2E卫星云图、多普勒雷达产品、闪电定位资料、自动气象站资料等,分析了2015年4月4日傍晚到夜间发生在四川盆地的极端大风天气过程。分析指出:本次雷暴大风过程是由冷锋对暖湿气团的强迫抬升及干冷空气进入暖湿区域触发形成.中空干层、大的温度直减率、高低空急流耦合区、低层温度脊附近是利于极端雷暴大风出现的潜势区域。该区域为雷暴形成提供了条件不稳定、水汽、动力抬升等有利环境条件。冷空气首先从盆地西北部中低层入侵,在低层切变线上触发生成了一系列雷暴单体,在最有利于对流发展的潜势区域迅速发展。潜势区域中线状回波北段的中尺度涡旋环流、前侧入流和后侧入流的相互作用形成单体弓形回波,该弓形回波具有比普通雷暴更高的反射率因子、垂直液态含水量.根据雷达回波演变特征推断,本次极端大风是由单体弓形回波带来的湿下击暴流所导致。弓形回波中高反射率因子的高度连续下降意味着下沉气流伴随降水粒子下降,干空气被夹卷进入下沉气流使得雨滴被迅速蒸发,大大加强了下沉气流强度,因而显著增加了大风强度。分析还指出:通过分析对流发展背景条件,确定最有利对流发展的潜势区域,关注该区域中回波的生成、形态特点、演变特征,可提前预警大风天气。  相似文献   

6.
对2013年4月17日和2015年5月10日贵州省黔东南地区两次雷暴大风天气过程的物理环境场和多普勒雷达回波特征进行对比分析,表明雷暴大风的发生需要一定的环境条件,抬升指数LI、下沉对流有效位能DCAPE、总指数TT、深对流指数DCI等对黔东南雷暴大风有较好的指示意义。通过对多普勒雷达回波产品的分析,表明这两次雷暴大风均为典型的下击暴流,雷暴单体反射率因子核的突然升高和持续下降可用于短时临近预报。  相似文献   

7.
基于加密探测资料解析2009年6月3日商丘强飑线形成机制   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
利用郑州、商丘新一代天气雷达资料、河南省逐分钟自动站等加密探测资料,对2009年6月3日发生在商丘地区的强飑线形成机制进行了分析。结果表明:低涡后部横槽携带冷空气沿西北气流下滑与低层暖湿空气在商丘汇聚,在低层辐合线、干线触发下,位于辐合中心的商丘爆发强飑线;初始对流回波沿边界辐合线发展加强并形成超级单体强风暴;在开封与商丘之间的露点锋(干线)作用下,发展起来的晴空边界辐合线触发新生对流并发展加强,与超级单体强风暴汇合成强飑线迅速东南移影响商丘地区;雷暴大风前商丘大片超折射回波预示该处有干暖盖存在,为飑线移到商丘爆发更为激烈的强对流天气提供了大量的不稳定能量;强飑线回波带上超级单体风暴和后来发展形成的弓形回波是造成商丘地区强天气的关键,雷暴大风发生在辐合线后侧,辐合线后侧具有典型的中尺度雷暴高压、中尺度低温中心、风场辐散等特征;强雷暴高压、高压前侧的强气压梯度以及强飑线的快速移动是宁陵、夏邑和永城等地有气象记录以来极端大风产生的直接原因。  相似文献   

8.
2021年8月3日柳州市出现一次伴有短时强降水和下击暴流的强雷暴大风天气过程。利用观测资料以及柳州自动站分钟级数据、雷达、风廓线等资料,对此次过程中下击暴流的成因进行分析。结果表明:①此次过程是在大陆高压与热带辐合带间中低层为一致东北气流的背景下,弱垂直风切变与强不稳定能量、深厚干空气源、近地面的干绝热递减等有利环境条件下,由地面中尺度辐合线抬升触发的。②下击暴流初始回波具有脉冲风暴特征,之后发展成多单体风暴;下击暴流发生前有反射率核心下降,低层入流及中层径向辐合增强等特征,其垂直结构表现为低层辐散、中层辐合、中高层辐合旋转。③地面大风出现前风廓线雷达风场有明显高空动量下传和低层风速减小,大风出现在低层风速开始增强时刻,早于低层风速最强时。④下击暴流的产生与降水粒子的拖曳作用和负浮力有关;地形作用使得强对流回波沿地形运动,且下坡地形与峡谷效应对极端大风的形成有叠加作用。  相似文献   

9.
利用常规和区域自动站观测资料、卫星和多普勒雷达监测产品及NCEP再分析资料,对2014年7月14日新乡强对流过程进行了综合分析。结果表明:高空东移冷槽与低层暖脊叠加使新乡上空形成明显的不稳定层结,而中低层暖湿空气在午后表现出明显的北抬和向高空扩展的趋势,使大气对流不稳定度进一步加强,有利于雷暴大风和冰雹强对流天气的出现;同时,强对流天气发生前0—6 km垂直风切变达到中等偏强程度,有利于对流系统的形成和维持。地面中尺度辐合线起对流触发作用,辐合线尾部前侧的对流云团发展更强更快。云团合并导致对流云团迅猛加强,对流单体合并有利于对流回波的暴发性发展及回波顶快速抬升。过程中雷暴外流边界也是强对流的重要触发机制,太行山脉东侧的雷暴外流边界受地形抬升作用,触发大范围分散的对流单体,导致了局地短时强降水天气。风灾主要是由多单体风暴中的下击暴流和雷暴外流边界造成的,下击暴流造成的大风比由雷暴外流边界导致的大风更强。此外,强回波中心强度增强、质心高度迅速升高,回波顶高和VIL值跃增等对强对流过程中局地冰雹预报有较好的指示意义。  相似文献   

10.
中国当代强对流天气研究与业务进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
俞小鼎  郑永光 《气象学报》2020,78(3):391-418
对当代中国几十年来强对流天气研究和业务进展做了阐述,主要包括强对流系统产生的环境背景和主要组织形态,以及具体强对流天气的有利环境条件、触发机制、卫星云图特征、多普勒天气雷达回波特征以及预报、预警技术等诸方面。总体来看,中国学者对强对流以及不同类型强对流天气(强冰雹、龙卷、雷暴大风)发生、发展的环流背景以及通过雷达和卫星观测到的组织结构及其演变特征都已有了明确认识,研究了对流系统的多种触发机制,深入认识了超级单体、飑线等对流系统的环境条件、组织结构特征和维持机制,了解了中国中尺度对流系统的组织形态和气候分布特征,获得了强冰雹、龙卷、下击暴流和雷暴大风等的雷达、卫星和闪电等的多尺度观测特征、形成机制和现场灾害调查特征,发展了各类强对流天气识别、监测和分析方法以及基于“配料法”和深度学习方法等的预报、预警技术等。因此,强对流天气业务预报水平已得到显著提升。   相似文献   

11.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.  相似文献   

12.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.  相似文献   

13.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.  相似文献   

14.
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.  相似文献   

15.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.  相似文献   

16.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.  相似文献   

17.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.  相似文献   

18.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.  相似文献   

19.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.  相似文献   

20.
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on  相似文献   

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