一次有冷空气侵入的梅汛期大暴雨过程诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料及雷达资料,对2014年6月浙江中部地区一次有冷空气侵入的梅汛期大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:短波槽携带冷空气与西南暖湿气流交汇所形成的低涡切变是大暴雨过程主要影响系统;冷空气侵入使垂直方向上形成上冷下暖的不稳定结构,在暴雨区域上空始终对应有配合垂直上升运动中心的低层辐合中心,同时800-900 h Pa的干冷平流向低层的输送对暴雨维持有重要作用。冷空气侵入加剧了低层大气的对流性不稳定,大暴雨的产生与低层大气对流性不稳定的加剧和不稳定能量的释放有密切关系。湿位涡正压项(MPV1)表明大气处于对流不稳定状态,斜压项(MPV2)由负转正发展使垂直涡度得到较大增长,从而为暴雨提供了很好的垂直动力条件。根据雷达速度图上高低层冷暖平流及实况反射率回波,可以初步判断降水的强弱和发展趋势。     

沙澧河流域两场大暴雨过程的对比分析

利用常规观测资料、自动站资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对2007年7月5日和14日沙澧河流域两场大暴雨过程进行了诊断对比分析.结果表明:不同影响系统下产生的大暴雨过程其动力机制有所差异.垂直螺旋度计算结果显示:两次过程700hPa等压面上正垂直螺旋度中心的移向和强度变化与降水落区及趋势变化有很好的对应关系,暴雨区出现在正垂直螺旋度中心移动的前方,对流域大暴雨的落区有一定的指示意义.5日呈现中低层正、高层负的垂直螺旋度配置,动力条件更有利于大暴雨的发生.湿位涡演变分析发现,5日中低层既存在对流不稳定,又存在对称不稳定,有利于垂直对流和倾斜对流发生,造成流域大暴雨.14日中低层大气处于对流稳定状态,但边界层和中层存在对流不稳定,同时中层还存在较强的对称不稳定,垂直涡度得到较大增长,导致上升运动的加强和水汽的垂直输送,有利于降水增幅.     

副高边缘两次大暴雨天气过程物理量特征分析

利用常规气象资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料对2012年7月1~4日副高边缘四川省达州市连续两次大暴雨天气过程的物理量进行了重点分析。分析结果表明K指数和假相当位温垂直梯度变化与暴雨对应关系较好,850hPa比湿能很好的反映低层大气水汽含量情况,可以为暴雨预报的一个重要参考指标;副高边缘偏南气流提供了较好的水汽条件;垂直螺旋度与暴雨中心位置和强度有较好的对应关系;副高边缘西南气流使得垂直涡度增大,系统斜压性加强,有利于暴雨产生。      

六盘水市东部一次秋季局地大暴雨诊断分析

该文利用常规观测资料、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料、高密度区域自动站降水资料以及地形因素等,对2012年9月12日发生在六盘水市六枝特区朗岱镇安乐村一次秋季大暴雨的天气影响系统、物理量场、动力因素等进行诊断分析。结果表明:此次局地大暴雨过程是在高空槽、中低层低涡切变和强盛的西南暖湿气流等天气条件有效合理配置下发生的;大暴雨发生时,位势能量500 hPa—850 hPaΔθse不稳定,对流高度高,对流强度和垂直上升运动增强。模式预报及高密度区域自动站降水资料对暴雨的量级和落区有很好的指导作用。     

2003年7月3～4日淮河流域大暴雨结构和维持机制分析

利用卫星、雷达和地面加密资料,分析了2003年7月3～4日淮河流域大暴雨的中尺度系统演变特征.结果表明:(1)云团的生成源地都在河南西部山区,然后影响安徽北部;(2)梅雨锋区等θse线随高度近于垂直分布,具有类似热带系统的暖心结构特征,θse高值区的"漏斗"状结构比较明显;(3)双圈垂直次级环流,是造成强降水的主要物理机制,这种机制的形成和维持与高低空急流的耦合是紧密相关的;(4)整层的视热源〈Q1〉和视水汽汇〈Q2〉高值区呈带状分布在梅雨锋附近,并且位温和比湿垂直平流项在Q1、Q2中发挥重要作用;(5)对流不稳定和条件对称不稳定的建立使得在暴雨区,既存在深厚的热力不稳定机制,又存在水汽输入机制和热力不稳定的触发机制,从而形成强暴雨;(6)湿比有效能量是强降水维持的主要能量来源,降水产生的凝结潜热释放在能量正反馈中发挥重要作用.     

2010年7月甘肃大暴雨及其低涡结构分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中尺度模式MM5V3,对2010年7月造成甘肃东部大暴雨过程的低涡系统进行了诊断分析和数值模拟.结果表明:(1)在低涡发生、发展阶段,假相当位温和比湿的垂直平流在视热源、视水汽汇中占绝对优势,说明垂直平流变化与低涡发生、发展及强降水有很好的正相关;(2)上升运动中心与视热源、视水汽汇大致中心相对应,变化趋势基本一致,最强的凝结潜热加热发生在中层,最强上升运动同样也出现在中层,说明降水过程中大气加热与大气上升运动密切相关,大气热源主要来自于水汽的凝结潜热;(3)低涡发生、发展过程中伴随中低层有西南风急流、强正涡度中心、低层辐合、高层辐散结构、强上升运动及低层水汽通量辐合;(4)低涡区上空对流层低层为对流不稳定层结,中层至中高层为条件对称不稳定层结,对流不稳定层结强度随时间变化不大,而条件对称不稳定层结强度随时间有明显加强,位势不稳定和条件性对称不稳定共存使得假相当位温高值区域的垂直上升运动得以产生和维持.     

毛乌素沙地南部边缘一次大暴雨过程的中-γ尺度特征及成因分析

利用MICAPS资料、多普勒雷达资料和NCEP资料,对2010年8月10日08:00-11日08:00(北京时)毛乌素沙地南部边缘地带一次大暴雨过程的中-γ尺度特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明,强降水发生时,在多普勒气象雷达速度场上可观测到西南低空急流的生成和增强,以及西南低空急流左侧中-γ尺度气旋式辐合的生成和维持,并在反射率因子图上出现>50dBz的强回波区;暴雨过程中单站要素表现为气压持续降低并出现≥4.0m·s-1的最大风速(南风);伴随强降水的开始,暴雨区主要受水平平流项和水平辐散项作用,600hPa以下对流层低层的涡度收支增大,800～700hPa达6×10-9s-2;受水平平流项作用,350～100hPa维持涡度收支负值,在150hPa附近达-6×10-9s-2;视热源Q1的垂直廓线显示,伴随暴雨区最强降水即将开始时,主要受局地变化项和垂直输送项作用,Q1在780～300hPa形成正值层;受水平平流项作用,Q1在300～220hPa形成负值层,大气热力强迫作用有利于上升运动加强和云团发展;Q1的累积分布显示,临近暴雨发生时,暴雨区靠近上游生成Q1>20J·kg-1·s-1的大值中心,而且暴雨区视水汽汇Q2>10J·kg-1·s-1。     

吉林省中部一次局地大暴雨的中尺度成因分析

利用探空资料、常规气象资料、中尺度气象加密观测资料及多普勒雷达回波产品等资料,对2010年7月25日吉林省双阳站局地大暴雨的中尺度系统演变特征、动力、不稳定条件及雷达回波特征进行了分析。分析结果表明：低空中尺度切变、地面中尺度辐合线是本次局地暴雨的主要中尺度系统,850hPa露点锋提供本次局地暴雨的触发机制;局地暴雨发生在较强的对流不稳定及冷空气侵入导致迅速增强的垂直风切变的条件下;暴雨发生前中低空有明显较强的上升运动,冷空气开始下沉入侵形成垂直环流,为暴雨的发生提供了动力条件;雷达回波图上“人”字型回波带合并,其上多个对流单体新生持续经过暴雨区造成强降水,回波带上的逆风区与局地暴雨有较好的对应关系,强回波及逆风区对局地暴雨有较好的指示意义。     

2019年5月湖北东部一次大暴雨过程诊断分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°格距逐6 h再分析资料、FY-2F逐时云顶亮温(TBB)资料、国家气象站常规探空和地面气象观测资料、湖北省区域气象自动站资料,对2019年5月25日湖北省东部一次大暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:500 hPa中高纬低槽不断分裂南下,盆地低槽稳定维持,中低层低涡扰动,切变线和低空急流维持,是本次大暴雨的有利天气背景;有西南向的水汽输送通道并在暴雨区强烈辐合,水汽辐合中心位于900～950 hPa,500 hPa以下整层温度露点差都在4℃以下;暴雨区在150 hPa以下为正平均涡度;400 hPa以上为正平均散度,其下为负平均散度,最强降水时段高层辐散低层辐合的配置明显向对流层下层压缩,高层负涡度低层正涡度的配置催生了高层辐散低层辐合的散度配置,有利于垂直上升运动加强;暴雨区上升运动从1 000 hPa延伸到200 h Pa,整层以上升运动为主,在最强降水时段上升运动中心明显下移;有明显的上冷下暖层结结构,形成低层暖平流高层冷平流的温度平流配置,有利于产生对流不稳定;降水云顶亮温TBB≤-50℃区域与降水区对应,近似圆形的中尺度对流系统对湖北东部强降水十分有利。     

2005年6月湖南大暴雨过程的天气动力学诊断分析

利用NCEP分析资料和实测资料，对2005年6月初湖南大暴雨过程进行了天气动力学诊断分析。结果表明：暴雨区中上升运动和水汽辐合均大于周围区域，中低层为对流不稳定层结。暴雨区位于非地转湿Q矢量辐合强迫的次级环流上升支中，其南北两侧为非地转下沉气流，下沉气流的补偿有利于暴雨系统的维持。非地转湿Q矢量辐合区对6小时暴雨落区预报有指示意义。暴雨区位于700hPa湿位涡和850hPa湿相对位涡负值中心附近偏暖湿气流一侧。低层暖湿平流和强上升运动致使低层湿空气辐合补偿、热量上传，利于高层辐散增强，抽吸作用加强低空辐合，促使暴雨发展。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.