中国近百年夏季雨量场及雨带类型恢复研究

文章将气象要素场转化为秩序统计量场,用ＥＯＦ迭代方案进行气象要素场的恢复研究．利用全国４２个站点１９５１～１９９５年夏季（６～８月）雨量场资料对１９０１～１９５０年夏季雨量场进行了恢复,并在此基础上用Ｂａｙｅｓ判别法对雨带类型进行了恢复．检验表明,所恢复的资料是可靠的．     

低纬高原地区初夏降水特征及其与大气环流关系的研究

本文把云南省２５个站１９５６－１９９０年期间的５月份雨量作自然正交展开，从而得到云南５月降水的自然分布型，将各分布型与其前期的１－３月１００、５００ｈＰａ高度场作相关分析，发现云南初夏５月降水一致性分布与前期１００、５００ｈＰａ相关区分布趋势一致，特别是与２月低纬定常行星波列的传播路径有关；降水分布和第二型与高度场和相关分布主要在乌拉尔山、菲律宾及其附近。     

松原市雨量场的气候分区和特征

利用气象站点30年气候资料和1995—2004年26个水文气象站点的雨量资料,将松原市雨量场气候区划分为西、中、东、南四片,经客观检验,这种划分是合理的。气候特征分析表明：近十年处于少雨期中,年平均降水量最少;雨量场气候分布特征是自西向东递增,而东部雨量梯度场明显大于中、西部;由降水绝对差值对比,各气候片问夏季（7月）差值最大,春季（4月）和秋季（10月）两季差异最小。结构函数分析表明：夏季西部在100km内变化幅度最大,春秋两季中部和西部变化趋势类似。使用内差技术方法在78个乡镇中选出27个中心站点（占34．6％）作为下步乡镇预报质量检验中的代表站。     

中国大气有效辐射的气候计算及其分布

应用１９７９年５－８月季风试验期间印度８个陆地辐射探空站资料，通过多种方案试验，得出适用于各种云量条件下各等压面大气有效辐射的气候计算式，并计算和讨论了全国１０４站５００ｈＰａ大气有效辐射的时空分布特征。     

一次特大范围暴雨天气的分析

１降水实况与预报服务１９９８年８月５日,我省继前几次暴雨天气之后,又出现了一次特大范围的暴雨天气。８月４日２０时至８月５日２０时,全省（５０个站）日平均雨量３８．７ｍｍ（４日２０时之前已经下雨,雨量极小）,其中１２个站暴雨,２３个站大雨,其它各站均下...     

云南初夏降水与前期大气环流的关系

利用１９７３～１９８７年云南省１２４个站的逐日雨量资料,分析得得云南省初夏５－６月降水偏多的年份为１９７８,１９８１,１９８４和１９８５年,降水偏少的年份为１９７７,１９８２,１９９３和１９８７年,并利用１９７３～１９８７年北半球５００ｈＰａ等压面高度资料以及２００ｈＰａ副热带风场资料,研究了云南省初夏降水与前期大气环流的关系,结果表明,云南初夏降水的多寡在前期５００ｈＰａ高度场和２００ｈＰａ纬向     

我国5月降水的气候特点和长期变化

从月尺度降水长期预报业务的需要出发，根据中央气象台长期科１６０站月降水资料，分析了中国５月份降水的基本气候特点和长期变化，进一步明确了５月份降水预报业务的工作重点，揭示出某些对５月份降水预报业务有价值的气候现象，其中５月份南北方降水长期变化的阶段性及其反位相振荡现象（ＳＮ现象）对５月份降水长期预报业务具有重要实践意义。     

1996年8月3-5日晋冀特大暴雨中尺度分析与预报

运用高空和地面常规资料，雨量自记资料以及卫星资料，分析１９９６年８月３￣５日受９６０８号台风低压影响而导致的晋冀地区一场罕见大暴雨的中尺度降水系统演变过程，揭示了北方台风暴雨形成与结束的某些基本特点。     

武汉市暴雨气候特征分析

利用武汉市东西湖区、蔡甸区、江夏区气象站１９５９－１９９６年５－９月降水资料及武汉城区各雨量站１８８－１９９５年５－９月降水自记资料，统计分析武暴雨、大暴雨财空分布特征及其变化规律，确定武汉生暴雨标准，其研究结果中为武汉地区暴雨防灾工作提供背影依据。     

1996年8月3—5日晋冀特大暴雨中分析与北方台风低压暴雨预报着眼点

１９９６年８月３～５日晋冀特大暴雨中分析与北方台风低压暴雨预报着眼点苗爱梅吴晓荃薛碧清（山西省气象台０３０００６）摘要运用高空和地面常规资料、雨量自记资料以及卫星资料，分析１９９６年８月３～５日受８号台风低压影响而导致的晋冀地区一场罕见特大暴雨的中尺...     

北非和青藏高原感热振荡特征及与我国东部夏季降水的关系

利用EOF方法,分析了NCEP/NCAR 1948—2002年再分析资料中月平均全球地面感热资料,揭示了北非和青藏高原感热的振荡特征。分析了振荡关键区的感热距平与我国东部51个测站1951—2000年汛期降水距平的相关关系,用SVD方法分析了关键区感热距平场与我国东部51个测站全年各月降水距平场的空间耦合和时滞关系及关键区感热异常对我国东部降水异常的影响。结果表明,北非和青藏高原两个区域的感热变化呈负相关,它们对我国华北、江淮和华南三个区域的汛期降水滞后影响明显。感热对我国降水的影响以年代际为主。     

一种水文气象数据图像显示软件

介绍了一套自己的水文气象数据查阅和图像显示软件系统。资料包括华北３０个水文站的历年径流数据,全国１６０个气象站四十余年的雨量和气温数据。本软件可以方便地对上要这资料进行查阅和显示,并提供某些统计数据。     

北京强降雨与道路积水统计分析及应用

利用2007—2011年汛期(6—8月)北京市人民政府防汛抗旱指挥部办公室每日发布的汛情通报、北京市20个气候站日降雨量和200多个自动气象站逐小时降雨量监测数据,对近5年北京强降雨及降雨强度与城区出现道路积水的关系进行统计分析,找出北京城区出现道路积水的降雨量特征、小时降雨强度和2 h降雨量道路积水临界指标。通过在2011年汛期(6—8月)10次道路积水中应用表明,该道路积水临界指标具有较好的参考价值,可为今后北京道路积水预报服务工作提供参考依据。     

我国东部夏季气侯基本态特征研究

利用１８８１年～１９９８年２９个观测站的夏季降水、气温资料,研究了我国东部夏季降水、气温大于３０年的慢变平均值（气候基本态）的变化特征。用经验正交分解方法研究了夏季降水与气温的气候基本态的特征模态及时间演变规律。结果表明,我国东部夏季降水、气温的气候基本态与我国夏季天气及夏季大气活动中心的气候基本态关系密切。     

Analysis of heavy rainfall events in North Rhine–Westphalia with radar and raingauge data

Five heavy rainfall events were investigated with radar and raingauge data. Special attention was paid to quality check and adjustment of radar data. Attenuation effects could be observed on both, C-Band and on X-Band radar. Adjustment of radar data to raingauge values turned out to be difficult in the vicinity of heavy local rain cells. Four adjustment methods were analysed and radar data from different radar stations were compared. As a further result of this project, the spatial extent of the precipitation fields was identified by adjusted radar data and compared to raingauge data. For each rainfall event, radar derived accumulated rainfall images and catchment time series were produced.     

1981-2012年辽宁省春播期土壤相对湿度月尺度数据重建

辽宁省现有测站春播期土壤相对湿度数据存在不连续性及长时间序列缺失问题。以海城站为例,分析现有土壤相对湿度（0-20 cm）与气象因子及临近站点土壤相对湿度的相关关系,构建海城春播期土壤相对湿度统计回归模型,模拟缺测时段春播期土壤相对湿度。进而以此方法重建辽宁省20个观测站1981-2012年春播期土壤相对湿度月尺度数据。结果表明：海城土壤相对湿度与降水量和秋季封冻雨关联较大,相关系数分别超过0.60和0.30,与同期临近站点本溪站土壤相对湿度相关性也超过0.40,依据该3要素构建的4月和5月土壤相湿度统计回归模型复相关系数R2分别达0.79和0.77,模拟结果与实测资料平均相对误差为2.6 %,模拟效果较好;对辽宁省其他数据缺失站点构建的回归模型复相关系数均高于0.50,模型拟合精度优于85 %,拟合值和实测值平均相对误差基本控制在15 %以内,较好完成辽宁省20个测站1981-2012年春播期土壤相对湿度月尺度数据重建。     

Study of homogeneity of precipitation in a region in the province of Buenos Aires,Argentina

Summary Monthly and annual climatic variabilities of precipitation were analyzed from a 60 years record of rainfall data at 10 measuring stations in the humid region of Argentina.Different statistical techniques were used to analyze the regional homogeneity of precipitation fields. Special structures and monthly trends were studied. Simple correlations of yearly precipitation at different locations were computed. Exponential functions relating cross-correlations and distances were determined through regression analysis.Monthly and annual rainfall show no evident signs of trends; aleatory processes are predominant in the whole region; and, correlation functions are independent of the direction of the vector connecting the stations.With 3 Figures     

我国东部夏季气侯基本态特征研究

利用１８８１年￣１９９８年２９个观测站的夏季降水、气温资料,研究了我国东部夏季降水、气温大于３０年的慢变平均值（气候基本态）的变化特征。用经验正交分解方法研究了夏季降水与气温的气候基本态的特征模态及时间演变规律。结果表明,我国东部夏季降水、气温的气候基本态与我国夏季天气及夏季大气活动中心的气候基本态关系密切。     

Variational data assimilation experiments of mei-yu front rainstorms in China

The numerical forecasts of mei-yu front rainstorms in China has been an important issue. The intensity and pattern of the frontal rainfall are greatly influenced by the initial fields of the numerical model. The 4-dimensional variational data assimilation technology (4DVAR) can effectively assimilate all kinds of observed data, including rainfall data at the observed stations, so that the initial fields and the precipitation forecast can both be greatly improved. The non-hydrostatic meso-scale model (MM5) and its adjoint model are used to study the development of the mei-yu front rainstorm from 1200 UTC 25 June to 0600 UTC 26 June 1999. By numerical simulation experiments and assimilation experiments, the T106 data and the observed 6-hour rainfall data are assimilated. The influences of many factors, such as the choice of the assimilated variables and the weighting coefficient, on the precipitation forecast results are studied. The numerical results show that 4DVAR is valuable and important to mei-yu front rainfall prediction.     

A Possible Cause for Different Diurnal Variations of Warm Season Rainfall as Shown in Station Observations and TRMM 3B42 Data over the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

In this study,records from a 3-yr intensified observational experiment at eight stations along the hillside of Seqilashan over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau were analyzed and combined with records at 28 routine observation stations in the Chinese National Meteorological Station Network to investigate the influences of station location on the different diurnal rainfall variations between station records and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data products.The results indicate that the diurnal variation of warm season rainfall is closely related to location of stations.The prevailing nocturnal rainfall peak in observations at routine stations can be largely attributed to the relatively lower location of the stations,which are mostly situated in valleys.The records at Seqilashan stations on hillsides revealed an evident diurnal afternoon peak of warm season rainfall,similar to that indicated by TRMM data.The different diurnal phases between valley and hillside stations are closely related to the orographically induced regional circulations caused by the complex topography over the Tibetan Plateau.The results of this study indicate that the prevailing nocturnal rainfall associated with the relatively lower location of routine observation stations can partially explain the diurnal rainfall variations between observation station records and TRMM data.