长江中下游6—7月降水异常与500 hPa大气环流的关系

利用1951—2004年全国160站降水资料和NCEP/NCAR500hPa月平均资料,从中纬度西风环流、位势高度、纬向风、经向风、垂直速度场等方面,分析了长江中下游地区6—7月降水与500hPa大气环流的关系。结果表明,欧亚中纬度地区西风带多雨、少雨年均表现为长波的两槽两脊形势,但是槽脊系统差异显著。长江中下游地区降水与东亚500hPa上空位势高度场、纬向风、经向风、垂直速度场均有显著的关系,进一步证明了长江中下游地区6—7月降水与500hPa大气环流有密切关系。     

1961-2012年6-8月内蒙古降水异常及环流特征分析

利用内蒙古自治区100个站1961-2012年6-8月各月降水量资料,以降水距平百分率划分了单站和全区各月的多、少雨年份,分析了6-8月全区多雨和少雨站点百分率变化特征。针对异常多雨和少雨年份,探讨了同期北半球欧亚地区大气环流的分布特征。结果表明：8月降水存在减少趋势,6月和7月则主要表现为阶段性多（少）雨,且少雨年多于多雨年。在多雨月份,100hPa高度场上,欧亚中高纬度呈径向环流分布,极涡较弱。其中,6月为两槽一脊型,内蒙古位于高压脊区前部,7、8月为两脊一槽型,内蒙古位于高压脊区后部;500 hPa高度场上,6月,亚洲区主要表现为变形场,内蒙古处于锋生区,或是亚洲中高纬度环流为两脊一槽型,内蒙古处于两高之间的宽广低槽中, 7月、8月欧亚中高纬度环流主要表现为东高西低,内蒙古自治区位于低压槽区中;850hPa流场图上内蒙古为气旋性切变区域或为风场辐合区域控制。在少雨月份,100hPa和500hPa高度场上,欧亚中高纬度呈纬向环流分布,极涡较强,内蒙古位于南亚高压北边的正距平区域;850hPa流场图上表现为弱的风场特征,无明显的水汽输送。     

吉林省主汛期典型多雨年和少雨年成因对比分析

将1951-2011年吉林省主汛期降水量排名的前、后6位分别定义为多、少雨年,利用NCEP（2.5°×2.5°）再分析资料计算主汛期平均高度场、温度场、风场及比湿、涡度等物理量场;根据天气学原理和常规天气预报经验,对比分析主汛期典型多雨与少雨天气系统结构形态、分布位置、中心强度等特征。结果表明：500 hPa多雨年568等高线较少雨年平均偏南3个纬度,副热带高压588等高线较少雨年平均偏西7个经度偏北1个纬度;低层辐合高层辐散是多雨年的重要特征;850 hPa和700 hPa平均水汽含量多雨年明显多于少雨年;典型多雨年850 hPa风场贝加尔湖附近为单辐合中心,少雨年为双辐合中心。     

华南地区前汛期降水异常特征与大气环流的关系

本文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中195l一2008年选取华南地区15个代表站前汛期(4-6月)降水资料,以及同期500hPa高度场资料,850hPa风场资料.通过合成分析方法就华南前汛期降水异常特征与大气环流的关系作分析.分析表明,多雨年500hPa合成高度距平场,大陆冷高压强大,副高偏强偏南;850hPa合成距...     

山西省夏季年际气候异常研究1.山西省一致多雨或少雨型

利用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析资料以及山西64个测站的月降水量等资料,采用EOF分解和合成分析方法研究了1960-2003年山西夏季降水的年际变化异常以及时空特征.利用EOF方法分析山西夏季降水,第一类雨型是山西省夏季一致多雨型,并给出此类异常雨型的时空分布和相应的典型年份.山西省夏季降水趋势分析表明,自1960年以来山西省夏季降水趋于减少.从500hPa位势高度场、纬向风、850hPa风场、700hPa水汽场、海温场等物理量场分析表明,山西夏季一致多雨年对应偏强的东亚夏季风,一般出现在La Nina事件(冷水事件)发生的当年和El Nino事件(暖水事件)发生的来年,中高纬度地区易出现纬向排列的 - -环流异常纬向分布型,大陆地区为一个异常槽和两个异常脊,乌拉尔山以东地区和鄂霍次克海是异常高压脊,而贝加尔湖地区是一个异常低压槽.山西省夏季一致少雨年对应偏弱的东亚夏季风,一般出现在El Nino事件(暖水事件)发生的当年和La Nina事件(冷水事件)发生的来年,与一致多雨年相反,中高纬度地区通常呈现纬向排列的- - 环流异常纬向分布型,大陆地区出现两个异常槽和一个异常脊.山西省夏季第一类雨型的发生与中高纬度地区纬向排列的环流异常分布和赤道太平洋海温异常有关系.     

辽宁初夏降水大尺度环流影响因子及2012年初夏异常多雨成因分析

利用辽宁省50站1961—2012年夏季逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,对辽宁初夏降水异常的大尺度环流特征进行了诊断分析。在此基础上对引起2012年辽宁初夏降水异常偏多的大尺度环流进行了研究。研究发现:东亚地区对流层不同高度上大尺度环流系统相互配合是造成辽宁初夏降水异常的主要原因。2012年辽宁初夏的4次主要降水过程对应的环流形势基本相同,200 hPa高空急流在东北以西上空出现气旋式分支现象;500 hPa上亚洲中纬地区受两槽两脊控制,东北地区上空是槽区,对应明显的位势高度负距平;850 hPa风场和整层水汽通量场上,东北地区上空均为气旋式环流;多雨年200 hPa高空急流出现分支现象,副热带西风急流强度偏强;500 hPa亚洲中纬地区受两脊一槽控制,东北地区上空是槽区,对应位势高度负距平;850 hPa风场在东北地区上空表现为气旋式环流。这表明东北地区上空对流层从低到高,都受一个深厚的低值系统控制;各层环流情况均表明:东北冷涡这一深厚的冷性涡旋系统是2012年辽宁初夏降水异常偏多的主要影响因子。     

青海省春季降水的概念模型及典型个例分析

本文通过分析1959－1997年青海省春季降水量与同期（或前期）气温、高度场、海温场、环流特征量等之间的关系得出：春季500hPa高度场上，巴尔喀什湖至贝加尔湖地区为槽区、南支槽活跃、赤道东太平洋海温及南赤道西印度洋海温偏低、西太平洋副热带高压脊线位置偏北、青藏高原槽明显时，青海省春季易多雨，相反，则少雨。另外，将1999年春季高空环流形势与青海历年同期少雨形势作了比较。     

2010年陕西盛夏极端多雨的气候特征及成因研究

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对陕西省2010年盛夏极端多雨的形成机理进行了个例分析研究。结果表明:2010年盛夏极端多雨的主要成因是大尺度环流形势异常及海温异常等多种因素综合作用的结果。在500 hPa高度场上欧亚中高纬区为"两脊一槽"型分布,乌拉尔山阻塞高压与咸海到巴尔喀什湖的低压槽稳定维持,低槽分裂冷空气沿中纬度西风带东移,与西太平洋副热带高压外围西北侧暖湿气流在陕西上空相汇,是造成2010年陕西盛夏极端多雨的直接原因。来自南海的水汽输送在850 hPa、700 hPa上表现都很显著,来自孟加拉湾的水汽只有850 hPa表现明显。La Ni?a事件当年陕西盛夏降水易偏多利于出现极端降水。盛夏降水量年代际变化特征显示,陕西中部和南部2010年处于一个年代际的多雨期内,出现极端降水的可能性增大。     

2018年7月大连地区异常少雨天气大气环流分析

利用1971—2019年大连地区6个气象台站的降水资料,NCEP/NCAR逐月髙度场、风场、气压场和水汽场等再分析资料,以及国家气候中心整编的130项气候系统监测指数资料,采用合成和相关分析等统计诊断方法,对比分析了大连地区7月降水偏多和偏少年对应的大气环流异常特征,并在此基础上诊断分析2018年7月大连地区降水异常偏少的事实和成因。结果表明：2018年7月大连地区处于降水偏少的气候背景,是1971年以来降水最少的时期。500 hPa位势高度场上30°—50°N的东亚大陆位势高度偏高,东亚沿岸由南至北为“负—正—负”的高度距平分布,中国华北—中国东北—日本海为位势高度正距平,东亚大槽偏东和偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强,脊线和北界位置异常偏北,是历史同期最偏北的年份,深厚暖性高压影响大连地区,且稳定维持,从而引起该地区持续受异常下沉运动控制;同时850 hPa菲律宾附近至日本以南地区维持异常的气旋式环流,并且整层处于水汽通量异常辐散区域,不利于水汽汇合形成降水。以上是造成大连地区降水异常偏少的主要原因。其中,西太平洋副高强度偏强、脊线和北界位置异常偏北对大连地区降水异常偏少起了关键作用。     

大连地区冬季气温异常与前期印度洋海温的关系

利用近40a全球海温、500hPa高度场、300hPa纬向风场和海平面气压场月平均资料以及大连地区冬季的气温资料,分析了大连地区冬季气温异常的变化特征,探讨了大连地区冬季气温异常与前期印度洋海温异常的相互联系。结果发现:影响大连地区冬季气温的海温异常关键区位于5°S~5°N、60°~75°E,关键影响时段为当年的4~7月;长时间的海气相互作用使前期的海温异常影响了后期的大气环流,在关键海区冷、暖水年,海平面气压距平场、500hPa高度距平场、300hPa纬向风距平场都存在着显著的差异;其中西伯利亚高压、极涡的位置、东亚大槽的强弱、极锋急流都差异显著,从而导致大连地区冬季气温的异常。     

1961—2014年我国西南地区干湿季变化特征

利用中国1961—2014年逐日降水观测等资料,分析了西南地区的干湿季变化特征。结果表明：西南地区东部和西北部最早进入湿季;干季由四川盆地、贵州南部开始。西南中东部以及南部等地的湿季长度较长,干季则与之相反。干湿季开始日期以及干湿季长度均具有明显的年代际变化特征,在1970年代中期到1980年代发生了气候突变,呈现湿季长度变短,干季变长的趋势。湿季降水呈现东南多、西北少的特征,并表现出中东部减少,西部增加的趋势;干季降水则表现为东多西少的特点,在东部呈增加,在四川等地呈减少趋势。进一步分析表明：湿季异常偏湿(干)年,开始日期易偏早(晚),结束易偏晚(早),长度偏长(短);干季开始异常偏早(晚）年,干季长度长(短),干季略偏湿(干);太平洋、印度洋海温异常影响东亚大气环流的异常是造成西南地区干湿季出现异常的主要原因。     

Locally and remotely forced atmospheric circulation anomalies of Ningaloo Niño/Niña

A recently identified climate mode called Ningaloo Niño (Niña) is associated with positive (negative) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies off the west coast of Australia and negative (positive) sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in the overlying atmosphere. By conducting a series of numerical experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model, generation mechanisms of the atmospheric circulation anomalies accompanied by Ningaloo Niño/Niña are examined. Even when SST is allowed to vary interannually only in the eastern South Indian Ocean, negative (positive) SLP anomalies are formed off the west coast of Australia in Ningaloo Niño (Niña) years, supporting the existence of local ocean–atmosphere interaction. When the model is forced by SST anomalies outside of the eastern South Indian Ocean, negative (positive) SLP anomalies are also generated in Ningaloo Niño (Niña) years owing to a Matsuno–Gill type response to atmospheric convection anomalies in the tropical Pacific. It is found that the latter impact is stronger in the current atmospheric general circulation model. Regarding climatic impacts, it is shown that Ningaloo Niño (Niña) induces wet (dry) anomalies over the northwestern part of Australia even when SST anomalies outside of the eastern South Indian Ocean are excluded from the SST forcing.     

青藏高原北侧地区干湿年夏季垂直环流差异的对比分析及青藏高原的热力影响

为了分析西北干旱的形成原因，本文首先利用高原北侧地区５站历年夏季的降水量资料等，制定了该区的干湿标准，划分了历年夏季的干湿等级。接着又利用ＥＣＭＷＦ的格点资料等对比分析了该区干湿年夏季间垂直环流的差异，也探讨了青藏高原地面热状况与高原北侧干湿状况的联系。其主要结论是：１）文中制定的以降水标准差为判据的干湿标准适合西北干旱区；２）高原北侧干湿年夏季间在高原北侧和高原上的垂直环流存在明显差异；３）青藏高原地面热状况与上列差异有关，也即青藏高原的热力作用是西北干旱的重要成因之一。     

热带环流异常与福建春季旱涝

热带地区大气环流的异常,与我国南方春季旱涝关系十分密切。本文通过对热带大气环流、低纬度波谱特征及物理量特征等的分析,初步揭示了福建春季旱涝与热带、副热带大气环流异常的内在联系。      

PRELIMINARY DISCUSSIONS OF BASIC CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATION DURING RAINING SEASONS IN REGIONS SOUTH OF CHANGJIANG RIVER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SST ANOMALIES

1 INTRODUCTION The Jiangnan Region is in the eastern part of China that is south of the Changjiang River and north of Nanling Mountains. It encompasses southern Hunan, southern Jiangxi, most of Fujian and southern Zhejiang. It is a base for the production of grain and cotton among other well-developed agricultural economy. Its eastern coastal area is also an important industrial base. Climatic anomalies in the region are threats to human life and property for tens of millions peopl…     

STUDY ON THE MAIN CLIMATE MODES OF SHANDONG PRECIPITATION AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE EAST ASIAN WESTERLY JET

Summer precipitation patterns of Shandong Province are relatively independent with regard to the whole eastern China region.To study the rules and causes of precipitation variations,three main climate modes-on the annual,seasonal,and climatic intra-seasonal oscillation(CISO) scales-are extracted using a harmonic analysis method based on daily precipitation of Shandong during 1965-2009 and multi-year averaged pentad precipitation at 722 stations in China during 1971-2000.Among the three precipitation climate modes,the annual mode is closely related to the annual cycle of Earth-Atmosphere thermal system,which is characterized by the periodic dry and wet seasons.The seasonal mode reflects the monsoon effect on precipitation and the main flood season’s contribution to annual precipitation variations.As an important climatic signal,the CISO mode is more evident during summer monsoon.The gradual modulations of the CISO mode,seasonal mode,and annual mode control the annual variation of precipitation.To study the relationship between precipitation climate modes and atmospheric circulations,an East Asian Westerly Jet Index(EAWJI) is defined in this paper.It is revealed that precipitation of Shandong is closely related to EAWJI in all climate modes.A wet or dry phase of each climate mode corresponds to a specific atmospheric circulation pattern.The phase of the annual mode is reverse to that of EAWJI.During the wet phase of the seasonal mode(weak phase of EAWJI),the atmospheric circulation in and around Shandong is characterized by upper-level divergence and low-level convergence.A reversed atmospheric circulation exists for the dry phase(strong phase for EAWJI).In the summer wet phase of CISO mode(strong phase of EAWJI),Shandong is controlled by upper-level divergence and low-level convergence.Again,the dry phase is corresponding to a reversed circulation structure.The methodology employed in this research,i.e.studying the precipitation climatic variations in terms of independent components of different temporal scales,provides a new approach for annual and seasonal precipitation prediction.     

我国华南江南春季雷暴气候特征分析

基于我国华南江南地区274个基本地面气象观测站数据、全国闪电定位数据以及欧洲中心的全球大气再分析数据(ERA-Interim),对1981—2017年华南江南地区的春季雷暴日采用经验正交函数分解方法(EOF),并与气象要素场做回归分析。得出以下主要结论:(1)我国华南江南地区春季雷暴活动高发区主要在广西东部至广东西部;其高峰期在下午18:00和凌晨4:00左右,且大多数雷暴活动持续时间不超过3 h;山区雷暴活动主要在傍晚至夜间;平原雷暴活动主要在白天,高峰在17:00及06:00前后;(2)华南江南地区的雷暴活动存在着3~5年的短周期和16年左右的长周期变化;(3)雷暴日距平EOF分析的前3个主成分累计方差贡献达到72.3%。按其向量场的方差贡献分型,Ⅰ型表现为华南江南雷暴活跃特征呈现较统一的变化规律。深厚西南低涡槽前、上干下湿的水汽层结、上冷下暖的温度层结为华南江南地区发生大范围雷暴天气提供良好的动力、水汽和位势不稳定条件,是华南江南雷暴活跃异常的主要模态;Ⅱ型表现为从华南南部到江西与浙江南部有一条西南-东北向、下宽上窄的雷暴活跃正距平异常区,而两侧为负距平异常区。其环流特征表现为温度整层偏冷,水汽整层偏湿,而西南槽前动力抬升有利于水汽抬升凝结触发对流形成雷暴;Ⅲ型表现为华南和江南地区雷暴活跃特征呈南北反位相异常,其分界线在26 °N附近。其环流特征表现为较强的干冷空气南下与南方暖湿空气在南岭山区对峙形成异常的垂直环流圈。在其上升支,低层干冷空气被卷入中高层使得中高层暖湿空气凝结释放潜热形成对流,造成华南地区多雷暴发生,而江南地区处于垂直环流的下沉支,整层湿度偏干,造成江南地区雷暴相对偏少。      

近50年中国干湿气候界线波动及其成因初探

文中在 10a际尺度上详细分析了中国干湿气候界线波动与气候的干湿变化 ,得出 :过去 5 0a中国干湿气候界线波动显著 ,区域差异大 ,呈现出整体移动和东西、南北相异波动的特征。 2 0世纪 6 0～ 70年代中国干湿气候存在一次突变 ,由较湿润变为干旱 ,但各地干旱程度不同。干湿气候界线波动与气候的干湿变化具有显著的年代际特征。在此基础上分析了气候界线波动的可能原因 ,中国干湿气候界线的波动与气候的干湿变化是西太平洋副热带高压强度位置导致的东南季风、孟加拉湾暖流所导致的西南季风以及高原季风、中纬度西风环流等综合作用的结果。中国各地区干湿位相变化不一致 ,区域差异大 ,是不同环流以及环流的不同强弱组合所致。东南季风、西南季风、高原季风、中纬度西风环流、西太平洋副热带高压的年代际变化是过去 5 0a中国干湿气候界线波动与气候干湿变化年代际变化的根本原因。 2 0世纪 6 0～ 70年代的干湿突变 ,是整个北半球大气环流异常的结果     

South Australian rainfall variability and climate extremes

Rainfall extremes over South Australia are connected with broad-scale atmospheric rearrangements associated with strong meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradients in the eastern Indian Ocean. Thirty-seven years of winter radiosonde data is used to calculate a time series of precipitable water (PW) and convective available potential energy (CAPE) in the atmosphere. Principle component analysis on the parameters of CAPE and PW identify key modes of variability that are spatially and seasonally consistent with tropospheric processes over Australia. The correlation of the leading principle component of winter PW to winter rainfall anomalies reveal the spatial structure of the northwest cloudband and fronts that cross the southern half of the continent during winter. Similarly the second and third principle components, respectively, reveal the structures of the less frequent northern and continental cloudbands with remarkable consistency. 850 hPa-level wind analysis shows that during dry seasons, anomalous offshore flow over the northwest of Australia inhibits advection of moisture into the northwest, while enhanced subsidence from stronger anticyclonic circulation over the southern half of the continent reduces CAPE. This coincides with a southward shift of the subtropical ridge resulting in frontal systems passing well to the south of the continent, thus producing less frequent interaction with moist air advected from the tropics. Wet winters are the reverse, where a weaker meridional pressure gradient to the south of the continent allows rain-bearing fronts to reach lower latitudes. The analysis of SSTs in the Indian Ocean indicate that anomalous warm (cool) waters in the southeast Indian Ocean coincide with a southward (northward) shift in the subtropical ridge during dry (wet) seasons.     

Links between rainfall variability on intraseasonal and interannual scales over western Tanzania and regional circulation and SST patterns

Summary This study investigates the circulation anomalies associated with the intraseasonal evolution of wet and dry years over western Tanzania (29–37° E, 11.5–4.75° S) and how the onset and withdrawal of the rainy season as well as its wet spell characteristics are modified. It is found that for wet years, the rains begin earlier and end later, with strong wet spells occurring during the season, and there tend to be a greater number of moderate wet spells (although not necessarily more intense wet spells) than in dry years. In dry years, late onset and early cessation of the rainy season occur, often with an extended dry spell soon after the onset, and there tend to be a greater number of dry spells within the season. Large negative outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) anomaly values tend to be located between 20° and 40° E with anomalous westerly flow at 850 hPa occurring across the continent from 10° E to the tropical western Indian Ocean during wet spells in the anomalously wet seasons. Anomalously dry seasons are characterised by large positive OLR anomalies over 30–50° E as well as easterly anomalies at 850 hPa and westerly anomalies at 200 hPa. Eastward propagating intraseasonal anomalies are slower during the wet years implying that the convection remains over Tanzania longer. On the intraseasonal scale, Hovmoeller analyses of OLR and 850 and 200 hPa zonal wind indicate that convection over western Tanzania may be associated with a flux of moisture from the tropical southeast Atlantic and Congo basin followed by weak easterlies from the tropical western Indian Ocean.On interannual scales, wet (dry) years are characterized over the Indian Ocean by weaker (stronger) equatorial westerlies and weaker (stronger) trades that lead to less (more) export of equatorial moisture away from East Africa and increased (decreased) low-level moisture flux convergence over southern Tanzania, respectively. These anomalies arise from an anticyclonic (cyclonic) anomaly over the tropical western Indian Ocean during wet (dry) austral summers that may be related to cool (warm) SST anomalies there. Large scale modulation of the Indian Ocean Walker cell is also evident in both cases, but particularly for the dry years.Current affiliation: Tanzania Meteorological Agency, P.O. Box 3056, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania