环境气象业务数值模式预报效果对比检验

基于华北区域气象中心、华东区域气象中心、华南区域气象中心和国家气象中心环境气象业务数值模式2015年1—3月的预报结果,从能见度和空气质量两个方面对环境气象业务数值模式的预报效果进行了对比检验。结果表明:随着能见度降低,各数值模式的预报能力均逐渐下降,对于1 km的能见度,仅华北区域模式和国家级雾霾数值预报业务系统(CMA Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment,CUACE)模式表现出一定的预报技巧,其中华北区域模式和CUACE模式对北京本地24 h能见度预报的TS评分分别为0.20、0.10;CUACE模式总体能见度预报误差较各区域数值模式均偏大;CUACE模式和华北区域模式、华东区域模式、华南区域模式能见度预报值与观测值的相关系数普遍低于0.6。随着空气质量下降,各数值模式AQI的预报能力均逐渐下降;AQI为优等级时,各数值模式AQI预报的TS评分均较高,其中空气质量较好的华南地区空气质量等级预报的TS评分最高,为0.81;总体上24 h的AQI预报,区域模式优于CUACE模式;48 h和72 h的AQI预报,CUACE模式优于各区域模式。各数值模式PM_(2.5)浓度的预报值普遍较观测值偏低,华南区域模式24 h的PM_(2.5)浓度预报误差相对较小,华北区域模式和华东区域模式24 h的PM_(2.5)浓度预报误差相对较大;CUACE模式PM_(2.5)浓度的预报误差较各区域模式均偏大,CUACE模式PM_(2.5)浓度预报值与观测值的相关系数较各区域模式均偏低。     

基于CUACE模式的合肥地区空气质量预报效果检验

为了检验CUACE模式指导产品在合肥地区的预报性能,本文利用合肥地区PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_3监测资料对中国气象局下发的2014年3月至2015年2月合肥地区空气质量CUACE模式指导产品的预报效果进行了检验。结果表明:2014年3月至2015年2月合肥地区CUACE模式指导产品AQI和PM2.5浓度的预报值接近实测值,PM_(10)浓度预报值略小于实测值,O_3浓度的预报值明显偏大,但O_3浓度的预报值与实测值相关性最好,AQI、PM_(2.5)浓度和PM_(10)浓度预报值与实测值之间的相关系数均为0.3—0.4。实测空气质量等级为良时,CUACE模式空气质量等级预报的TS评分最高,漏报率和空报率最小;实测首要污染物为PM_(2.5)时,CUACE模式首要污染预报TS评分最高,漏报率和空报率最小。CUACE模式的预报性能并未随预报时效的延长而降低,CUACE模式指导产品总体预报效果较好,可为合肥市空气质量预报提供指导。     

2014-2016年荆州城区空气质量与气象要素的关系分析

利用2014年1月1日—2016年12月31日荆州城区逐日空气质量数据和同期地面气象要素逐日观测资料,分析了荆州城区空气质量状况、变化特征及其与气象要素的相关性。结果表明,荆州城区优良日数偏少,但2014—2016年荆州城区空气质量略有改善,首要污染物为PM_(2.5);AQI和PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO的月变化规律一致,呈V型分布,冬季空气污染最严重,夏季空气污染相对较轻,O_3的变化规律则相反,呈反V型分布;除O_3外,AQI和其他污染物浓度与前一日AQI、气压呈正相关关系,与气温、水汽压、湿度、云量、降水、风速呈负相关关系,据此建立了AQI和各污染物浓度的回归预报方程;进一步分析了2014年1月严重污染天气的成因,本地污染物的分布、外地污染物的输入和气象扩散条件是影响空气质量的主要因素。     

贵阳市空气质量预报方法与效果检验

2012年环境保护部发布的《环境空气质量标准》实施后,贵阳市空气质量状况发生了变化。利用贵阳市空气质量指数和常规气象要素等资料,分析空气质量特征及其与气象要素的关系,通过多元线性逐步回归和BP神经网络方法,分季节建立空气质量指数预报模型,并同CUACE模式进行对比检验。结果表明:近3年贵阳市空气质量状况良好,优良天数增多,污染天数减少且污染天气多出现在冬季,首要污染物为PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O_3;各季相关因子不同,但主要与相对湿度和风速有关;两种模型预报效果均表现为夏季评价最高,等级TS评分超过85%,指数准确率近99%,冬季预报效果相对最差,TS评分接近或达到70%,指数准确率超过或接近80%,而春、秋季效果指标差距不大;对2015—2016年AQI的预报效果回归模型的优于CUACE模式的,TS评分和预报准确率分别相差16.2%和20.0%。     

基于IBAM指数的重庆地区空气污染气象条件预报方法

通过重庆城区2013—2016年空气质量指数AQI与气象要素的相关分析,引入表征大气温湿状态的物理量总温度、比湿、近地层风速、24h变压及大气低层总温度差,构建新的空气污染气象条件指数IBAM(Index Between Air pollution and Meteorology)。应用2013年4月1日至2016年12月31日欧洲中心预报产品计算重庆地区历史IBAM指数,通过K均值聚类分析,引入极端天气事件概念确定空气污染气象条件阈值,建立预报模型。利用IBAM指数与滞后1天AQI建立拟合曲线方程,计算出AQI预报值,计算预报准确率,经过2017年1月1日至2018年9月1日样本检验,72h内预报准确率在70%左右。通过误差分析发现:当气象条件为大气污染物浓度主要影响因素且在大气污染源变化不明显时,预报误差较小;而当大气污染源变化明显时,预报误差较大。该预报方法已在重庆市气象台业务应用,对预防和处理重污染事件,改善重庆地区空气质量有较好参考价值。     

气象—化学双向耦合模式（WRF-NAQPMS）研制及其在京津冀秋季重霾模拟中的应用

为解析大气污染物与气象的双向反馈机制及其对气象和环境的影响,建立基于Mie散射理论的气溶胶—光学性质模块,研制气象-化学双向耦合器,以嵌套网格空气质量预报模式NAQPMS(Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System)为基础,建立了NAQPMS和中尺度气象模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)的双向耦合模式(WRF-NAQPMS)。利用此模式数值模拟了2013年9月27日至10月1日的北京-天津-河北地区一次秋季严重灰霾过程。结果表明,考虑气溶胶辐射反馈的双向耦合模式模拟的气象要素和细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度与观测结果更为一致。灰霾期间,气溶胶直接辐射效应显著改变了边界层气象要素,北京-天津-河北地区地面接收的太阳短波辐射减少25%,2 m高度的温度平均下降1°C,湍流动能下降20%,10 m高度的风速降低超过0.2 m/s,边界层高度下降25%,使得边界层大气更加静稳,进而造成了重污染地区污染进一步加剧,如石家庄近地面细颗粒物浓度增加可达30%。分析表明灰霾与边界层气象要素之间存在一种正反馈机制,采用该机制的双向耦合模式有利于准确模拟和预报灰霾污染过程。     

汾渭平原CUACE模式空气质量预报性能的检验订正及环境评估

利用2019年1—6月地面环境监测资料和PM_2.5气象条件评估指数，结合滚动偏差订正方法，对汾渭平原CUACE空气质量预报产品进行了检验订正，并对气象条件和污染减排影响进行了评估。结果表明：CUACE模式对空气质量指数(AQI)、PM_2.5和SO₂浓度预报值较接近观测值，PM₁₀、CO和NO₂预报值小于观测值，O₃预报值大于观测值；对首要污染物O₃和PM_2.5及重度和严重等级污染的预报的TS评分最高，漏报率和空报率最小，预报偏差最接近1；滚动偏差订正方法对改善CUACE空气质量预报效果较为明显，尤其是对PM₁₀、O₃和NO₂改善最为明显；汾渭平原2019年上半年气象条件变化使PM_2.5浓度较2018年同期和过去5年同期分别上升了18.26%和11.18%，减排措施使PM_2.5浓度较2018年同期和过去5年...     

锦州市空气质量变化特征及其与气象条件关系

利用2014年3月至2015年2月锦州市逐日AQI、日平均污染物浓度和同期气象要素观测资料,对锦州市空气质量时空分布特征及其与气象条件的关系进行了分析.结果表明:锦州市空气质量等级为良的频率为62%,轻度污染的频率为23%,优的频率仅为6%,主要污染物为PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2和O_3.锦州市2月和10月空气质量最差,9月空气质量最好,空气质量达优和良等级的日数占9月总日数的97%;锦州市天安街道空气质量最差,其SO_2浓度为百股街道的5倍.锦州市出现3级以上污染时的主要影响系统为地形槽、蒙古低压和弱气压场,降水对污染物具有清除作用,且对PM10的清除作用最明显;沙尘天气时空气污染明显加剧,逆温层抑制了污染物的扩散,逆温层底层高度越低,空气污染越严重.建立了AQI回归预报方程,拟合结果与实测值的变化基本一致,其中对春季AQI的拟合效果最好.     

基于BP人工神经网络法沈阳市PM_(2.5)质量浓度集成预报试验

基于CUACE(CMA Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment)和CMAQ(Community Multiscale Air Quality)空气质量模式预报产品,应用BP(Back-Propagation)人工神经网络法建立沈阳市不同地点小风和高湿条件下PM_(2.5)浓度集成预报模型,并对预报结果进行检验。结果表明:与单一空气质量模式相比,集成模型预报的PM_(2.5)浓度更接近实测值,预报的PM_(2.5)浓度的平均偏差和归一化均方误差均明显减小,预报的PM_(2.5)浓度的模拟值在观测值两倍范围内的百分比(FAC2)明显提高。集成模型能较好地预报PM_(2.5)浓度高值的变化,且显著提高了沈阳市外围城区PM_(2.5)浓度的预报水平。集成预报模型可以实现CUACE和CM AQ两种空气质量模式产品的最优综合,对空气质量的实时预报具有一定的参考价值。     

复杂地形城市冬季边界层对气溶胶辐射效应的响应

作者着眼于城市气溶胶辐射效应与大气边界层的相互作用问题,针对地形复杂的兰州市及周边地区,开发应用了WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting,天气研究和预报)模式,使之与包含了大气气溶胶辐射效应和气溶胶粒子扩散的综合大气边界层数值模式嵌套起来.通过个例分析,揭示了冬季气溶胶辐射效应对边界层结构的定量影响.主要特征为夜间气溶胶的长波辐射效应使地面附近的气温增高,增温幅度为0.1～0.3 K/h,使低空(25～300 m)大气层冷却,降温幅度为0.08～0.15 K/h,风速在150 m以下减小;白天气溶胶的短波辐射效应使地面层内明显增温,1 h内升温约0.5 K,增温最大值在混合层顶500～600 m高度.受增温影响,垂直风场和水平风场随之调整,风速在450 m以下增大约0.1 m/s左右,而在450 m以上风速减小0.1 m/s左右.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.