中亚费尔干纳盆地灌溉气候效应的数值模拟研究

中亚地处干旱气候区,农业生产高度依赖灌溉,然而灌溉对当地气候影响的认识还较为薄弱。为此,针对多雨（2009年）、少雨（2008年）及正常（2007年）年景下中亚典型农业区—费尔干纳盆地暖季（5—9月）的气候,利用嵌入灌溉过程参数化方案并更新土壤参数的WRF模式,分别进行了考虑灌溉过程（称为IRRG试验）与不考虑灌溉过程（称为NATU试验）的模拟试验,并通过对比IRRG与NATU试验之差揭示了灌溉对区域气候的影响。研究发现:（1）灌溉致使暖季地面潜热增加（79.2 W/m2）、感热减少（?61.3 W/m2）,日均气温降低1.7℃,空气比湿升高2 g/kg（约为NATU的36%）,因5—6月为雨季,7—8月为旱季,故7—8月的灌溉量大,冷湿效应略强于5—6月;（2）冷湿效应主要出现在灌溉区域,降温达2℃,增湿达2.4 g/kg,灌区外甚微,同时从地面到高层大气,冷湿效应越来越弱,在约500 hPa（距地面约4000 m）以上冷湿效应消失;（3）在盆地中央平原地区,因灌溉而致空气湿度上升产生的潜在增雨效应与地面冷却产生的对流抑制作用相互抵消,灌溉与无灌溉情景下当地降水无显著差异;灌溉可导致盆地南、北两侧山区降水增加（约0.6 mm/d）;（4）不同年景之间灌溉量差异主要出现在5—6月,少雨年比多雨年灌溉量多20 mm/月,日均气温降幅偏大0.3℃,空气比湿增幅偏大0.5 g/kg,但山区降水增幅偏小0.6 mm/d。      

不同边界层参数化方案对东亚夏季风气候模拟的对比研究

用WRF v3.2.1中尺度预报模式和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对比研究了WRF模式中5个不同边界层参数化方案对东亚夏季风气候的模拟效果。结果表明:WRF模式对各边界层参数化方案均较为敏感,采用不同的边界层参数化方案对模拟区域内的夏季降水、气温、环流等气候要素均可产生明显影响。选取MYJ方案和QNSE方案对500 h Pa夏季平均环流的模拟效果较好,YSU方案和QNSE方案对夏季平均日降水量模拟与再分析资料更吻合,YSU方案和MYNN2.5方案对中国东部2 m气温的模拟结果较好。不同边界层参数化方案模拟结果都显示出由于副热带高压偏强,使副热带高压第2次北跳后停留时间过短,导致长江中下游降水偏少,华北地区降水增多。通过比较YSU和QNSE边界层方案,发现YSU方案相比QNSE方案的降水差异,是由于850 h Pa水汽输送造成的。在中国大部分地区YSU方案的2 m温度比QNSE方案高,并且地面2 m气温和降水存在一定对应关系。因此合理选取边界层参数化方案可以提高数值模拟的准确性。     

RegCM3引入气溶胶间接气候效应模拟效果对比

利用2006年区域气候模式RegCM3和Streets气溶胶排放源清单,在原模式中引入间接气候效应模块,改进云降水方案,对硫酸盐气溶胶的时空分布、辐射强迫效应进行了模拟研究。结果表明：硫酸盐气溶胶辐射强迫有明显季节变化;直接效应使地表温度降低,冬春季大值区出现在四川盆地,夏季大值区出现在华北平原。对降水的影响,主要表现在西南—东北水汽输送带上降水减少;其间接气候效应主要表现在使南方地区温度上升、北方地区温度下降;珠江流域和黄河流域降水减少,长江流域和东北地区降水增加。总的来说,直接效应大于间接效应。     

成都地区城市化对气候影响的模拟研究

为了研究成都地区城市化对当地气候的影响,利用不同时期的下垫面土地利用类型数据和耦合单层城市冠层模型(UCM)的WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式对成都夏季和冬季城市化效应进行了模拟研究,得到以下主要结论:1）成都地区城市化使夏季城区上空出现增温区域。城区地表气温升高约2.8°C,边界层高度升高约150 m,冬季地表气温平均升高约0.6°C,边界层高度升高约25 m。夏冬两季气温日较差均减小。2）受城市化影响,成都地区夏季和冬季2 m相对湿度减小,感热通量增加,潜热通量减小,且夏季变化程度强于冬季。3）城市化使地表的粗糙度增加,进而使夏季和冬季风速在城区减小,减小约0.1~0.6 m s?1,但夏季风速减小区域较冬季更大。城市化还使城市上空低层散度减小,辐合作用增强,垂直速度增大,夏季水汽往高层输送明显。4）夏季,城市化作用使日平均和白天时段降水量在城区的迎风区和下风区均增加,夜间降水量在下风区域增加,对迎风区域影响不明显。     

冬季海温-春季副高-夏季旱涝的季度效应

本文通过冬季黑潮海域海温与亚洲中、南部环流各月参数相关计算和感热释放参数计算以及华北平原夏季旱涝的环流分析,指出: 1.冬季黑潮海温在海气相互作用中的重要一点是对春季亚洲副高起加强作用; 2.冬季黑潮海温感热释放直接影响春季副高脊线的连续演变,冬季海温—春季副高存在季度热效应; 3.春季亚洲副高系统的调整直接影响华北平原夏季旱涝,春季副高—夏季华北旱涝存在季度相关效应。最后给出了应用十年效果良好的夏季降水予报方程。     

WRF模式对江西2006—2015年夏季气候模拟的性能分析

基于NCEP/FNL再分析资料,利用中尺度天气预报模式（WRF）对2006—2015年1月1日—8月31日的天气形势进行模拟,分析探讨了模式对江西省夏季(6—8月)气温和降水的模拟能力。结果表明：WRF模式能准确模拟出江西省气温和降水的空间分布气候特征,模拟结果与中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集（CMFD）接近。其中,降水的模拟精度低于气温模拟;模拟的气温在鄱阳湖地区出现低值,与CMFD的偏差最大。WRF模式模拟的地面反照率偏大导致气温模拟结果偏低。     

基于耦合湖模式的城市边界层模式研究太湖的气象与环境效应

本文发展了一个耦合的城市边界层—湖泊模式(RBLM-Chem-Lake),通过离线和在线两种方式对模式的模拟效果进行了检验。并通过敏感性实验分析了太湖冬季和夏季对周边地区气象特征和空气污染的影响。结果表明：(1)白天太湖对周边气象环境产生了明显的降温效应,而夜晚出现了明显的升温。冬季夜晚周边地区升温达到0.4～0.6℃,白天可以使得周边气温降低1～2℃。夏季夜晚使周边地区升温可达1～1.5℃,白天使得周边气温降低1～2℃。(2)太湖对周边地区气温的影响范围夏季远高于冬季,夏季影响范围可达到80 km,冬季影响范围平均为5 km。此外,太湖使得湖区平均边界层高度下降,湿度上升,使得苏州市区垂直风速减弱,这种影响同样在夏季更为明显。(3)太湖的存在总体上使湖区和周边地区PM_2.5和臭氧的质量浓度增加。在冬季PM_2.5污染个例中,太湖导致区域夜晚PM_2.5质量浓度下降,下降幅度达到4～5μg·m^-3。而在白天,太湖区域500 m高度以下PM_2.5质量浓度增加,幅度达到25～30μg·...     

欧亚中高纬陆面感热异常影响我国夏季气候的数值模拟

使用区域气候模式RegCM4.4.5.7,通过改变春季欧亚大陆中高纬地区的陆面感热通量,对欧亚中高纬感热异常影响中国夏季气候进行模拟分析,并探讨其影响机制。试验结果表明:当春季欧亚中高纬陆面感热通量加强时,我国长江流域和东北东部夏季气温降低,降水偏多;华北地区气温升高,降水偏少。春季陆面感热增强引起近地面和对流层低层大气热力状况异常,进而导致高度场和环流场的异常,长江流域和东北地区有气旋环流,对流运动旺盛,结合充足的水汽条件,对应降水偏多,而华北地区则相反,有反气旋环流和微弱的气流辐合,对应降水偏少。研究表明欧亚中高纬陆面感热异常是影响我国夏季气候的一个不可忽视的因子。     

江苏沿海滩涂开发利用对气候可能影响的数值研究

为了数值研究江苏沿海滩涂开发利用所产生的区域气候效应,本文将植被参数化（Deardorrf,1978）和土壤种类参数化方案引入钱永南（198）一颜宏等人（1987）提供的套网格模式系统。夏季的数值试验结果表明,夏季开发前后气候差异明显,例如,7月份苏北沿海近地面气温可下降2．2℃,水汽压增加1．6hPa,降水最多可减少0．6mm／d,但这些变化都在正常的气候振动范围之内,对江苏沿海经济持续发展不足以造成不利的影响。最后,本文讨论了夏季江苏沿海滩涂改造成灌溉农田对区域气候影响的可能机制,即通过下垫面性质的改变,削弱了海陆风环流和增强了西太平洋副热带高压下沉气流,使局地降水减少,温度减低,湿度增大。     

巢湖对周边城市热环境影响的模拟研究

应用WRF模式,耦合考虑室内外大气能量交换的多层城市冠层模式BEP+BEM（building effects parameterization and building energy model）,对2016年7月24—26日巢湖地区的一次夏季高温过程进行模拟。结果表明：巢湖表面的日间气温较周围陆地低4～5 ℃,巢湖的存在使合肥、巢湖两地日间平均近地面气温分别下降了018 ℃和028 ℃;巢湖对城市热岛的垂直发展有日变化特征,日间随着湖陆温差的增大与减弱,城市热岛得以发展与削弱,夜间有无巢湖的影响趋于减弱;巢湖的存在使合肥边界层高度最多下降约200 m,巢湖市下降约310 m。     

Climatic responses to anthropogenic groundwater exploitation: a case study of the Haihe River Basin,Northern China

In this study, a groundwater exploitation scheme is incorporated into the regional climate model, RegCM4, and the climatic responses to anthropogenic alteration of groundwater are then investigated over the Haihe River Basin in Northern China where groundwater resources are overexploited. The scheme models anthropogenic groundwater exploitation and water consumption, which are further divided into agricultural irrigation, industrial use and domestic use. Four 30-year on-line exploitation simulations and one control test without exploitation are conducted using the developed model with different water demands estimated from relevant socioeconomic data. The results reveal that the groundwater exploitation and water consumption cause increasing wetting and cooling effects on the local land surface and in the lower troposphere, along with a rapidly declining groundwater table in the basin. The cooling and wetting effects also extended outside the basin, especially in the regions downwind of the prevailing westerly wind, where increased precipitation occurs. The changes in the four exploitation simulations positively relate to their different water demands and are highly non-linear. The largest changes in climatic variables usually appear in spring and summer, the time of crop growth. To gain further insights into the direct changes in land-surface variables due to groundwater exploitation regardless of the atmospheric feedbacks, three off-line simulations using the land surface model Community Land Model version 3.5 are also conducted to distinguish these direct changes on the land surface of the basin. The results indicate that the direct changes of land-surface variables respond linearly to water demand if the climatic feedbacks are not considered, while non-linear climatic feedbacks enhance the differences in the on-line exploitation simulations.     

Regional simulations to quantify land use change and irrigation impacts on hydroclimate in the California Central Valley

In this study, the influence of land use change and irrigation in the California Central Valley is quantified using the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research fifth generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) coupled with the Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3). The simulations were forced with modern-day and presettlement land use types at 30-km spatial resolution for the period 1 October 1995 to 30 September 1996. This study shows that land use change has significantly altered the structure of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) that affects near-surface temperature. In contrast, many land-use change studies indicate that albedo and evapotranspiration variations are the key processes influencing climate at local-to-regional scales. Our modeling results show that modern-day daily maximum near-surface air temperature (Tmax) has decreased due to agricultural expansion since presettlement. This decrease is caused by weaker sensible heat flux resulting from the lower surface roughness lengths associated with modern-day crops. The lower roughness lengths in the Central Valley also result in stronger winds that lead to a higher PBL. The higher PBL produces stronger sensible heat flux, causing nighttime warming. In addition to land use change, cropland irrigation has also affected hydroclimate processes within the California Central Valley. We generated a 10-member MM5-CLM3 ensemble simulation, where each ensemble member was forced by a fixed volumetric soil water content (SWC) between 3% and 30%, at 3% intervals, over the irrigated areas during a spring?Csummer growing season, 1 March to 31 August 1996. The results show that irrigation lowers the modern-day cropland surface temperature. Daytime cooling is produced by irrigation-related evaporation enhancement. This increased evaporation also dominates the nighttime surface cooling process. Surface cooling and the resulting weaker sensible heat flux further lower the near-surface air temperature. Thus, irrigation strengthens the daytime near-surface air temperature reduction that is caused by land use change, and a similar temperature change is seen for observations over irrigated cropland. Based on our modeling results, the nighttime near-surface warming induced by land use change is alleviated by low-intensity irrigation (17%?<?SWC?<?19%), but such warming completely reverses to a cooling effect under high-intensity irrigation (SWC?>?19%). The land use changes discussed in this study are commonly observed in many regions of the world, and the physical processes identified here can be used to better understand temperature variations over other areas with similar land cover changes.     

热带气旋对1975-2018年暖季中国极端降水气候态、变化趋势及其与温度关系的影响研究

全球变暖背景下我国极端小时降水和极端日降水(EXHP、EXDP)气候态及变化趋势的区域差异明显, 其中热带气旋(TC)的影响尚不明确。利用1975-2018年暖季台站小时降水(P)和热带气旋最佳路径等资料, 采用百分位法定义极端小时降水与极端日降水, 并将总降水(All)客观分为热带气旋降水与非热带气旋(nonTC)降水, 分析热带气旋对中国东部All-P、All-EXHP、All-EXDP的气候态和变化趋势以及极端小时降水随温度变化的影响。主要结论如下: (1) TC-P、TC-EXDP、TC-EXHP占其对应总降水之比均从东南和华南沿海向西北内陆递减, 区域平均而言, TC-P占All-P之比与TC-EXHP占All-EXHP之比均约为11%, 而TC-EXDP占AllEXDP之比为15.8%;(2) 热带气旋和非热带气旋降水变化趋势的空间分布差别较大, 热带气旋对长江流域东部总降水增多的贡献高达49%, 并一定程度上改变了降水趋势的空间分布; (3) TC-EXHP强度与温度的关系在约21℃发生改变, 且截然不同于nonTC-EXHP, 华南、东南沿海TC-EXHP强度随温度的变化率明显低于nonTCEXHP, 造成nonTC-EXHP和All-EXHP随温度变化率不同, 且在东南沿海差异显著。      

Changes of Accumulated Temperature, Growing Season andPrecipitation in the North China Plain from 1961 to 2009

Using the high-quality observed meteorological data,changes of the thermal conditions and precipitation over the North China Plain from 1961 to 2009 were examined.Trends of accumulated temperature and negative temperature,growing season duration,as well as seasonal and annual rainfalls at 48 stations were analyzed.The results show that the accumulated temperature increased significantly by 348.5℃ day due to global warming during 1961 2009 while the absolute accumulated negative temperature decreased apparently by 175.3℃ day.The start of growing season displayed a significant negative trend of-14.3 days during 1961-2009,but the end of growing season delayed insignificantly by 6.7 days.As a result,the length of growing sea.son increased by 21.0 days.The annual and autumn rainfalls decreased slightly while summer rainfall and summer rainy days decreased significantly.In contrast,spring rainfall increased slightly without significant trends.All the results indicate that the thermal conditions were improved to benefit the crop growth over the North China Plain during 1961-2009,and the decreasing annual and summer rainfalls had no direct negative impact on the crop growth.But the decreasing summer rainfall was likely to influence the water resources in North China,especially the underground water,reservoir water,as well as river runoff,which would have influenced the irrigation of agriculture.     

华北地区春季和夏季降水特征及与气候相关的分析

利用美国NCEP再分析月平均资料及我国华北地区25个气象站1951~2003年53年的月降水资料,研究了华北春季和夏季降水的年代际和年际变化特征及与大气环流的联系。结果表明,华北春季和夏季的年代际和年际变化特征有一定的差别,春季降水存在3种典型降水类型,即“全部一致型”、“东西型”和“东北西南型”。第一特征向量为主导,其时间变化系数与春季降水量特征基本一致,说明华北春季降水主要受西北气流影响,具有降水偏多(少)一致性特征。降水偏多、偏少年异常场差值显示春季华北主要受东亚上空的异常反气旋环流影响,其底部偏东气流在南海、台湾海峡一带转向向北一直吹到华北。华北夏季降水存在3种典型降水类型,即“全部一致型”、“南北型”和“东西型”。降水偏多、偏少年异常场差值显示夏季华北受副高西侧西南气流的影响从印度孟加拉湾携带大量水汽从西南方向吹向华北,带来较多的降雨。     

Global effect of irrigation and its impact on the onset of the Indian summer monsoon

In a context of increased demand for food and of climate change, the water consumptions associated with the agricultural practice of irrigation focuses attention. In order to analyze the global influence of irrigation on the water cycle, the land surface model ORCHIDEE is coupled to the GCM LMDZ to simulate the impact of irrigation on climate. A 30-year simulation which takes into account irrigation is compared with a simulation which does not. Differences are usually not significant on average over all land surfaces but hydrological variables are significantly affected by irrigation over some of the main irrigated river basins. Significant impacts over the Mississippi river basin are shown to be contrasted between eastern and western regions. An increase in summer precipitation is simulated over the arid western region in association with enhanced evapotranspiration whereas a decrease in precipitation occurs over the wet eastern part of the basin. Over the Indian peninsula where irrigation is high during winter and spring, a delay of 6?days is found for the mean monsoon onset date when irrigation is activated, leading to a significant decrease in precipitation during May to July. Moreover, the higher decrease occurs in June when the water requirements by crops are maximum, exacerbating water scarcity in this region. A significant cooling of the land surfaces occurs during the period of high irrigation leading to a decrease of the land-sea heat contrast in June, which delays the monsoon onset.     

Changes of Accumulated Temperature, Growing Season and Precipitation in the North China Plain from 1961 to 2009

Using the high-quality observed meteorological data, changes of the thermal conditions and precipitation over the North China Plain from 1961 to 2009 were examined. Trends of accumulated temperature and negative temperature, growing season duration, as well as seasonal and annual rainfalls at 48 stations were analyzed. The results show that the accumulated temperature increased significantly by 348.5℃ day due to global warming during 1961-2009 while the absolute accumulated negative temperature decreased apparently by 175.3℃ day. The start of growing season displayed a significant negative trend of -14.3 days during 1961- 2009, but the end of growing season delayed insignificantly by 6.7 days. As a result, the length of growing season increased by 21.0 days. The annual and autumn rainfalls decreased slightly while summer rainfall and summer rainy days decreased significantly. In contrast, spring rainfall increased slightly without significant trends. All the results indicate that the thermal conditions were improved to benefit the crop growth over the North China Plain during 1961-2009, and the decreasing annual and summer rainfalls had no direct negative impact on the crop growth. But the decreasing summer rainfall was likely to influence the water resources in North China, especially the underground water, reservoir water, as well as river runoff, which would have influenced the irrigation of agriculture.     

Atmospheric Circulation Patterns over East Asia and Their Connection with Summer Precipitation and Surface Air Temperature in Eastern China during 1961–2013

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and Chinese observational data during 1961–2013, atmospheric circulation patterns over East Asia in summer and their connection with precipitation and surface air temperature in eastern China as well as associated external forcing are investigated. Three patterns of the atmospheric circulation are identified, all with quasi-barotropic structures: (1) the East Asia/Pacific (EAP) pattern, (2) the Baikal Lake/Okhotsk Sea (BLOS) pattern, and (3) the eastern China/northern Okhotsk Sea (ECNOS) pattern. The positive EAP pattern significantly increases precipitation over the Yangtze River valley and favors cooling north of the Yangtze River and warming south of the Yangtze River in summer. The warm sea surface temperature anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean suppress convection over the northwestern subtropical Pacific through the Ekman divergence induced by a Kelvin wave and excite the EAP pattern. The positive BLOS pattern is associated with below-average precipitation south of the Yangtze River and robust cooling over northeastern China. This pattern is triggered by anomalous spring sea ice concentration in the northern Barents Sea. The anomalous sea ice concentration contributes to a Rossby wave activity flux originating from the Greenland Sea, which propagates eastward to North Pacific. The positive ECNOS pattern leads to below-average precipitation and significant warming over northeastern China in summer. The reduced soil moisture associated with the earlier spring snowmelt enhances surface warming over Mongolia and northeastern China and the later spring snowmelt leads to surface cooling over Far East in summer, both of which are responsible for the formation of the ECNOS pattern.