气候变化对扎龙湿地生态环境的影响

湿地是生物多样性岛屿化的基础，水源又是湿地赖以存在的基础，而水源又受到气候变化的影响。通过对讨论气候变化对湿地水源的影响，得出湿地生态环境可能发生变化的若干结论。     

湿地生态环境监测方法探讨

本文在分析四川湿地现状的基础上，对湿地的监测目的、监测范围、技术手段、监测内容、监测技术指标等问题进行了分析，提出建立我省生态环境监测体系和加强湿地生态环境应用研究的工作思路，为保护湿地生态环境，实现湿地的可持续利用发展提供决策服务。     

湿地生态系统与居地气候关系的研究

针对赤峰市半干旱区的达里诺尔湿地与兴安盟阿尔山湿润地区的湿地，利用湿地的小气候观测资料分别与其相邻的常规气象站的气象观测数据进行对比分析。初步得出以下结论：（1)湿地的“冷湿”效应显著，（2)湿地降水量主要受大气候的影响，与小气候效应无关。（3)位于湿润区的阿尔山湿地比位于半干旱区的达里诺尔湿地更能体现出“冷湿”小气候效应。（4)小气候效应对群落结构、物种分布等方面存在着重要的影响。位于湿润区的阿尔山湿地比位于干旱区的达里诺尔湿地中生、湿生植物偏多，但多样性指数、均匀性指数、物种丰富度低于干旱区的达里诺尔湿地，湿地植物群落的优势度指数要高于达里诺尔湿地，     

林甸湿地与所在区域4-9月小气候特征对比分析

利用对湿地生态环境、气候考察及2001～2002年4～9月林甸湿地2年的实时观测资料，系统分析了湿地与所在区域的主要气候特征和时间变化等规律，为保护湿地生态环境提供了科学依据。     

黑龙江省湿地资源遥感信息解译分析

按黑龙江省湿地分类标准，应用资源卫星遥感技术，建立湿地资源解译标准，判别分析全省湿地资源现状与区域分布。     

湿地资源保护及启示

湿地是地球上具有重要环境功能的生态系统和多种生物的栖息地之一。湿地环境中湿地水文、湿地生物地球化学循环与生物对湿地的适应和改造构成、各种因子之间相互依赖、相互协同,构建起湿地的整体功能。湿地生态系统与全球环境变化有着密切的关系。近年来全球湿地生态系统的受损程度十分严重,因此,对湿地生态系统的特殊价值正确认识和积极采取保护措施迫在眉睫。     

湿地植被生物量动态监测模式初步研究应用

湿地是地球上最富有生物多样性的独特的生态系统，其植被生物量的变化与气候因素（光、温、水）密切相关。运用遥感技术，在地理信息数据和GPS实地调查数据的支持下，选取VEGETATION数据资料，对湿地植被生物量动态监测模式进行了初步研究。     

人工湿地污水处理系统对氮磷的净化效果研究

人工湿地是一种新型的污水处理工艺。以沈阳市浑南新区人工湿地示范工程为研究对象,分析了人工湿地污水处理系统对氮磷的净化效果,探讨了垂直流湿地系统以及自由表面流湿地系统对氮磷的净化机理。结果表明:垂直流湿地对总氮有一定的净化效果,但稳定性较差。氨氮和总磷的去除率在运行期间始终保持较高水平,平均去除率分别为97.75%和81.03%;表面流湿地对总氮的净化受温度影响,湿地植物对氮磷的净化受生长环境和季节的影响。     

湿地生态环境监测方法探讨

本文在分析四川湿地现状的基础上,对湿地的监测目的、监测范围、技术手段、监测内容、监测技术指标等问题进行了分析,提出建立我省生态环境监测体系和加强湿地生态环境应用研究的工作思路,为保护湿地生态环境,实现湿地的可持续利用发展提供决策服务.     

气候变化对洪湖湿地的影响研究

正引言湖泊湿地具有调蓄洪水、保护生物多样性等生态价值,对于调节气候、供水(蓄水)、水产业、航运等具有经济价值。在全球气候变化背景下,区域气温及降水条件等也发生着明显的变化,对湿地水文、生物地球化学过程、水质与水循环、湿地能量平衡与湿地生态功能等产生较大的影响。本项目以长江中游典型湖泊湿地——洪湖为例,通过分析过去50年洪湖湿地气候、水文与生态系统发展变化过程及湿地生态     

Climate sensitivity to wetlands and wetland vegetation in mid-Holocene North Africa

 Wetland regions are important components of the local climate, with their own characteristic surface energy and moisture budgets. Realistic representation of wetlands, including the important vegetation component, may therefore be necessary for more accurate simulations of climate and climate change. However, many land-atmosphere coupled models either ignore wetlands or treat wetlands as bare, water-saturated soil, neglecting the vegetation present within wetland environments. This study investigates the possible response of the mid-Holocene climate of North Africa to changes in orbital forcing, both with and without the presence of wetlands. The location of these wetlands is guided by analysis of paleovegetation and wetland distribution. In this study, the wetland regime in the land surface component of a climate model was modified to incorporate vegetation. Field measurements have shown that vegetation affects water loss associated with evaporation (including transpiration) within a wetland area. Comparisons between non-vegetated wetland and vegetated wetland revealed an increase in local albedo that produced an associated decrease in net radiation, evaporation and precipitation in the vicinity of the wetlands regions. Based on an analysis of the model surface water balance, the calculated area of mid-Holocene wetland coverage for North Africa closely matches the observed. For the North African region as a whole, the effects of adding vegetation to the wetland produced relatively small changes in climate, but local recycling of water may have served to help maintain paleo wetland communities. Received: 16 March 1999 / Accepted: 17 May 2000     

Potential effects of climate change on a semi-permanent prairie wetland

We assessed the potential effects of a greenhouse gas-induced global climate change on the hydrology and vegetation of a semi-permanent prairie wetland using a spatially-defined, rule-based simulation model. An 11-yr simulation was run using current versus enhanced greenhouse gas climates. Projections of climatic change were from the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) general circulation model. Simulations were also run using a range of temperature (+2 and +4 °C) and precipitation change values (–20, –10, 0, +10, +20%) to determine the responsiveness of wetland vegetation and hydrology to a variety of climate scenarios.Maximum water depths were significantly less under the enhanced greenhouse gas scenario than under the current climate. The wetland dried in most years with increased temperature and changes in precipitation. Simulations also revealed a significant change in the vegetation, from a nearly balanced emergent cover to open water ratio to a completely closed basin with no open water areas. Simulations over a range of climate change scenarios showed that precipitation changes (particularly increases) had a greater impact on water levels and cover ratios when the temperature increase was moderate (+2 °C).These potential changes in wetland hydrology and vegetation could result in a dramatic decline in the quality of habitat for breeding birds, particularly waterfowl. Continued research on climate and wetland modeling is needed.     

生态系统在全球变化中的调节作用

讨论在全球变化的背景下,生态系统对全球变化的调节作用.首先论述陆地生态系统对全球变化的调节作用,主要包括陆地生态系统对大气成分的调节以及对全球气候的调节;其次,论述水生生态系统对全球变化的调节作用,主要包括淡水生态系统对全球变化的调节作用以及海洋生态系统对全球变化的调节作用;最后,论述湿地生态系统对全球变化的调节作用,主要包括湿地生态系统对生物多样性保护的功能,湿地对全球变化的元素调节作用以及湿地对气候和水文的调节.       

呼伦贝尔辉河湿地萎缩成因分析及保护对策

文章通过阐述湿地对人类生存发展的作用及辉河湿地生态系统环境现状,根据1980—2006年27年的气象观测数据,着重分析辉河湿地近年来面积萎缩的成因,主要是气候影响和人为因素等,并提出保护辉河湿地的对策。     

Hiatus of wetland methane emissions associated with recent La Niña episodes in the Asian monsoon region

The variability of methane emissions from wetlands in the tropics and northern temperate regions can explain more than 70% of the interannual variation in global wetland methane emissions, which are largely driven by climate variability. We use climate reanalysis, remote sensing wetland area dataset and simulations from 11 land models contributing to Global Methane Budget to investigate the interannual variation and anomalies of wetland methane emissions in the Asian Monsoon region. Methane emissions in this region steadily increased over 2000–2012. However, abnormally low methane emissions were found in equatorial fully humid (Af), warm temperate winter dry (Cw), and warm temperate fully humid (Cf) Asian Monsoon climate sub-regions in 2008, 2009 and 2011, respectively. These spatially-shifting low emissions occurred simultaneously with observed wetland area shrinkage due to abnormally low precipitation. Interannual variability of wetland methane emissions in Asian Monsoon region are primarily driven by South Asian Monsoon system. However, the abnormally low emissions are related to strong La Niña events, and its accompanying effect of weakened East Asian Monsoon system and eastward Western Pacific subtropical high, which drives the shifting pattern of rainfall, and thus the spatial pattern of methane emission anomalies.     

Multivariate analysis of modern and fossil pollen data from the central Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, NW China

To interpret past vegetation and climate changes from pollen data, we need to reveal the degree of similarity between modern analogues and fossil pollen spectra, which would help us predict the future climate and vegetation. Ninety surface pollen samples across six vegetation zones along an altitudinal gradient from 460 to 3510 m and 44 fossil samples at Caotan Lake were collected in the central Tianshan Mountains, northern Xinjiang, China. Discriminant analyses results, fossil pollen and phytolith assemblages were then used to reconstruct palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate in the area. The 90 surface samples were divided into six pollen zones (alpine cushion, alpine and subalpine meadow, montane Tianshan spruce forest, forest-steppe ecotone, Artemisia desert, typical desert), corresponding to the major vegetation types in the area. These zones follow a climatic gradient of increasing precipitation with increasing elevation. Paleovegetation reconstructed from 44 fossil pollen assemblages through discriminant analysis reflects the regional vegetation shifted from typical desert to Artemisia desert since 4640 cal. year BP in the Caotan Lake wetland. The fossil pollen and phytolith record also reveal the arid climate has not fundamentally changed in the period. But a dry-wet-dry local climate oscillation since 2700 cal. year BP has a fundamental influence on local wetland vegetation dynamics and peat accumulation of the Caotan wetland. Modern wetland landscape and surface pollen assemblages from the Ebinur Lake Wetland Nature Reserve provide further evidence for ferns and Betula growing in the Caotan Lake wetland during the historical period.     

岱海湿地生态环境变化的气候影响分析

文章针对岱海湖水恶化、湖盆萎缩,流域水土流失严重,湿地面积锐减、功能退化等生态环境问题,着重在气候条件方面对岱海湿地变化产生的一些可能影响作了详细分析与说明,并提出相应防治对策。     

Hydrologic Response of a Wetland to Changing Moisture Conditions: Modeling Effects of Soil Heterogeneity

Prediction of the effects of external influences such as climate change on wetland systems requires the prediction of hydrologic effects. Because wetland soils are typically heterogeneous, it is particularly important to understand the extent and connectedness of hydraulically conductive soil units, since water flow may be concentrated in such units while bypassing others of lower conductivity. However, subsurface hydrologic models typically do not represent heterogeneity adequately, being limited by sparse parameterization of soil properties. Conventional techniques for mapping units of soil within wetlands are highly laborious, requiring soil coring and laboratory testing. As an alternative, we developed a portable piezocone driver and highly sensitive piezocone designed to map wetland soil units with centimeter-scale resolution in the vertical and meter-scale resolution in the horizontal dimension. This system successfully delineated several different layers of peat, sand, and limnetic sediments, and their degree of interconnectedness in an eight-meter-thick peat deposit. Monitoring of wetland response to precipitation, changes in stream stage, and overbank flooding was then used in conjunction with the piezocone data and a two-dimensional flow model to constrain the hydraulic properties of the soil units. Thus parameterized, a standard subsurface flow model was able to realistically simulate a variety of hydrologic processes relevant to climate change, including wetland-stream water exchange, the movement of wetland porewaters to the root zone of plants, and wetland desaturation under dry conditions.     

CLIMATE CHANGE, AGRICULTURE AND WETLANDS IN EASTERN EUROPE: VULNERABILITY, ADAPTATION AND POLICY

Naturally-occurring wetlands perform such functions as flood control, pollution filtration, nutrient recycling, sediment accretion, groundwater recharge and water supply, erosion control, and plant and wildlife preservation. A large concentration of wetlands is located in Eastern Europe. A significant amount of Eastern European wetlands has been converted to agricultural use in the past, and remaining wetlands are subject to agricultural drainage. Drained wetlands are used as prime agriculture lands for a variety of food crops. Other agricultural uses of wetlands range from growing Phragmites australis (common reed) for thatch and livestock feed, to collecting peat for heating and cooking fuel. Altered hydrologic regimes due to global climate change could further exacerbate encroachment of agricultural land use into wetlands. The vulnerability and adaptation studies of the U.S. Country Studies Program are used to analyze where climate change impacts to agriculture may likewise impact wetland areas. Scenarios indicate higher temperatures and greater evapotranspiration altering the hydrologic regime such that freshwater wetlands are potentially vulnerable in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, and Russia, and that coastal wetlands are at risk in Estonia. Runoff is identified as a key hydrological parameter affecting wetland function. Since wetland losses may increase as a result of climate-change-induced impacts to agriculture, precautionary management options are reviewed, such as establishing buffer areas, promoting sustainable uses of wetlands, and restoration of farmed or mined wetland areas. These options may reduce the extent of negative agricultural impacts on wetlands due to global climate change.