华南区域大气成分业务数值预报GRACEs模式系统

总结了华南区域大气成分数值预报GRACEs模式系统的业务发展进程,系统介绍了GRACEs模式的计算域、气象驱动场、输入排放源、计算平台与产品应用,报告了GRACEs模式的业务预报性能。概述了国内外大气成分数值预报模式的发展现状与趋势,介绍了新版CMAQ模式Ver5.1的化学机理,及其在光化学、气溶胶化学、源排放、化学与气象双向反馈机制等方面的重要更新。GRACEs模式系统预期将在本地精细化气象模式、污染源本地化、化学机理以及初始场同化等方面进一步研究,深入开展华南区域"一体化"大气成分模式系统的研发与应用。     

四川盆地大气气溶胶污染时空变化的地形影响研究进展

四川盆地作为我国一个特殊的大气气溶胶污染区域,亟待厘清其大气污染时空变化与独特盆地地形影响相关机理。本文综述了近年来一系列相关研究成果,包括:（1）揭示了四川盆地大气环境变化中大地形影响作用,青藏高原东侧区域气溶胶空间分布“避风港”效应,以及大地形热力强迫对盆地空气质量变化的“气候调节”影响; （2）探明了四川盆地大气边界层结构对大气气溶胶变化的影响,冬季重霾期间大气边界层垂直结构变化特征及其相关PM_2.5物理化学特性;（3）明晰了大气气溶胶在四川盆地暴雨过程中的重要作用机理,以及四川盆地气溶胶高污染分布导致的降水分布型态的气候变化。这些研究提升了四川盆地气溶胶污染形成机理及大地形对大气环境变化影响效应的科学认识,并表明未来应该深入研究四川盆地地形背景下独特大气边界层结构,人为与自然源排放和环境大气物理-化学过程变化。      

中国数值天气预报的自主创新发展

数值天气预报是天气预报业务和防灾、减灾的核心科技。中国数值天气预报研究和业务应用一直受到高度重视,在理论、方法和数值模式研究方面取得了有广泛国际影响的研究成果。在回顾新中国数值天气预报自主创新研究成果的基础上,重点对GRAPES（Global Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System）半隐式半拉格朗日格点模式与物理过程的研发和业务应用的状况以及所取得的重要科学进展进行了综述。近年来,通过自主研发建立了中国数值天气预报业务体系—GRAPES体系。首次以自主技术实现了从区域3—10 km到全球25—50 km分辨率的确定性预报和集合预报系统,并在模式动力框架、四维变分同化和卫星资料同化技术等方面有所突破,建立了大气化学数值天气预报、台风数值预报和海浪预报等系统。自主研发的数值天气预报体系的建立是长期坚持既定科学技术方向以及研究和业务紧密结合、经验不断积累的结果,是中国自主发展数值天气预报技术的重要起点。      

区域海气耦合模式FROALS的发展及其应用

区域海气耦合模式是研究局地海气相互作用过程影响气候变率的重要平台,也是对全球气候模式进行"动力降尺度"的重要工具.本文介绍了LASG(State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics)/IAP(Institute of Atmospheric Physics)发展的区域海气耦合模式FROALS(Flexible Regional Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model),并总结了过去五年围绕该区域海气耦合模式开展的研究工 作.FROALS的特点之一是有两个完全不同的大气模式分量和海洋模式分量选项,可以适应不同的模拟研究需 求.针对区域海气耦合模式在西北太平洋地区的模拟偏差,通过分步骤考察不同大气模式分量和不同海洋模式分量对模式模拟性能的影响,指出大气模式是导致区域海气耦合偏差的主要分量.通过改进对流触发的相对湿度阈值标准,有效地改善了此前区域海气耦合模式在亚洲季风区普遍出现的"模拟海温冷偏差".改进的FROALS对西北太平洋地区的大气和海洋环境有较好的模拟能力,合理地再现了西北太平洋地区表层洋流气候态和年际变率.较之非耦合模式,考虑区域海气耦合过程后,改进了东亚和南亚地区的降水和热带气旋潜势年际变率的模拟.最后,针对东亚—西北太平洋地区,利用FROALS对IAP/LASG全球气候模式模拟和预估的结果进行了动力降尺 度,得到了东亚区域50 km高分辨率区域气候变化信息.分析显示,FROALS模拟得到的东亚区域气候较之全球气候模式和非耦合区域气候模式结果具有明显的"增值",显示出区域海气耦合模式在该区域良好的应用前景.     

区域数值模式技巧和不精确度的评价

对宾夕法尼亚洲／国家大气研究中心有限区域模式（其中一些数值的和物理的因子是变化的）进行了分析，以了解引进这些数值和物理因子对模式误差或不精确度的作用。因子包括初始条件、水平分辨率（80公里和160公里）和区域大小、侧边界条件以及物理过程参数化。这些结果与全球预报模式（NCAR通用气候模式）的结果进行了比较。     

季风亚洲区域集成研究国际计划(MAIRS)10年回顾

季风亚洲区域集成研究（Monsoon Asia Integrated Regional Study,简称MAIRS）是国际全球变化研究计划（GEC）和地球系统科学联盟（ESSP）的一个子计划,是全球变化邻域第一个由中国科学家提出,并组织实施的国际计划,历时10余年。MAIRS明确提出:不同于过去和正在进行的任何一个关于季风的研究计划,MAIRS研究的主题是人类与季风系统的相互作用。本文从四个方面回顾了这个计划的历程:（1）2003~2006年的可行性研究。包括区域集成研究概念的提出、亚洲区域全球变化研究的快速评估、以及在此基础上确定MAIRS的总体科学目标和起草MAIRS的科学计划。（2）2006年正式发布的MAIRS科学计划的主要内容。包括季风亚洲区域面临的环境变化和研究挑战、集成研究的科学问题、四个最脆弱区域的确定以及计划执行的方法和手段等。（3）2006~2016年MAIRS计划的执行情况。包括组织结构、科学活动、研究项目和成果、以及国际合作网络的建立。（4）MAIRS的国际影响和未来发展。MAIRS与未来地球国际计划（Future Earth）。     

新一代数值预报系统GRAPES研究进展

中国气象科学研究院 (灾害天气国家重点实验室) 自2000年起, 先后在科技部“973”重大基础项目“我国重大天气灾害形成机理和预测理论研究”和“十五”重点攻关项目“中国气象数值预报系统技术创新研究”支持下, 主持承担了中国气象局新一代全球/区域多尺度通用同化与数值预报系统GRAPES (Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) 的研究开发, 围绕着资料同化、模式动力框架、物理过程、大型软件工程等核心技术开展了自主创新研究, 取得了非静力中尺度模式、三维变分资料同化、标准化、模块化、并行化模式程序软件等方面的突出成果, 部分成果已在业务上得到了应用, 显示了良好的技术性能和业务发展潜力。GRAPES系统是完全依靠中国科学家的力量自主研究发展的、先进的新一代数值预报系统。该文简要介绍GRAPES的研究内容、主要研究进展和初步应用, 以及未来发展的初步计划。     

区域气候模式与陆面模式的耦合及其对东亚气候模拟的影响

将大气—植被相互作用模式AVIM（Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model）与区域环境系统集成模式 RIEMS2.0（Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System Version 2.0）耦合,利用耦合后的AVIM-RIEMS2.0模式在东亚区域选定典型年份进行积分试验,通过模拟结果与观测资料对比分析,从整体上评估耦合模式对东亚区域的模拟能力。结果表明:模式能够较好地模拟850 hPa风场、500 hPa位势高度、气温、降水以及地表热通量空间分布型和季节变化。双向耦合具有动态植被过程的AVIM模式后,RIEMS2.0模拟能力有一定程度的提高。850 hPa风场在冬季的中国东北、华北地区以及夏季的中国东部地区,模拟偏差都减小;500 hPa高度场模拟在中国北方地区改进明显,而在中国南方地区的夏季并没表现出明显的改进趋势。耦合模式改进了RIEMS2.0模式冬季气温模拟偏低而夏季偏高的现象。从区域平均看,耦合模式改善了降水模拟偏多的现象,并使得潜热通量的模拟效果有明显的改进,对感热通量模拟在大部分地区也有改进。总的来看,AVIM-RIEMS2.0耦合模式对中国北方地区模拟改进较为明显,而对中国南方地区,特别是华南地区没有明显的改进。     

GRAPES紫外线（UV）数值预报

应用GRAPES（Global/Regional Assi milation PrEdiction System）模式中的Goddard短波辐射方案,创建了紫外线数值预报系统（GRAPES-UV）。介绍了Goddard短波辐射方案,给出了GRAPES-UV系统的运行和个例分析。研究结果表明,紫外线指数（UVI）除了与纬度、地形和日变化有关外,还与云的分布以及天气形势密切相关,GRAPES模式中云的微物理方案对UV预报有较大的影响,UVI在晴空和对流云降水地区的强烈反差是UVI的重要特征。在个例试验中应用了臭氧总量预报模式,通过T213模式为化学输送模式提供气象背景,利用卫星资料同化技术建立臭氧的初始场,预报大气臭氧总量。应用国际上通常采用的临界成功指数（CSI）对2007年夏季北京和上海UV预报进行统计检验。北京和上海24 h紫外线强度等级为强和很强的CSI分别为0.625和0.780,接近同样方法的美国检验结果0.677。该系统从2006年3月起在中国气象局大气成分观测与服务中心的业务系统中正常运行,并在大气成分中心网站上发布UVI和紫外线强度等级预报,并提醒公众采取合适的方法保护自身免受UV的过度辐射。     

首都北京及周边地区大气、水、土环境污染机理与调控原理

中国科技部973项目“首都北京及周边地区大气、水、土环境污染机理与调控原理”（http：／／www．becapex．com）白1999年12月开始实施。由4名院士及19名专家组成的评审专家组2005年9月20-22日对项目所属11个课题进行了验收评审，课题全部顺利通过验收。评价结论指出：该项目各课题研究中的科学目标满足国家需求，体现了多学科相互交叉研究思路，项目研究队伍精干整齐，团结协作，项目实施过程中培养了大批青年人才。研究工作以大量现场科学试验、野外调查和室内模拟试验科学数据为基础，从地球科学系统多圈层角度出发，把大气、水、土壤作为相互关联的整体进行研究。通过研究大气、水、土环境变化过程中的物质交换与循环机理，探索污染物的扩散、输运、迁移途径及其污染物聚集释放机理；揭示主要污染物在大气、水、土等界面内及界面间物理、化学和生物作用过程。建立了区域大气、水、土环境污染预警模式及其预测业务系统相关模式，并提出大气、水、土环境污染治理与调控措施。研究成果为北京地区大气、水、土环境污染预警、预测、评估决策系统提供了重要的理论基础，对北京绿色奥运以及大气、水、土环境污染的综合防治对策提出了科学依据。     

Comparison of the EMEP, RADM2 and RACM Mechanisms

A comparison of the atmospheric chemistry mechanisms EMEP (Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe), RADM2 (Regional Acid Deposition Model, version 2) and RACM (Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism) has been conducted. Each mechanism was used to simulate the PLUME case of Kuhn et al. (1998) and to simulate an additional 150 and 81 scenarios with and without emissions, respectively. These simulations covered scenarios that ranged from relatively clean, through rural and polluted urban conditions. Ozone isopleths and scatter plots were generated from the simulations. The mechanisms were compared primarily on the basis of calculated ozone and ozone precursor concentrations. For the gas-phase ozone precursors the differences between the mechanisms were rather small under clean conditions and more significant under polluted conditions. The differences were especially significant for the concentrations of NO₂ and organic peroxy radicals. In general the EMEP mechanism yielded the most ozone and the RADM2 mechanism yielded the least. Furthermore the results suggest that a broad range simulation conditions should be used to compare mechanisms and not just a few selected scenarios.     

Preface to the Special Issue on Atmospheric Oxidation Capacity,Ozone,and PM_(2.5) Pollution: Quantification Methods,Formation Mechanisms,Simulation, and Control

正The atmospheric oxidation capacity(AOC) is the essential driving force of atmospheric chemistry in forming complex air pollution, which determines the removal rate of trace gases and the production rates of secondary pollutants. The processes and rates of species being oxidized in the atmosphere thus constitute the key factors to quantify the AOC. Currently,     

A Multi-Trajectory Chemical-Transport Vectorized Gear Model: 3-D Simulations and Model Validation

A new multi-trajectory highly vectorizable Gear chemical-transport model is discussed and tested against measurements from 25 sites in Europe for a two-week summer period. The simulations are compared with measurement data and with results of a Quasi-Steady-State Approximation (QSSA) based Lagrangian model using the EMEP mechanism.The model is developed from the Lagrangian EMEP model. The Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (RACM) is used as the models chemical mechanism. To solve the stiff chemical rate equations, a sparse-matrix highly vectorizable Gear algorithm is used. The meteorological data used to run the model are obtained from the HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM).The vectorized Gear based model improves the accuracy of the numerical solution for the chemistry compared with the QSSA based model. The differences between the two models are explained by alternative approaches of the chemical modules employed in the model: a Gear algorithm versus a QSSA solver, photolysis rate parameters in RACM are calculated from a radiation transfer code versus parameterized photolysis rate parameters used in the Lagrangian EMEP model, the RACM versus the EMEP atmospheric chemical mechanisms and two methods of aggregating the emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Photolysis rate parameters calculated from radiation codes (which are more accurate than simple parameterizations) and the Gear algorithm (which is a benchmark solver compared with the QSSA solver) are recommended for atmospheric chemistry modeling because of the high sensitivity of ozone concentrations to the chemical reaction scheme and to the photolysis rates (Stockwell and Goliff, 2004).     

A Review on GRAPES-TMM Operational Model System at Guangzhou Regional Meteorological Center

This review summarizes the general developments of the operational mesoscale modeling based on the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System-Tropical Monsoon Model (GRAPES-TMM) at the Guangzhou Regional Meteorological Center. GRAPES-TMM consists of the Tropical Regional Atmospheric Model System for the South China Sea (TRAMS, a typhoon model with a horizontal resolution of 9 km), the Mesoscale Atmospheric Regional Model System (MARS, 3km) and the fine-scale Rapid Update Cycling (RUC, 1km) forecasting system. The advances of model dynamical core and physical processes are summarized; the progress of model applications is reviewed and evaluated. The results show that the updated 9-3-1 forecasting system provides an overall improved performance on the weather forecasting in south China. Capabilities and limitations as well as the future development of the forecasting system are also discussed     

Why the CDM will reduce carbon leakage

Carbon leakage is an important concern because it can reduce the environmental effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), one of the flexibility mechanisms allowed under the protocol, has the potential to reduce carbon leakage significantly because it reduces the relative competitive disadvantage to Annex-B countries of restricting greenhouse gas emissions. The economic rationale behind this mechanism is explored in a theoretical analysis. It is then analysed numerically using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The results indicate that, assuming appropriate accounting for leakage and under realistic assumptions on CDM activity, the CDM has the potential to reduce the magnitude of carbon leakage by more than one-half.     

一个适用于地球系统模式(CAS-ESM)的在线气溶胶与大气化学分量模式(IAP-AACM)的发展与评估

地球系统模式是研究全球气候与生态环境变化问题的重要工具，气溶胶与大气化学模式负责为其中的大气环流模式提供与气候效应有关的气态化学物质和气溶胶成分。本文在全球嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统的基础上发展了一个适用于中国科学院地球系统模式（CAS-ESM）耦合计算的气溶胶与大气化学分量模式（IAP-AACM），采用简化的气相化学机制，不仅考虑了人为气溶胶，同时考虑了海盐、沙尘和二甲基硫等自然气溶胶及其前体物的在线排放。评估结果表明，IAP-AACM氧化剂插值计算可靠，采用简化机制和碳键机制（CBM-Z）模拟的差异较小。和观测的对比表明，得益于CAS-ESM的气溶胶双向反馈作用，简化版能够较好地抓住气溶胶及其前体物的空间分布，为IAP-AGCM提供可靠的气溶胶模拟。另外，简化版能大幅提升计算效率，满足CAS-ESM耦合长期积分的需求。为了在全球气候变化的研究中提供更完善的气溶胶模拟，未来考虑在IAP-AACM中增加氮化学和臭氧平流层化学机制。     

A two-track CDM: improved incentives for sustainable development and offset production

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has been criticized in the literature for encouraging a focus on offset production (OP) at the expense of achieving or encouraging sustainable development (SD). It is argued that one explanation for this is that there is no commonly agreed definition of SD and, moreover, the priority of CDM project developers is often to produce cost-effective OP. Many of the proposals to address these drawbacks are not politically feasible. It is argued that the CDM should be split into a two-track mechanism, with one track for offset production and the other for offset production with an emphasis on sustainable development benefits. This would enable the political deadlock to be broken, allow the inclusion of SD benefits in the price mechanism itself, and allow both SD and OP objectives to be simultaneously achieved.

Policy relevance

The CDM has been criticized for failing to achieve its sustainable development objective, for verification problems regarding the mitigation effects of projects’ emissions, for being complex and bureaucratic, and for the very limited participation by the least developed countries. Given the adoption of a second period of the Kyoto Protocol and the discussion of new market mechanisms in the context of negotiating a new global climate agreement to be adopted in 2015, it is time to explore the ways in which the CDM might be reformed. A two-track version of the CDM is proposed, with one track focused on credit (offset) production and the other track focused on sustainable development. This system could improve the incentive for achieving sustainable development, reduce the uncertainty regarding whether real emissions reductions have been achieved, and be attractive to both developing and industrialized countries.     

近20年中国土地利用变化影响区域气候的数值模拟

区域尺度土地利用/土地覆盖变化(LUCC)的气候效应以及土地覆盖数据的不确定性, 一直是LUCC研究不可忽视的关键问题。本研究基于最新的遥感资料, 采用新的区域气候模式RegCM4.0, 探讨了1990年至2010年中国LUCC对区域气候的影响。结果表明, 中国区域LUCC使得局地气温和日较差发生了显著改变, 而降水及低层环流场变化不显著;LUCC的影响存在季节性差异, 其中, 夏秋季响应程度较大且主要体现在边界层内。就LUCC对气候影响的机理各地区有所不同, 华北地区LUCC的气候效应主要受蒸散发作用主导, 而长江流域则由反照率与蒸散发共同作用。这些结果均说明, 较短时间尺度的LUCC气候效应主要体现在其局地范围, 且在不同的季节有所差异。     

Charge structure of a summer thunderstorm in North China: Simulation using a Regional Atmospheric Model System

Electrification and simple discharge schemes are coupled into a 3D Regional Atmospheric Model System （RAMS） as microphysical parameterizations, in accordance with electrical experiment results. The dynamics, microphysics, and electrifi- cation components are fully integrated into the RAMS model, and the inductive and non-inductive electrification mechanisms are considered in the charging process. The results indicate that the thunderstorm mainly had a normal tripole charge structure. The simulated charge structure and lightning frequency are basically consistent with observations of the lightning radiation source distribution. The non-inductive charging mechanism contributed to the electrification during the whole lifetime of the thunderstorm, while the inductive electrification mechanism played a significant role in the development period and the mature stage when the electric field reached a large value. The charge structure in the convective region and the rearward region are analyzed, showing that the charge density in the convective region was double that in the rearward region.