关于东亚夏季风突变的机制研究

建立一个一维模型来模拟东亚季风,模型的中心是水汽平流反馈。通过分析发现,它允许两种稳定状态存在,分别是暖湿和少雨的东亚夏季风。这个模型可以用来证明冰川边界条件的改变会对季风系统产生重要影响。最为显著的结论是,随着控制系统热量平衡的某些特征量如行星反照率、CO2浓度等的变化,东亚夏季风模型会出现一些突变点。这个发现表明,由于人类活动的影响,如土地利用的改变、硫化物的扩散、温室气体浓度的增加等,都有可能对东亚夏季风系统造成很大的影响,甚至能引发突变。     

两种反映东亚夏季风异常的指数的比较研究

本文利用文献^ [4]提出的一种新的反映东亚夏季风异常的海陆温差指数分析了夏季风异常时我国气温、降水异常以及东亚环流状况，通过分析指出，东亚夏季风偏强，则中国东部夏季气温偏高，江淮干旱，华北多雨；夏季风偏弱则夏季气温偏低，江淮多雨，易涝，华北少雨。通过两种夏季风指数的对比，海陆温差指数能更好地反映东亚夏季环流及天气气候异常。文中还指出，海陆温差指数能更好的反映夏季风异常的原因是它的定义方法更科学，更全面的反映东亚海陆热力差异，既包含了东亚纬向海陆热力差异的影响，又考虑了东亚经向海陆热力差异的因素，并用地表气温和海表温度差来表示海陆热力差，好于以往用海平面气压差来反映海陆热力差。     

亚洲热带夏季风的首发地区和机理研究

文中分析了多年逐候平均 85 0hPa风场和黑体辐射温度等物理量的时空演变 ,结果表明 ,90°E以东的孟加拉湾、中南半岛和南海是亚洲热带夏季风首先爆发的地区 ,爆发时间在 2 7～ 2 8候 ,具有突发性和同时性。 90°E以西的印度半岛和阿拉伯海是热带夏季风爆发较晚的地区 ,季风首先在该区 10°N以南爆发 ,时间约在 30～ 31候 ,然后向北推进 ,6月末在全区建立 ,爆发过程具有渐进性。机制分析表明 ,由于 110～ 12 0°E的中高纬东亚大陆在春季和初夏地面感热通量、温度和气压的迅速变化 ,使热带低压带首先在该处冲破高压带 ,生成大陆低压 ,并引导西南气流在 90°E以东地区首先建立。在 90°E以西的印度半岛地区 ,地面感热通量在 4～ 5月间几乎没有明显变化 ,因而印度季风比南海季风晚爆发约 1个月。由此得出 ,90°E是东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风的分界线。此外 ,还着重探讨了南亚高压的季节变化与亚洲热带夏季风爆发的时间联系。发现南亚高压中心位置与亚洲热带夏季风爆发时间有较好的对应关系。南亚高压中心跳过 2 0°N时 ,南海夏季风爆发 ,跳过 2 5°N时 ,印度夏季风在其南部爆发。将用上述方法确定的爆发时间与用其他方法确定的爆发时间相比较 ,发现它们在南海地区有较好的一致性 ,在印度地区略有差异。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE FORMATION OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC SUMMER MONSOON

In this paper,we use a two-dimensional primary equation model which contains (1) heating ofradiation,(2) heating of condensation,and (3) transfers of sensible and latent heat between air andthe underlying surface.To investigate the causes for the formation of the eastern North Pacific sum-mer monsoon,the data at 110°W are obtained and winds at underlying surface and at 200 hPa aremodified under the conditions (1) removing topography and (2) changing meridional sea surface tem-perature (SST) gradient.In the numerical modification,we find that by removing the topography,the center's location ofthe eastern North Pacific summer monsoon does not change,but the intensity of the summer monsoonis weakened.Also the onset of the summer monsoon is delayed to the end of May.The tropical east-erly jet is weakened obviously,even changes to westerly wind.On the other hand,we find that theSST gradient along 110°W influences the eastern North Pacific summer monsoon distinctly.If theSST gradient is decreased,the center of the southwest wind near 12°N does not exist any more.theintensity of the whole summer monsoon becomes very weak and the circulation pattern of the summermonsoon also changes a lot.Finally,we indicate that both topography and meridional SST gradient play important roles inthe occurrence of the eastern North Pacific summer monsoon.The meridional SST gradient is themost important factor that triggers the summer monsoon and the topography along 110°W influencesthe intensity and the onset time of the summer monsoon there mostly.     

1998年南海夏季风低频振荡特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR1998年再分析资料和SST资料，研究了南海夏季风的低频振荡特征。结果表明，南海夏季风的低频振荡对南海夏季风的爆发具有加强的作用；南海低频低层辐合（散）区对应低频降水正（负）值区；南海地区的大气低频振荡以向北、向东传播为主，南海地区低频散度在垂直方向呈现出相互补偿的特征。     

关于确定东亚夏季风强度指数的探讨

文中利用作者曾定义的东亚夏季风在中国东北地区 (12 2 .5°E ,4 0°N)的建立标准 ,根据相同的方法 ,分别计算了沿 112 .5 ,117.5 ,和 12 2 .5°E上 ,2 0°N及以北每隔 5个纬度东亚夏季风建立、持续和撤退时间 (候 ) ,将某年持续和多年平均持续候数相比的标准化值 ,定义为一种沿某一经圈上某一纬度的东亚夏季风强度指数ISMΦ,还分析了该指数与中国夏季降水量场和 5 0 0hPa高度场的相关。结果表明 :(1)沿 117.5°E经度上 ,东亚夏季风在 2 0 ,2 5 ,30 ,35 ,和 4 0°N建立的平均日期分别为 2 7.2 6 ,2 8.5 4 ,34.4 3,37.12和 37.6 5 (候 ) ,撤退平均日期分别为 5 4 .4 4 ,5 3.6 9,5 1.85 ,4 8和 4 6 .76 (候 ) ,其中 117.5°E ,2 0°N代表南海的中北部 ,文中确定的该区夏季风建立、撤退日期分别为 2 7.2 6 (候 )和 5 4 .4 4 (候 ) ,与国内学者公认的 5月 4候 (2 8候 )和 10月 1候 (5 5候 )相当吻合 ;(2 )沿 112 .5°E、117.5°E和12 2 .5°E的同一纬度上 ,东亚夏季风建立的平均日期并不相同 ,西边先于东边建立 ,每隔 5个经度 ,相差约 1～ 2候 ,而撤退的平均日期 (30°N及以北 )分布则相反 ,东边先撤退 ;(3)沿 117.5°E ,30°N和 35°N的ISMΦ和沿 12 2 .5°E ,4 0°N的ISMΦ均与中国华北和东北地区大部 7～     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF THE IMPACTS OF LOCAL LAND-SEA THERMODYNAMIC CONTRASTS ON THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET

1INTRODUCTIONAmongdrivingfactorsfortheEastAsianmonsoonareplanetary-scaleland-seathermodynamiccontrast(e.g.betweentheEurasiancontinentandthePacificOcean)andsub-planetary-scaleone(e.g.betweentheIndochinaandtheSouthChinaSea).ItisovertheSouthChinaSea(SCS)andadjoiningareasthattheEastAsiansummermonsoonfirstbreaksout.ItthenadvancestotheregionsofEastAsiaandSouthAsia.ItisthereforenaturaltofindlocalgeographicandtopographiceffectsoftheSCSregionevidentlyshownontheonsetoftheSCSsummermonsoon…     

海陆分布和地形对1998年夏季风爆发的热力影响

应用1980－1995年5天平均的CMAP降水资料、美国NMC850hPa风、卫星反演的向外长波辐射（OLR）和上部对流层水汽亮温（BT）等资料分析比较了南海夏季风爆发前后的基本特征。结果发现：BT能够反映南海夏季风的爆发及其与周围地区降水的关系，但局地降水信息的反映不够具体；OLR能够比较好的反映热带海洋上的降水，但陆地上的低值OLR可能受到地形的影响，仅仅850hPa风场不能完全确定夏季风的爆发。南海季风转换区域定义在南海的中北部比较合适，这是因为南海夏季风爆发前就存在着长年位于南海南部的带海洋对流性雨带；南海夏季风爆发后西南季风气流和季风雨带从印度洋经孟加拉湾和南海伸向西北太平洋，开始了南亚和东亚夏季风的爆发过程。     

夏季北大西洋涛动与我国天气气候的关系

利用1873-1995年北半球月平均海平面气压（SLP）资料，计算了夏季北大西洋涛动指数（NAOI）。通过NAOI与我国降水、气温和北半球球流5的相关计算以及强、弱小涛动年北半球环流异常的合成分析，发现，夏季强NAOI年，副高偏强，我国西南地区降水偏少，易出现一类和二类雨型；我国大部分地区气温明显偏高，此外，还研究了多时间尺度上，NAOI与东亚夏季风的关系，结果表明，夏季NAOI与东亚夏季风在年际、年代际、基本态尺度上都存在显著相关，强NAOI年，对应是强东亚夏季风特征，当NAOI处高（低）基本态时，夏季风处于高（低）基本态。     

南海夏季风演变的气候学特征

本文总结南海北部地区夏季风演变的气候学特征，发现南海地区５月第３候对流层高层东风和北风爆发，对流层低层西风第１次跃升，东亚经向季风环流圈开始形成，这可以成为南海地区夏季风爆发的标志。对流层低层西风在６月中旬开始的第２次连续跃升对应江淮地区的梅雨爆发期。类似地，中国大陆夏季对流层低层５月初和６月初有两次爆发性增暖过程，第２次比第１次强烈得多。南海北部地区对流层低层纬向风速、比湿盛夏呈双峰型，纬向风速峰值分别出现在６月第５候和８月第４候，比湿峰值分别出现在６月第６候和８月第５候。比湿突升对应纬向风速突升，但略落后于风速峰值出现的时间。南海北部地区季风爆发前，温度是波动式上升的，南海季风爆发后，温度是波动式下降的。中国大陆东部及南海地区夏季对流层低层比湿分布有３次突变，即４月中旬南海北部比湿突增，并开始出现高比湿中心，而南海南部为最大比湿中心；５月中旬最大比湿中心已从南海南部跳到了南海北部－华南并向江淮流域扩展；６月中旬江淮流域比湿突增并一直维持到８月，同时南海南部高比湿带消失。而５月中旬ＯＬＲ有一次突变，ＯＬＲ低值区爆发性向北扩张，这对应于南海地区夏季风的爆发。而孟加拉湾地区夏季风演变的气候学特征与南海地区有较     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 andNCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,thedistribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in thispaper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asianregion from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropicalmonsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and therecurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.Thelatter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South ChinaSea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northwardshift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-floodrainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfallappeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China thenformed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoononset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into SouthChina Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

TBB资料揭示的亚澳季风区季节转换及亚洲夏季风建立的特征

发展了一个用于台风路径预报的初始场人造台风方案。该方案除包含对称台风环流外,也考虑了非对称风的作用。使用双向移动套网格模式作的试验预报结果表明,初始场中引入人造台风后能明显提高径预报的水平。     

INTENSITY INDEX OF SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON AND ITS VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS

According to the basic characteristics of the activities of summer monsoon in the South China Sea,Standardized index,Is,has been designed that integrates a dynamic factor(southwesterly component) and a thermodynamic factor(OLR) for the indication of summer monsoon in the South China Sea,With the index determined for individual months of June,July and August and the entire summertime from 1975 to 1999,specific months and years are indicated that are either strong or weak in monsoon intensity,The variation is studied for the patterns and Is‘s relationship is revealed with the onset of summer monsoon and the precipitation in Guang-dong province and China.The results show that there are quasi-10 and quasi-3-4 year cycles in the interannual variation of the monsooon over the past 25 years.When it has an early(late)onset,the summer monsoon is usually strong (weak),In the strong(weak)monsoon,years,precipitation tends to be more(less)in the first raining season of the year but normal or less(normal)in the second,in the province,but it would be more(less) in northeastern China and most parts of the northern china and south of the lower reaches of the Changjiang River and less(more)in the middle and lower reaches of the river,western part of northern China and western China.     

THERMAL INFLUENCES OF LAND-SEA CONTRAST AND TOPOGRAPHY ON SUMMER MONSOON IN 1998

In this work, the SCSMEX data are used to diagnose and compare the local land-sea thermal conditions, with the focus of discussion on possible influences of thermal forcing of the western Pacific and the Tibetan Plateau on the onset and development of summer monsoon in 1998. Results show a close relationship between the distribution of the heat sources and the land-sea contrast. Due to the blocking effect of terrain, main maximum zones of the heat sources in areas with more evident north-south land-sea contrast are more obviously southward located than those exclusively with oceans. The surface heating is characterized with apparent seasonal variation and difference between land and sea. The relationship between the western Pacific and the onset of summer monsoon is reflected in the variations of the sea surface temperature (SST) and the latent heat. The influence mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau during the summer monsoon is different: it is dominated by sensible heating during the South China Sea monsoon and by condensed latent heating during the Indian monsoon.     

ENSO对亚洲夏季风异常和我国夏季降水的影响

首先对ＥＮＳＯ过程中亚洲夏季风环流的变化进行了诊断分析，结果表明在Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ事件和ＬａＮｉｎａ事件中亚洲夏季风系统各成员均发生不同程度的变化，甚至出现相反的变异特征。其中，对我国东部地区夏季降水进行了ＥＯＦ分析，并在此基础上分析了赤道太平洋ＳＳ－ＴＡ对我国东部地区夏季降水影响的区域和程度，该影响与ＥＮＳＯ循环的发展阶段密切相关，且在长江中下游地区和华南地区最为显著。     

THE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SUBSYSTEMS OF THE ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

In this study, the relationship between the subsystems of Asian summer monsoon is analyzed using U.S. National Centers for Environmental Protection/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis and Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation monthly mean precipitation data. The results showed that there is significant correlation between the subsystems of Asian summer monsoon. The changes of intensity over the same period show that weak large-scale Asian monsoon, Southeast Asia monsoon and South Asian monsoon are associated with strong East Asian monsoon and decreasing rainfall in related areas. And when the large-scale Asian monsoon is strong, Southeast Asia and South Asia monsoons will be strong and precipitation will increase. While the Southeast Asia monsoon is strong, the South Asia monsoon is weak and the rainfall of South Asia is decreasing, and vice versa. The various subsystems are significantly correlated for all periods of intensity changes.     

青藏高原云-辐射-加热效应和南亚夏季风--1985年与1987年对比分析

文中首先利用NCEP NCAR再分析的风场资料 ,分析了南亚夏季风的时空特征 ,选取了有代表性的典型强、弱夏季风年 ,继而利用ISCCP C2、ERBE S4卫星观测资料和NCEP NCAR再分析资料 ,对比分析了强、弱夏季风前期青藏高原地区的云—辐射—加热状况及其在海、陆差异中的作用。分析结果表明 ,南亚夏季风强或弱 ,其前期青藏高原地区的云—辐射—加热效应有明显的差异。在强 (弱 )南亚夏季风的前期 ,青藏高原大部分地区为相对少 (多 )云区 ,其云量变化不仅表明了此区的云—辐射—加热效应的不同 ,更重要的是与此同时出现的海、陆之间云量分布的“跷跷板”现象 ,进一步改变了海、陆之间的热力差异。而且 ,在强南亚夏季风年 ,这种热力差异不但开始得早 ,而且持续时间长、作用范围大 ,从而对南亚夏季风的形成和变化产生重要的影响     

冬季亚澳季风环流的低频耦合过程

利用1982—1983年和1984—1985年两个冬季的欧洲中期预报中心格点资料研究了冬季东亚西风急流与澳大利亚夏季风在低频尺度上的相互作用与可能的传播方式。结果表明,我国北部上空的西风急流(及相应的锋区)与澳大利亚的夏季风的低频变化有很好的一致性。它们的联系和相互作用表现为:东亚西风急流通过改变西北太平洋地区的越赤道气流影响澳大利亚夏季风的低频变化,而澳大利亚夏季风则通过增强或减弱的高空辐散向北气流影响东亚西风急流。将这种相互作用称为亚澳季风环流的“低频耦合过程”。     

1998年南海西南季风活动的初步分析

利用NCEP再分析资料和OLR、SST观测数据,分析了1998年南海西南季风的建立日期、强度的多时间尺度变化特征、与海面温度的相互作用以及对广东降水的影响.得出南海西南季风建立的日期为5月17日(5月4候).1998年为弱季风年,OLR具有1个月左右的振荡周期,西南风具有半个月左右的振荡周期.孟加拉湾地区季风和105°E越赤道气流是南海季风低频变化的重要策源地.1998年南海季风弱,主要是由于初春赤道东太平洋海温正距平,并导致南海-阿拉伯海海温正距平的结果.     

ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF THE SUMMER MONSOON IN CHINA

By using the daily-14 year(1983—1996)NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5° reanalysis data,wecarefully study in each pentad the advance and retreat of the summer monsoon in China and givento it a new definition.This definition considered the intensity of southwesterly winds at 850 hPatogether with its degree in temperature and moisture.The result revealed that:(1)The advance of the summer monsoon in China shows three abrupt northward shifts andfour relatively stationary stays.The four stable stages correspond to the peak of the pro-summerrainy period in South China,the“Meiyu”season in the Changjiang(Yangtze)-Huaihe RiverValleys.the rainy season in the downstream of the Huanghe(Yellow)Riyer Valleys and the rainyseason in northern China.The retreat of the summer monsoon is so fast that it totally retreatsfrom the mainland at about the mid-August.(2)The northward advance of summer monsoon in China is basically controlled by theseasonal variation latitudinally of the upper level planetary westerlies.It is in roughly accord withthe temporal variation in the position of 15 m s~(-1) isotaeh at 200 hPa.The fast retreat of thesummer monsoon is mainly due to the blocking effect of the Tibetan Plateau.(3)The advance of 500 hPa subtropical high of the western Pacific is also in aecordanee withthe advance of the summer monsoon in China.During the advancement of the summer monsoon,the eastward movement of the subtropical high shows great meaning that it creates the essentialcondition for the convergence of southward intrusion cold airs with the warm and humidsouthwesterly winds,which result in precipitation.There are three manifest eastward movementsof the subtropical high during its northward advancement.They coincide correspondingly to thebeginning of the peak of the pre-summer rainy period in South China,the“Meiyu”season in theChangjiang(Yangtze)-Huaihe River Valleys and finally the rainy season in northern China.Thewestern part of the subtropical high moves eastward to the region of Japan in late July and thebeginning of August.It then stays there for quite a long time which results in the straightmovement of cold airs intruding from the north to the east of Tibetan Plateau,i.e.the easternregion of China.This provides good condition for the fast southward retreat of the summermonsoon.(4)The intensifieation and development of the Tibetan high at 200 hPa are closely related to the eastward movement of the subtropical high,they often occur simultaneously.