基于GPRS网络的远程气象数据采集系统设计和实现

根据我国实时监测气象设备布设网点不断扩大和加密的现状,提出利用现有的GPRS网络覆盖范围广、实时在线、通信质量高和维持费用低等优势,设计一种基于GPRS网络的远程气象数据采集系统。介绍该系统的结构模式和功能,系统中远程测控终端的硬件结构组成,相关的电路芯片使用。阐述编制相应控制软件的方法,在Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0可视化编程语言集成包环境下开发管理中心软件的方法,以及基于GPRS网络的远程气象数据采集系统的实际应用情况。     

基于GPRS网络的远程气象数据采集系统设计和实现

根据我国实时监测气象设备布设网点不断扩大和加密的现状,提出利用现有的GPRS网络覆盖范围广、实时在线、通信质量高和维持费用低等优势,设计一种基于GPRS网络的远程气象数据采集系统。介绍该系统的结构模式和功能,系统中远程测控终端的硬件结构组成,相关的电路芯片使用。阐述编制相应控制软件的方法,在Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0可视化编程语言集成包环境下开发管理中心软件的方法,以及基于GPRS网络的远程气象数据采集系统的实际应用情况。     

浅谈自动气象站传感器的信号测量

DYYZⅡ型自动气象站由硬件和系统软件组成,硬件包括传感器、采集器、通讯接口、系统电源、计算机等,系统软件包括采集软件和地面测报业务软件。该设备的应用,为我国大气监测自动化奠定了基础,而传感器在其中起到了非常重要的作用。得到的气象数据都要通过传感器由信号电缆传到外接线盒     

基于ZigBee技术的无线气象数据采集系统的设计与实现

随着各类新型气象观测要素的增加,自动气象观测场线缆的数量也随之增加,从而提高了系统的故障率;由于大部分观测场都采用地下布线,使得后期维护或维修十分不便。文章设计了一套基于ZigBee技术的无线气象数据采集系统,介绍了系统的总体设计方案和ZigBee模块的硬件电路,同时对协调节点ZigBee网络组建、数据接收及传输到服务器端环节进行了软件设计;最后对采集系统进行了对比观测,观测结果显示：系统能稳定地将各传感器的数据实时、准确地传输到服务器端,实现了气象数据在ZigBee无线网中的采集。     

基于自动气象站与自动雨量站的气象服务、监视及自动报警系统

用自动气象站和乡镇加密自动雨量站采集的雨量等气象要素数据,编程研制开发了气象服务、监视及自动报警系统.该系统以数据库为核心,利用气象基本业务通信网络,采用客户机/服务器模式,实现了区域面雨量评估、乡镇加密自动雨量站数据采集入库情况监视、根据不同的时间段所对应的降雨强度量级自动报警、自动气象站采集数据的实时自动入库、各气象要素彩色图形的自动绘制等功能.文章主要介绍该系统的结构设计、开发各子系统的目的和各功能实现的原理及方法等.     

DVB-S在气象数据广播中的应用研究

DVB-S卫星数据广播系统技术成熟、开放性好、硬件成本低、传输速率高,能很好地承担各种气象数据业务和视、音频广播业务。该文介绍DVB-S数据广播系统的基本组成,并结合新一代卫星通信气象数据广播系统的总体需求、总体技术设计、试验系统建设,对主站和小站的业务应用方式进行研究。基于DVB-S的新一代气象信息卫星广播系统建设,将大大提升国家气象信息中心气象信息广播分发和服务能力。大力开展围绕采用DVB-S技术的气象业务应用研究,拓展和衍生各种应用服务领域,是目前所面临的重要任务。     

基于MQ的气象数据采集与监控系统设计

针对气象业务和公共服务对气象数据统一管理与监控的需求,基于MQ(Message Queuing)消息中间件技术,设计并实现了一种气象数据采集与监控系统,由于多种气象探测设备数据源分散、难以统一管理,本文从数据采集端入手,对不同种类,格式各异的气象采集数据进行资料种类划分、数据消息规整、采集路由配置等方式实现了多种气象探测数据采集流程的统一,气象数据采集入库灵活及时,在数据流程环节中进行监控码的规范与定义,通过输出日志信息和监控信息,完成了客户端程序、气象数据更新状态、队列服务器等内容的监控,在装备运维的过程中,能够有效辅助于日常的故障发现与定位。     

VPN技术在应急指挥车中的应用

近年来,水旱灾害、雪灾、火灾、环境事故等一系列突发公共事件频繁发生,为了提高预防和处置突发公共事件的能力,快速采集事发现场的第一手资料,洛阳气象局购置了气象应急指挥车。该指挥车集成了车载气象监测、通信网络、信息传输、气象预报、气象服务、应急指挥、系统保障等功能模块。在实际应用中,为了克服卫星通信系统使用费用较高困难,我们在应急指挥车上增设了基于3G网络的VPN通信系统,很好地实现了应急指挥车与远程指挥中心之间的气象数据、语音和视频的实时通信,大大提高了气象部门应对气象灾害和突发公共事件的快速反应能力。     

台风及海洋气象一体化预报平台的开发与应用

台风及海洋气象一体化预报平台为面向台风和海洋气象业务的预报预警服务的支撑系统,集数据采集、转换、预报、分析、产品制作、发布等功能于一体。该平台基于人机交互气象信息处理和天气预报制作系统MICAPS4（Meteorological Information Comprehensive Analysis and Processing System Version 4）框架开发,结合台风、海洋气象新型的观测和预报数据,实现台风、海洋气象数据的集约化检索与显示、精细化格点编辑、台风和海洋气象产品制作、产品发布等功能。台风及海洋气象一体化预报平台设计基于面向服务和分层体系结构,采用组件化设计方法,涵盖数据解析、分析处理、产品制作、交互工具、配置管理等核心组件,形成可扩展的业务功能模块和二次开发接口,目前已作为中央气象台台风海洋气象预报预警业务的主要平台投入使用。     

基于DVB/IP的气象应急卫星通信系统的设计与应用

为配合移动多普勒气象雷达车的数据传输,实现应急通讯的会商以及重大天气过程的直播和保障,利用卫星通信、计算机网络、无线通信、图像传输、多媒体制作等多种技术集成设计了DVB/IP气象应急卫星通信系统.该系统从数据收集和通信层面上立足于气象防灾减灾的需求,为气象应急保障服务和决策指挥提供了强有力的技术支撑,将对上海市气象局应急处置能力的提高起到一定推动作用.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;