48年来广东省不同区域的温度变化特征

根据全省86个气象站1960～2007年的温度资料,研究了48年来广东省北部、中部、东南部和西南部4个区域的温度变化特征。结果表明,4个区域的年平均气温均呈上升趋势,最低值分别出现在1976和1984年,最高值为1998年,增温速率南部沿海高于内陆,东南部为0．026℃／年,西南部0．023℃／年,中部0．021℃／年,北部0．012℃／年。各区域年平均气温20世纪60、70和80年代变化不大,90年代升高最明显。从季节分布看,各区域增温速率冬季最为明显,为0．025～0．035℃／年,秋季次之,为0．012—0．031℃／年,冬、秋增温速率均通过了95％的显著性检验;春季为0．011～0．019℃／年,夏季最小,为0．001—0．019℃／年,春、夏增温速率大多没有通过95％的显著性检验。     

青藏高原及铁路沿线地表温度变化趋势预测

青藏高原及其铁路沿线各站的年地表温度具有很好的互相关性,特别是各站10年滑动平均温度互相关系数达到0．92,以此建立了1961-2003年青藏铁路沿线平均地表温度序列。研究表明：青藏高原地表温度的升高是明显的,40年来升高1．1～1．5℃,其升温率为0．44℃／10a。大气CO2浓度的增加有利于青藏高原地表温度的升高,而太阳黑子周期长度（SCL）的变长则起相反作用。地表温度对人气CO2浓度和SCL的最好响应约滞后10年。若根据SCL的变化和IPCC第三次评估报告给出的新的温室气体排放情景SRES-B1预测,目前青藏高原地表温度的升温到2010年前后达到最强,此后可能会出现一个明显的降温过程,到2030年前后可能低于20世纪70～90年代的平均值。新一轮的升温开始于2040年代。若综合考虑CO2和SCL两者的共同影响预测,未来50年平均最低、最高和年地表温度与1971-2000年的平均比较,分别升高0．2,1．0和0．6℃。     

1961-2010年青藏高原气候变化特征分析

利用1961-2010年青藏高原及其周边地区158个气象站温度(包括平均温度、最低和最高温度)、降水和风速资料,对青藏高原的气候变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1) 1961-2010年青藏高原主体正在变暖变湿,但是高原东侧部分地区正在变暖变干,同时高原整体风速都在减小。(2)升温主要是夜间的最低温度贡献的。不同地区升温速率有差异,中部地区高于东部地区;平均温度和最高温度分别在1994年和1997年发生突变,突变后升温速率明显加快;三种温度都存在准8年周期震荡,其他短周期及更长周期震荡表现不一致。(3)降水量空间分布上表现为从东南向西北逐级减少,并且出现过多次突变,突变时间分别为1965年、1977年和1995年,突变前后降水的变化速率明显不同,降水存在准4年和准10年周期震荡。风速存在18～20年周期震荡。(4)青藏高原平均温度、最低温度及最高温度EOF分解的第一载荷向量均表现出全区一致的正值,中心区位于94°E-97°E一带,说明青藏高原腹地是平均温度、最低温度及最高温度变化最敏感的地区。(5)平均温度、最低温度及最高温度EOF分解的第二载荷向量大体表现出高原主体与东部以及北部边缘地带变化趋势相反,即高原主体升温(降温)时,东部及北部边缘地带是降温(升温)的。     

广东兴宁地区近46年气候变化特征

利用1961～2006年兴宁机场的逐日信息化资料,分析了兴宁地区46年来气温、降水变化特征。结果表明：兴宁地区年,冬、夏季平均温度以及最低、最高气温均呈明显上升趋势,平均增温率为0．015℃年;综合来看,20世纪60～90年代冬季增温幅度大于夏季,21世纪初夏季增温幅度高于冬季;年平均降水量为1488．9mm,季节性显著,其中夏季最多,占年平均降水量的45．4％,秋季降水量最少。降水量呈逐渐减少的趋势并不明显,其气候倾向率为-2．89mm／年。     

CMIP5模式对21世纪全球和中国年平均地表气温变化和2℃升温阈值的预估

基于参加国际耦合模式比较计划第5阶段（CMIP5）的29个全球气候模式开展的历史气候模拟和3种典型浓度路径（RCP2.6、RCP4.5、 RCP8.5）下21世纪气候预估的结果,分析了单个模式和多模式集合平均（MME）的21世纪全球与中国年平均地表气温（ASAT）变化特征及2℃升温阈值的出现时间。多模式集合平均的结果显示：全球和中国年平均地表气温均将继续升高,21世纪末的升温幅度随着辐射强迫的增大而增大。RCP2.6情景下,年平均地表气温增幅先升高后降低,全球（中国）年平均地表气温在2056年（2049年）达到升温峰值,21世纪末升温1.74℃（2.12℃）;RCP4.5情景下,年平均地表气温在21世纪前半叶逐渐升高,之后升温趋势减缓,21世纪后期趋于平稳,21世纪末全球（中国）年平均地表气温增幅为2.60℃（3.39℃）;RCP8.5情景下,21世纪年平均地表气温快速升高,21世纪末全球（中国）年平均地表气温增幅为4.75℃（6.55℃）。全球平均的年平均地表气温增幅,在RCP2.6情景下没有超过2℃,RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下分别在2047和2038年达到2℃。RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下中国年平均地表气温增幅连续5 a不低于2℃的时间分别在2032、2033和2027年,明显早于全球平均。任一典型浓度路径情景下,达到2℃升温的时间,北半球同纬度地区早于南半球,同半球高纬度地区早于低纬度地区,同纬度地区陆地早于海洋。3种不同典型浓度路径情景下21世纪全球和中国年平均地表气温将继续升高这一结果是可信的,RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下全球和中国年平均地表气温增幅超过2℃的结果模式之间有较高的一致性。多模式预估的全球和中国年平均地表气温升幅和不同幅度升温的出现时间均存在一定的不确定性,预估结果的不确定性随预估时间的延长而增大;相同情景下,中国年平均地表气温预估的不确定性大于全球。     

喀什市196 1—2007年浅层地温的变化

利用1961-2007年喀什0-40cm各层逐月平均地温,采用气候倾向率和累积距平气候统计方法,研究了近47a喀什浅层平均地温年代际、年际和各季的气候变化特征。结果表明：各层年平均地温以0．1～0．4℃／10a的升温率显著上升,15cm深度的升温率最大;浅层各季节平均地温均呈现为显著的升高趋势,升温率为0．1～0．5℃／10a,春季最大、夏季最小。     

应用CEOF方法分析西北地区温度演变规律

利用复经验正交函数（ＣＥＯＦ）对西北地区（陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆）１１２个台站１９６０～１９９０年，冬季（１２～２月），夏季（６～８月）平均温度场进行分析、结果表明：冬季平均温度第一特征向量的位相空间分布有规律性，反映出西北地区温度的尺度特征，冷空气的移动路径；第一时间系数变化反映出冬季温度趋势在波动中上升，特别是８０年代增温趋势明显，这种增温趋势的波动主要为由东向西传播；夏季第一特征向量的位相除新疆外，总体趋势为从东向西，从南向北位相减小，第一时间系数的振幅变化趋势是８０年代为一降温期，这种变化存在准两年、准三年周期，波动主要由东向西传播．     

中国北极村气候变暖特征

利用我国最北部的北极村气象站1963～2005年气温资料,通过计算气候倾向率和气候趋势系数,对该地区气候变化特点进行了分析。结果表明,43年来北极村气温有明显并稳定的上升趋势,年平均气温以每10年0．46℃幅度升高。各季及逐月平均气温都存在不同程度的变暖趋势,但是冬季升温最为剧烈,达每10年0．69℃,其中2月升温幅度为每10年1．02℃,为全年最大。秋季升温最弱,仅为每10年0．21℃。年平均最低气温（每10年0．59℃）和年极端最低气温（每10年0．74℃）比年平均最高气温（每10年0．37℃）和年极端最高气温（每10年0．27℃）升温幅度明显偏大。最低气温比最高气温对平均气温的年代际升温趋势贡献更为明显。     

晋中市气候变暖的特征及对策建议

全球气候变暖已经成为不争的事实。近百年全球平均地表温度上升了0．74℃,中国地表气温增暖0．5℃～0．8℃,山西近50年平均温度每10年上升0．25℃,晋中近50年平均温度每10年上升0．2℃。由于气候变暖将涉及到政治、经济和社会问题,所以引起了政府及专家的极大关注。     

青藏高原局地因素对近地表层地温的影响

青藏高原近地表层地温既受区域性因素（高度、经度、纬度）控制，同时又受局地因素的影响。观测结果表明，高原稀疏植被地段比裸地地温高，短时期薄层雪盖起降低地温的作用，南坡比北坡地温高2－7℃，黑色沥青路面年平均温度比碎石土天然的年平均地表温度高4．5℃，亦高于其它材料的路面地温。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences