关于大气“记忆”的大气环流模式模拟研究

通过２种大气环流模式（ＧＣＭ）的数值模拟,研究了大气对于赤道东太平洋海温（ＳＳＴ）异常外强迫的“记忆”问题。结果表明,大气对外强迫的“记忆”比传统意义的“记忆”要长得多,这是因为外强迫通过影响大气内部动力过程而激发产生了低频振荡（即大气低频遥响应）,使得外强迫的影响可持续相当长的时间,大气对外强迫的“记忆”也就变得相当长。     

海气关系的季节变化和时间—空间尺度依赖性

本文根据近年来对于表面湍流热通量和海表面温度变化关系的分析回顾了海气关系的季节变化和时间—空间尺度依赖性。内容包括表面湍流热通量和海表面温度变化关系的表征方法、区域变化、季节变化和随时间、空间尺度的变化,以及表面风速和海气湿度差对表面潜热通量和海表面温度变化关系的相对贡献。表面湍流热通量和海表面温度变化关系在中纬度海洋锋区和副热带涡旋区显著不同。在中纬度海洋锋区,海洋过程对海表面温度变化的贡献占主导地位,因而表现为海洋强迫作用,并且冬季比夏季更大。在副热带涡旋区,表面湍流热通量对海表面温度变化的作用更为显著,因而表现为大气强迫作用,并且夏季比冬季更为明显。在阿拉伯海西部地区,夏季海洋过程对海表面温度变化影响明显,表现出海洋强迫作用,而冬季以表面湍流热通量影响为主,表现为大气强迫情况。在孟加拉湾、南中国海和菲律宾海地区,无论冬夏季都表现为大气强迫作用。在中纬度海洋锋区冬季和阿拉伯海西部地区夏季,海洋强迫随时间尺度增长而增强,而在其它地区和季节,存在由较短时间尺度的大气强迫为主向较长时间尺度的海洋强迫变得重要的转换,转换的时间尺度大约在20～40天。在中纬度海洋锋区,海洋强迫作用随空间尺度...     

区域性旱涝与海温特征分布的相关链模型

文章分析了长江中下游夏季旱涝年前期冬春太平洋海温特征分布,揭示了旱涝年前期太平洋海温“强信号”的分布特征,提出了夏季中国长江中下游区域旱涝年低纬海温纬向反位相模型．为了研究长江中下游旱涝成因,还进一步探讨了北半球大气环流动力结构对北太平洋海温热力异常时空分布的响应特征及其相关链物理模型框架,揭示出北太平洋海温不同区域热力结构对北半球环流型特征影响的动力学机理及其类似经向波列特征．另外,还建立了区域旱涝前期海洋－大气时空相关的统计－动力模型,并提出了强信号因子响应判别拟合度方法．     

外强迫引起的夏季大气环流异常及其机制探讨

本文主要探讨了夏季模式大气对热带海温和高纬极冰异常的外强迫响应机制,结果表明,在大气环流模式长时间积分以后,不同的外强迫源均可在全球大气的一些关键性区域激发产生相同的环流异常型,即夏季大气主要异常型对外强迫源地理位置不敏感,很大程度上依赖于大气内部动力学过程.根据以上特点本文提出外强迫引起大气异常存在两类机制,其中外强迫和大气内部动力学过程相互作用机制是产生大气异常的重要动力学途径.     

硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应在线与离线模拟方法的比较

利用区域气候模式RegCM 2与大气化学模式连接的模拟系统 ,比较了硫酸盐气溶胶辐射强迫的在线、离线模拟方法的硫酸盐柱含量、大气顶直接辐射强迫及地表温度响应。发现 :在线与离线模拟方法得到的硫酸盐柱含量、有无反馈大气顶直接辐射强迫和地表温度响应在许多地区有很大差异 ,这种差异在较小区域平均的尺度上更显著 ,在全区域平均尺度上也较为明显 ,是不能被忽略的 ;结果显示从硫酸盐含量到辐射强迫和地表温度响应逐渐加大的差异 ,说明硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫与模拟方法有关 ,显示出较大的不确定性。     

Is the interdecadal circumglobal teleconnection pattern excited by the Atlantic multidecadal Oscillation?

年代际环球遥相关型(ID-CGT)是夏季北半球大气环流年代际变化的主导模态,其位相的时间演变与大西洋多年代际振荡(AMO)基本同步。本研究利用5个大气环流模式的敏感性试验,研究给定AMO型的海表面温度异常能否强迫出ID-CGT型响应。结果显示,5个模式中的2个模拟出了沿西风急流分布的波列状响应,表明ID-CGT至少部分是由AMO型的海温异常所激发。此外,模式模拟的结果显示,在年代际尺度上,AMO可能通过ID-CGT影响夏季北半球陆表气温。     

季节内尺度热带-中纬相互作用机制初探

本文使用一个简单的全球二层大气环流模式作了强迫响应数值试验。模式中引入了代表热带低频偶极型对流的异常强迫.结果表明这一强迫不仅能激发显著的局地大气响应,也能引起北半球中纬显著的低频异常波列,中纬波列的发展与热带强迫变化之间存在四分之一位相差关系.这些结果与观测研究的结果一致.进一步的分析表明,大气响应的位相滞后与强迫产生的能量从内模向外模的非线性转换过程有关.最后提出了季节内尺度热带-中纬相互作用的可能机制.     

大气对南极冰异常的低频遥响应

运用ＬＡＰＧＣＭ模式证实了大气对南极冰异常的强迫遥响应是激发全球大气季节内振荡的重要机制,进而着重考察候平均偏差结果的时间序列,并且通过带通以处理,特别分析了响应场中３０－６０天低频振荡的重要特征,发现：大报对南极冰减退的响应是一种具有３０－６０天周期的低频遥响应。强迫场中的重要成分是３０－６０天季节内振荡,并且具有同实际大气中的低频振荡相类的垂直结构以及传播和分布特征。     

赤道移动性热源激发的大气强迫波和亚洲夏季风40—50天振荡

本文利用P－σ混合坐标系的五层原始方程模式研究了赤道移动性对流热源激发的大气强迫波和亚洲夏季风40－50振荡的关系。数值试验表明由Wave－CISK机制引起的移动性热源在沿赤道东移过程中可以引起亚洲夏季风环境、降水、赤道东－西纬向环流、季风经向环流和越赤道气流的位相振荡现象，其振荡周期与移动热源的移动速度有关。模拟结果进一步表明热带、付热带大气对赤道移动热源的响应可以激发出东传的Kelvinr波和东传的Rossby波，引起纬向差值气流和和戏向差值气流垢东传现象，以及扰动的北传现象。本文最后还讨论了东传的大气强迫波通过Walker环流和Hadley环流的影响而引起亚洲夏季风的40－40天振荡的机制。     

大气对外强迫低频遥响应的数值模拟 II:对欧亚中高纬“寒潮”异常的响应

本文通过用IAP GCM所作的数值模拟研究了欧亚大陆中高纬度地区的外强迫在全球大气中激发的响应.结果清楚表明,同赤道地区的热源强迫一样,中高纬度地区的外强迫也可以在全球大气中产生低频遥响应;通过低频波列EAP,欧亚大陆中高纬度地区的寒潮异常可以对赤道中西太平洋地区的大气运动及全球大气环流有重要影响.对30—60天振荡的强迫激发来讲,地球大气的气候基本态是极为重要的,热带大气对于全球大气的低频振荡活动具有尤为突出的作用.     

SST THERMAL FORCING – A DISCUSSION ON THE MECHANISM OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION

Dynamic and numerical methods are used to discuss the atmospheric response to SST thermal forcing. The results show that for planetary scale systems, the standing SST thermal forcing can quickly excite a stable atmospheric equilibrium state response, which is characterized by obvious large-scale teleconnection oscillation in east-west and south-north directions. For synoptic scale systems, the SST thermal forcing mainly excites the atmospheric low-frequency oscillation. Some basic relation and dynamic processes between SST thermal forcing and atmospheric response pattern are revealed and some new viewpoints are presented.     

Regimes of seasonal air–sea interaction and implications for performance of forced simulations

Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies can induce anomalous convection through surface evaporation and low-level moisture convergence. This SST forcing of the atmosphere is indicated in a positive local rainfall–SST correlation. Anomalous convection can feedback on SST through cloud-radiation and wind-evaporation effects and wind-induced oceanic mixing and upwelling. These atmospheric feedbacks are reflected in a negative local rainfall–SST tendency correlation. As such, the simultaneous rainfall–SST and rainfall–SST tendency correlations can indicate the nature of local air–sea interactions. Based on the magnitude of simultaneous rainfall–SST and rainfall–SST tendency correlations, the present study identifies three distinct regimes of local air–sea interactions. The relative importance of SST forcing and atmospheric forcing differs in these regimes. In the equatorial central-eastern Pacific and, to a smaller degree, in the western equatorial Indian Ocean, SST forcing dominates throughout the year and the surface heat flux acts mainly as a damping term. In the tropical Indo-western Pacific Ocean regions, SST forcing and atmospheric forcing dominate alternatively in different seasons. Atmospheric forcing dominates in the local warm/rainy season. SST forcing dominates with a positive wind-evaporation feedback during the transition to the cold/dry season. SST forcing also dominates during the transition to the warm/rainy season but with a negative cloud-radiation feedback. The performance of atmospheric general circulation model simulations forced by observed SST is closely linked to the regime of air–sea interaction. The forced simulations have good performance when SST forcing dominates. The performance is low or poor when atmospheric forcing dominates.     

The influence of tropical Pacific forcing on the Arctic Oscillation

The potential role of tropical Pacific forcing in driving the seasonal variability of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is explored using both observational data and a simple general circulation model (SGCM). A lead–lag regression technique is first applied to the monthly averaged sea surface temperature (SST) and the AO index. The AO maximum is found to be related to a negative SST anomaly over the tropical Pacific three months earlier. A singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis is then performed on the tropical Pacific SST and the sea level pressure (SLP) over the Northern Hemisphere. An AO-like atmospheric pattern and its associated SST appear as the second pair of SVD modes. Ensemble integrations are carried out with the SGCM to test the atmospheric response to different tropical Pacific forcings. The atmospheric response to the linear fit of the model’s empirical forcing associated with the SST variability in the second SVD modes strongly projects onto the AO. Idealized thermal forcings are then designed based on the regression of the seasonally averaged tropical Pacific precipitation against the AO index. Results indicate that forcing anomalies over the western tropical Pacific are more effective in generating an AO-like response while those over the eastern tropical Pacific tend to produce a Pacific-North American (PNA)-like response. The physical mechanisms responsible for the energy transport from the tropical Pacific to the extratropical North Atlantic are investigated using wave activity flux and vorticity forcing formalisms. The energy from the western tropical Pacific forcing tends to propagate zonally to the North Atlantic because of the jet stream waveguide effect while the transport of the energy from the eastern tropical Pacific forcing mostly concentrates over the PNA area. The linearized SGCM results show that nonlinear processes are involved in the generation of the forced AO-like pattern.     

Impact of Surface forcing on simulating Sea Surface Temperature in the Indian Ocean – A study using Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)

The sensitivity of different atmospheric forcing on the simulation of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the Indian Ocean is examined using Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Model simulations using three different atmospheric forcings from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP; 2.5 deg), National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF; 0.25 deg) and TropFlux (0.5 deg) are analyzed here. Model sensitivity to the atmospheric forcing is studied by analyzing the response of SST and mixed layer depth (MLD) using statistical methods. Results show that the response of NCMRWF and TropFlux forcing was almost similar in capturing the variability of SST in comparison with the corresponding observations. But NCEP was unable to capture SST variability, especially over the central part of the Arabian Sea (AS). It is shown that deeper MLD simulations by NCEP forcing due to the high magnitude of wind resulted in an unrealistic simulation of SST.     

A Linear Diagnosis of the Coupled Extratropical Ocean–Atmosphere System in the GFDL GCM

Summary:Diagnosing a coupled system with linear inverse modelling (LIM) can provide insight into the nature and strength of the coupling. This technique is applied to the cold season output of the GFDL GCM, forced by observed tropical Pacific SSTs and including a slab mixed layer ocean model elsewhere. It is found that extratropical SST anomalies act to enhance atmospheric thermal variability and diminish barotropic variability over the east Pacific in these GCM runs, in agreement with other theoretical and modelling studies. North-west Atlantic barotropic variability is also enhanced. However, all these feedbacks are very weak. LIM results also suggest that North Pacific extratropical SST anomalies in this model would rapidly decay without atmospheric forcing induced by tropical SST anomalies.     

与冬季北太平洋大范围海温异常相联系的海气特征

采用1948—2014年NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料以及延伸重建海温资料,基于大气海洋间不同的主导关系对冬季北太平洋大范围海温异常进行分类,探究其相应的海气结构特征。结果表明:1)大气影响海洋的个例多于海洋影响大气的个例,即在冬季北太平洋大气强迫海洋占主要地位,但也存在海洋对大气的反馈作用。2)对于大气影响海洋而言,SST(Sea Surface Temperature)暖异常区上空主要伴随着东北—西南走向的相当正压高低压异常(东北高西南低),对应东南风异常以及显著的深厚暖异常,表现出相当正压暖/脊结构,冷异常情况与此相反。SST异常为净热通量异常与风速异常共同作用引起。3)对于海洋影响大气而言,在SST暖异常区上空西部为南北向高低压异常(北高南低),东部为低压异常,对应偏东风异常。在SST冷异常区上空为偶极型的南北向高低压异常(南高北低),对应偏西风异常;位势高度异常表现出相当正压结构且较大气影响海洋时相对偏弱,大气暖(冷)温度异常比较浅薄且主要局限于对流层低层。4)海洋温度结构异常主要表现为,在大气影响海洋时海温异常由表层下传,海洋影响大气时为上下一致的温度异常。     

Roles of Indian and Pacific Ocean air–sea coupling in tropical atmospheric variability

Sea surface temperature (SST) variations include negative feedbacks from the atmosphere, whereas SST anomalies are specified in stand-alone atmospheric general circulation simulations. Is the SST forced response the same as the coupled response? In this study, the importance of air–sea coupling in the Indian and Pacific Oceans for tropical atmospheric variability is investigated through numerical experiments with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. The local and remote impacts of the Indian and Pacific Ocean coupling are obtained by comparing a coupled simulation with an experiment in which the SST forcing from the coupled simulation is specified in either the Indian or the Pacific Ocean. It is found that the Indian Ocean coupling is critical for atmospheric variability over the Pacific Ocean. Without the Indian Ocean coupling, the rainfall and SST variations are completely different throughout most of the Pacific Ocean basin. Without the Pacific Ocean coupling, part of the rainfall and SST variations in the Indian Ocean are reproduced in the forced run. In regions of large mean rainfall where the atmospheric negative feedback is strong, such as the North Indian Ocean and the western North Pacific in boreal summer, the atmospheric variability is significantly enhanced when air–sea coupling is replaced by specified SST forcing. This enhancement is due to the lack of the negative feedback in the forced SST simulation. In these regions, erroneous atmospheric anomalies could be induced by specified SST anomalies derived from the coupled model. The ENSO variability is reduced by about 20% when the Indian Ocean air–sea coupling is replaced by specified SST forcing. This change is attributed to the interfering roles of the Indian Ocean SST and Indian monsoon in western and central equatorial Pacific surface wind variations.     

Tropical precipitation regimes and mechanisms of regime transitions: contrasting two aquaplanet general circulation models

The atmospheric general circulation models ARPEGE-climate and LMDz are used in an aquaplanet configuration to study the response of a zonally symmetric atmosphere to a range of sea surface temperature (SST) forcing. We impose zonally-symmetric SST distributions that are also symmetric about the equator, with varying off-equatorial SST gradients. In both models, we obtain the characteristic inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) splitting that separates two regimes of equilibrium (in terms of precipitations): one with one ITCZ over the equator for large SST gradients in the tropics, and one with a double ITCZ for small tropical SST gradients. Transition between these regimes is mainly driven by changes in the low-level convergence that are forced by the SST gradients. Model-dependent, dry and moist feedbacks intervene to reinforce or weaken the effect of the SST forcing. In ARPEGE, dry advective processes reinforce the SST forcing, while a competition between sensible heat flux and convective cooling provides a complex feedback on the SST forcing in the LMDz. It is suggested that these feedbacks influence the location of the transition in the parameter range.     

The 30–60-day Intraseasonal Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the South China Sea during May–September

This study investigates the structure and propagation of intraseasonal sea surface temperature(SST) variability in the South China Sea(SCS) on the 30–60-day timescale during boreal summer(May–September). TRMM-based SST, GODAS oceanic reanalysis and ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis datasets from 1998 to 2013 are used to examine quantitatively the atmospheric thermodynamic and oceanic dynamic mechanisms responsible for its formation. Power spectra show that the 30–60-day SST variability is predominant, accounting for 60% of the variance of the 10–90-day variability over most of the SCS. Composite analyses demonstrate that the 30–60-day SST variability is characterized by the alternate occurrence of basin-wide positive and negative SST anomalies in the SCS, with positive(negative) SST anomalies accompanied by anomalous northeasterlies(southwesterlies). The transition and expansion of SST anomalies are driven by the monsoonal trough–ridge seesaw pattern that migrates northward from the equator to the northern SCS. Quantitative diagnosis of the composite mixed-layer heat budgets shows that, within a strong 30–60-day cycle, the atmospheric thermal forcing is indeed a dominant factor, with the mixed-layer net heat flux(MNHF) contributing around 60% of the total SST tendency, while vertical entrainment contributes more than 30%. However, the entrainment-induced SST tendency is sometimes as large as the MNHF-induced component, implying that ocean processes are sometimes as important as surface fluxes in generating the30–60-day SST variability in the SCS.     

Sensitivity of seasonal climate forecasts to persisted SST anomalies

Most estimates of the skill of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) for forecasting seasonal climate anomalies have been based on simulations with actual observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) as lower boundary forcing. Similarly estimates of the climatological response characteristics of AGCMs used for seasonal-to-interannual climate prediction generally rest on historical simulations using "perfect" SST forecasts. This work examines the errors and biases introduced into the seasonal precipitation response of an AGCM forced with persisted SST anomalies, which are generally considered to constitute a good prediction of SST in the first three-month season. The added uncertainty introduced by the persisted SST anomalies weakens, and in some cases nullifies, the skill of atmospheric predictions that is possible given perfect SST forcing. The use of persisted SST anomalies also leads to changes in local signal-to-noise characteristics. Thus, it is argued that seasonal-to-interannual forecasts using AGCMs should be interpreted relative to historical runs that were subject to the same strategy of boundary forcing used in the current forecast in order to properly account for errors and biases introduced by the particular SST prediction strategy. Two case studies are examined to illustrate how the sensitivity of the climate response to predicted SSTs may be used as a diagnostic to suggest improvements to the predicted SSTs.