中国冬季地温场变化特征及与夏季降水场的关系

利用我国141个测站1980－1997年间12月－2月3.2m深度地温资料和中国160个测站1951－1997年间6－8月降水资料，采用主成分、旋转主成分分析，对冬季地温的空间异常特征、时间变化规律以及与夏季降水的关系进行分析。结果表明：未旋转的前3个载荷向量场可以较好地反映中国冬季地温整体异常结构，即全区一致的高温或低温；东西相反的东高（低）西低（高）型；南北相反南高（低）北低（高）型。旋转后的前4个载荷向量场可较好地代表中国冬季地温的4个主要异常敏感区：北方区、淮河区、西北区和江南区。旋转主分量和代表站资料反映出90年代以来西北区、华南区冬季地温呈下降趋势，北方区、淮河区、江南区呈明显上升趋势。当北方冬季地温偏高时，有利于7月黄河以北大部分地方降水偏多；当淮河区冬季地温偏高时，有利于7月江淮流域降水偏多，而使黄河以北、长江以南降水偏少；当西北区冬季地温偏高时，有利于7月江淮流域降水偏少；当江南冬季地温偏高时，有利于7月四川－云南南部降水偏多。     

对T213降水预报产品短期预报水平的评估

将T213降水预报资料插值到孝感市各测站上，对24h、48h降水预报做了客观统计检验。分析结果表明：T213对孝感市有无降水预报具有较好的指导意义；强降水48h预报有比较好的参考作用。通过的降水预报误差的分析发现，在一般情况下，T213降水预报值要比实况偏大。     

三峡地区月季降水预报试验

利用奇异谱分析法对三峡地区16个测站的降水资料进行分析和重建，再利用自回归方程对该地区降水情况进行预报试验，得到如下结论：用三峡地区5年左右(与ENSO事件周期接近)的主要周期为窗口长度对该地区16个测站进行降水预报，其预报效果较好。     

中国季降水量的气候噪声和潜在可预报性估计

利用中国130个测站1961—2004年的日降水量资料,使用低频白噪声延伸法和方差分析法估计了中国季降水量的气候噪声方差和潜在可预报性。结果表明：中国季降水量的气候噪声方差由南向北、由沿海向内陆逐渐减小,且有明显的季节变化,夏季最高,其次是春秋季,冬季最小,而且内陆的季节变化比东南沿海的季节变化显著。季降水量的潜在可预报性有较大的季节和区域差异,但总体来说,全国大部分地区的季降水量是潜在可预报的。以绝对误差小于均方差0.68倍作为预测正确标准,全国大部分地区季降水量的预报正确率上限为50%-60%。     

深圳市中长期降水分片预报系统及二级资料库

介绍使用自动气象站资料,采用权重插值方法,得到深圳市5个片22个代表站的逐日气象要素资料文件,将其转换成逐候、逐旬、逐月、逐季等资料文件,并建立深圳市“二级资料库”。利用“二级资料库”,使用“周期预报”方法制作深圳市“精细化”的中长期分片降水预报。用客观定量的评分办法对其进行预报检验,结果表明,分片预报效果比单站预报效果好,特别是降水分片预报比单站预报准确率有明显的提高。     

青藏高原坡面观测信息对我国夏季降水预报的作用

利用不同同化方式分别同化青藏高原地区新一代综合气象观测网的自动站和GPS大气可降水量信息,探讨这些观测资料对我国夏季不同区域降水预报的作用。通过两组数值试验对2008年夏季连续两个月的天气进行分析场和降水预报结果检验,得出以下主要结论：（1）由于同化测站的平均台站高度在2550m以上,因此同化青藏高原地区新一代综合气象观测网资料后,对背景场调整的正作用主要集中在500 hPa以上;循环同化方式对背景场的调整作用比静态同化方式更明显,尤其在500 hPa以上;（2）无论用静态同化,还是循环同化,该观测网资料对华北地区降水预报的改善作用都不太明显,只是对个别降水量级有改善作用;（3）采用静态同化,会对西南地区东部24小时降水预报有改善作用;在多数情况下同化沿99°E附近的7个测站资料得到的降水预报结果比同化24个站的好;（4）对于长江中下游地区,采用循环同化方式更有利于该地区降水预报准确率的提高,尤其是对25～48小时降水的预报;同时,在多数情况下同化24个自动站和GPS大气可降水量信息对降水预报改善比只同化7个站的更好。     

黄河,长江中下游季月降水场区划,旱涝特征及其与ENSO的若干关系

利用因子分析方法和聚类分析方法,分析1950—1984年黄河、长江中下游22个测站的季、月降水资料,指出该区域可划分为2—5个降水区域。研究了降水区的统计特征。初步探讨了这个地区的旱涝与厄尼诺/南方涛动的关系。指出,这个地区、某些季、月的大尺度降水与厄尼诺/南方涛动有密切关系。     

CCM3大气环流模式月-季尺度预报初步试验

以1991和1994年NCEP再分析格点资料作初始场, 用NCAR气候模式CCM3进行了48次月、季预报, 针对500 hPa高度和中国降水资料对其预测能力进行了检验.结果表明, CCM3对月尺度的高度场的预报有一定的能力.对中国160站的降水距平进行月尺度和季节预报, 其准确程度可以和目前经验预报的水平相当.比较使用实际海温和用外推法预测的海温两种下边界条件所作的预报结果发现, 两者的效果差异不大.     

前期高度场和海温场变化对我国汛期降水的影响

利用1952～2001年我国160个测站汛期降水和前期500 hPa高度场和太平洋海温场资料以及三因子最佳子集回归求最大复相关系数的方法,把前期不同时间步长、不同时段的高度场和海温场同时作为预报因子与汛期降水求相关.结果发现:前期两个场共同作为预报因子比把其中某场单独作为预报因子的相关要好.并且存在着较好的"隔多季度相关"现象.预报因子具有实际预报意义的最佳时段为上一年的6～9月.影响我国汛期降水的最佳预报因子主要集中于高度场和海温场具有重要天气气候意义的关键区域.汛期降水可预报性在北方和长江以南均较好.     

东营市季、年降水量与北半球500hPa高度场的相关关系及其预报

用滚动式相关分析方法分析了东营市季、年降水量与500 hPa高度场的相关关系.用相关显著的典型因子场做季、年降水量预报,效果良好.     

CHANGE OF CLIMATE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE CROPPING SYSTEM IN CHINA

Tne global change of climate and its influence on the cropping system in China have been investigatedin this paper.It is found that the temperature was increased during the last decade and the precipitationdecreased in northern China and increased in southern China during the last 30 years.The sea level hasbeen rising by about 21—26 cm in the coastal areas south of 30°N in China during the last 100 years.The most of results as simulated by the general circulation models(GCMs)show that the temperature increasewould amount to about 2°—4°C in the most parts of China and precipitation and soil moisture might bedecreased in northern China and increased in sourthern China due to doubling of carbon dioxide(CO_2).The effects of doubled CO_2 on growth period and climatic yield capability in China have been estimatedroughly.It is shown that the regions of the growth period in China would be moved northward about fivedegrees latitude and the climatic yield capability might be increased by about 10％ in the most parts of China.     

土壤湿度和地表反射率变化对中国北方气候影响的数值研究

本文利用ＯＳＵ两层大气环流模式来考察土壤湿度和地表反射率变化对中国北方气候的影响。在（３０—４６°Ｎ，９０—１２０°Ｅ）的区域上进行了３个试验，结果表明干土壤对我国东部季风区和西部非季风区有不同的影响特征。高反射率造成降水减少。并指出地表过程的作用可能是经常发生在华北的春夏连旱现象的重要原因之一。     

ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF THE SUMMER MONSOON IN CHINA

By using the daily-14 year(1983—1996)NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5° reanalysis data,wecarefully study in each pentad the advance and retreat of the summer monsoon in China and givento it a new definition.This definition considered the intensity of southwesterly winds at 850 hPatogether with its degree in temperature and moisture.The result revealed that:(1)The advance of the summer monsoon in China shows three abrupt northward shifts andfour relatively stationary stays.The four stable stages correspond to the peak of the pro-summerrainy period in South China,the“Meiyu”season in the Changjiang(Yangtze)-Huaihe RiverValleys.the rainy season in the downstream of the Huanghe(Yellow)Riyer Valleys and the rainyseason in northern China.The retreat of the summer monsoon is so fast that it totally retreatsfrom the mainland at about the mid-August.(2)The northward advance of summer monsoon in China is basically controlled by theseasonal variation latitudinally of the upper level planetary westerlies.It is in roughly accord withthe temporal variation in the position of 15 m s~(-1) isotaeh at 200 hPa.The fast retreat of thesummer monsoon is mainly due to the blocking effect of the Tibetan Plateau.(3)The advance of 500 hPa subtropical high of the western Pacific is also in aecordanee withthe advance of the summer monsoon in China.During the advancement of the summer monsoon,the eastward movement of the subtropical high shows great meaning that it creates the essentialcondition for the convergence of southward intrusion cold airs with the warm and humidsouthwesterly winds,which result in precipitation.There are three manifest eastward movementsof the subtropical high during its northward advancement.They coincide correspondingly to thebeginning of the peak of the pre-summer rainy period in South China,the“Meiyu”season in theChangjiang(Yangtze)-Huaihe River Valleys and finally the rainy season in northern China.Thewestern part of the subtropical high moves eastward to the region of Japan in late July and thebeginning of August.It then stays there for quite a long time which results in the straightmovement of cold airs intruding from the north to the east of Tibetan Plateau,i.e.the easternregion of China.This provides good condition for the fast southward retreat of the summermonsoon.(4)The intensifieation and development of the Tibetan high at 200 hPa are closely related to the eastward movement of the subtropical high,they often occur simultaneously.     

影响中国寒潮冷高压的统计研究

文中分析了影响中国的寒潮冷高压的活动情况,对冷高压活动的天气气候特征有了较明确的了解。冷高压次数有明显的年、月、季变化。冷高压主要出现在亚洲大陆中部,有两个中心：主中心在５０～５５° Ｎ,９５～１００° Ｅ,次中心在鄂木斯克南方。强高压分布与上述高压中心位置一致;弱高压在中国东部和沿海以及欧洲地区。迅速增强的高压分布与强高压相似,迅速减弱的高压位于中国中部。高压移动路径以自西向东为主,北方有４ 条路径补充,寒潮爆发时向东偏南和东南方各有一条移动路径。     

夏季北太平洋副热带高压系统的活动

文中根据 NCEP/NCAR再分析资料 ,分析了北太平洋副热带高压系统的变化。 5～ 9月由于亚洲夏季风的建立及活动 ,北半球副热带高压系统在 6 0～ 1 2 0°E出现断裂 ,夏季西太平洋副热带高压脊点平均伸展到 1 2 0°E,其年际变化反映了亚洲夏季风的强弱。强夏季风年 5 0 0h Pa西太平洋副热带高压脊线位于 3 0°N以北 ,并分裂成两个中心 ,印度低压强 ;弱夏季风年西太平洋副热带高压脊线位于 3 0°N以南 ,表现为北太平洋高压中心向西伸展的高压脊 ,印度低压弱。夏季西太平洋副热带高压的季内活动有两种模态 :第 1种表现为副热带高压系统以 2 0～ 3 0 d的周期从北太平洋中部的副热带高压中心一次次地向西扩张到 1 2 0°E以西 ,这类过程大多出现在亚洲夏季风强度偏弱年 ;第 2种模态表现为副热带高压系统以 2 0～ 3 0 d的周期一次次地由东向西扩充时 ,在 1 2 5～ 1 5 5°E停滞 ,这类过程大多出现在亚洲夏季风强度偏强年。江淮流域梅雨的中断和结束与北太平洋副热带高压系统 2 0～ 3 0 d季内振荡有关。西太平洋副热带高压 5～ 1 0 d的短期活动受 3 5～ 45°N西风带活动的影响 ,当西风槽在中国沿海和西太平洋地区向南伸展到 3 0°N以南后 ,西太平洋副热带高压有一次加强活动     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MOVEMENT OF THE MEIYU/BAIU RAIN BELT AND THE PERIODIC NORTHWESTWARD PROPAGATION OF THE CONVECTIVE ACTIVITY FROM TROPICAL WEST PACIFIC*

In order to investigate the effect of the factors in tower latitudes on Meiyu/Baiu front,a diagnostic analysis for the two cases during June to July of 1985 and 1986 was examined.We found that (1) when the tropical convective activity moves westward to 10.5-15.5'N/140°E from east side of 10.5-15.5°N/160°E,the northward shifts of the Meiyu/Baiu rain belt occurs;(2)the main factor which results in the northward and southward shifts of Meiyu/Baiu rain belt is thought as the 8,18 and 30 day oscillations of the tropical convective activity around West Pacific.Meanwhile,the wave train propagating from Lake Baikal via Okhotsk Sea to the tropics could sometimes shift Baiu rain belt southward;(3) the onsets of Meiyu in China of both cases tend to take place just when the convective activity around lower latitudes moves westward through about 140°E with the 8,18 and 30 day oscillation periods firstly coming to June.     

关于确定东亚夏季风强度指数的探讨

文中利用作者曾定义的东亚夏季风在中国东北地区 (12 2 .5°E ,4 0°N)的建立标准 ,根据相同的方法 ,分别计算了沿 112 .5 ,117.5 ,和 12 2 .5°E上 ,2 0°N及以北每隔 5个纬度东亚夏季风建立、持续和撤退时间 (候 ) ,将某年持续和多年平均持续候数相比的标准化值 ,定义为一种沿某一经圈上某一纬度的东亚夏季风强度指数ISMΦ,还分析了该指数与中国夏季降水量场和 5 0 0hPa高度场的相关。结果表明 :(1)沿 117.5°E经度上 ,东亚夏季风在 2 0 ,2 5 ,30 ,35 ,和 4 0°N建立的平均日期分别为 2 7.2 6 ,2 8.5 4 ,34.4 3,37.12和 37.6 5 (候 ) ,撤退平均日期分别为 5 4 .4 4 ,5 3.6 9,5 1.85 ,4 8和 4 6 .76 (候 ) ,其中 117.5°E ,2 0°N代表南海的中北部 ,文中确定的该区夏季风建立、撤退日期分别为 2 7.2 6 (候 )和 5 4 .4 4 (候 ) ,与国内学者公认的 5月 4候 (2 8候 )和 10月 1候 (5 5候 )相当吻合 ;(2 )沿 112 .5°E、117.5°E和12 2 .5°E的同一纬度上 ,东亚夏季风建立的平均日期并不相同 ,西边先于东边建立 ,每隔 5个经度 ,相差约 1～ 2候 ,而撤退的平均日期 (30°N及以北 )分布则相反 ,东边先撤退 ;(3)沿 117.5°E ,30°N和 35°N的ISMΦ和沿 12 2 .5°E ,4 0°N的ISMΦ均与中国华北和东北地区大部 7～     

亚洲热带夏季风的首发地区和机理研究

文中分析了多年逐候平均 85 0hPa风场和黑体辐射温度等物理量的时空演变 ,结果表明 ,90°E以东的孟加拉湾、中南半岛和南海是亚洲热带夏季风首先爆发的地区 ,爆发时间在 2 7～ 2 8候 ,具有突发性和同时性。 90°E以西的印度半岛和阿拉伯海是热带夏季风爆发较晚的地区 ,季风首先在该区 10°N以南爆发 ,时间约在 30～ 31候 ,然后向北推进 ,6月末在全区建立 ,爆发过程具有渐进性。机制分析表明 ,由于 110～ 12 0°E的中高纬东亚大陆在春季和初夏地面感热通量、温度和气压的迅速变化 ,使热带低压带首先在该处冲破高压带 ,生成大陆低压 ,并引导西南气流在 90°E以东地区首先建立。在 90°E以西的印度半岛地区 ,地面感热通量在 4～ 5月间几乎没有明显变化 ,因而印度季风比南海季风晚爆发约 1个月。由此得出 ,90°E是东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风的分界线。此外 ,还着重探讨了南亚高压的季节变化与亚洲热带夏季风爆发的时间联系。发现南亚高压中心位置与亚洲热带夏季风爆发时间有较好的对应关系。南亚高压中心跳过 2 0°N时 ,南海夏季风爆发 ,跳过 2 5°N时 ,印度夏季风在其南部爆发。将用上述方法确定的爆发时间与用其他方法确定的爆发时间相比较 ,发现它们在南海地区有较好的一致性 ,在印度地区略有差异。     

Understanding the Soil Temperature Variability at Different Depths: Effects of Surface Air Temperature,Snow Cover,and the Soil Memory

The soil temperature(ST)is closely related to the surface air temperature(AT),but their coupling may be affected by other factors.In this study,significant effects of the AT on the underlying ST were found,and the time taken to propagate downward to 320 cm can be up to 10 months.Besides the AT,the ST is also affected by memory effects-namely,its prior thermal conditions.At deeper depth(i.e.,320 cm),the effects of the AT from a particular season may be exceeded by the soil memory effects from the last season.At shallower layers(i.e.,<80 cm),the effects of the AT may be blocked by the snow cover,resulting in a poorly synchronous correlation between the AT and the ST.In northeastern China,this snow cover blockage mainly occurs in winter and then vanishes in the subsequent spring.Due to the thermal insulation effect of the snow cover,the winter ST at layers above 80 cm in northeastern China were found to continue to increase even during the recent global warming hiatus period.These findings may be instructive for better understanding ST variations,as well as land?atmosphere interactions.     

Climate change impact on snow and soil temperature in boreal Scots pine stands

Scenarios indicate that the air temperature will increase in high latitude regions in coming decades, causing the snow covered period to shorten, the growing season to lengthen and soil temperatures to change during the winter, spring and early summer. To evaluate how a warmer climate is likely to alter the snow cover and soil temperature in Scots pine stands of varying ages in northern Sweden, climate scenarios from the Swedish regional climate modelling programme SWECLIM were used to drive a Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT)-model (COUP). Using the two CO₂ emission scenarios A and B in the Hadley centres global climate model, HadleyA and HadleyB, SWECLIM predicts that the annual mean air temperature and precipitation will increase at most 4.8°C and 315 mm, respectively, within a century in the study region. The results of this analysis indicate that a warmer climate will shorten the period of persistent snow pack by 73–93 days, increase the average soil temperature by 0.9–1.5°C at 10 cm depth, advance soil warming by 15–19 days in spring and cause more soil freeze–thaw cycles by 31–38%. The results also predict that the large current variations in snow cover due to variations in tree interception and topography will be enhanced in the coming century, resulting in increased spatial variability in soil temperatures.