南海及邻近海区海况季节变化的模拟

文中使用改进的美国普林斯顿大学区域海洋环流模式 (POM)对南海及邻近海区海况季节变化特征进行了数值模拟 ,所得的主要结果与海洋观测及已有的一些研究结果相吻合。模拟结果表明 :1～ 1 2月 ,黑潮南海分支是南海北部的一支重要海流 ;黑潮右侧的大尺度反气旋性暖涡全年都存在。在所模拟的海区中 ,南海海区表层海流受季风影响最大 ,季节变化最明显示。改进的 POM对海温的季节变化特征也有较好的模拟能力 ,能再现西南季风爆发前后 ,南海及邻近海区表层海温的突增和暖水区的北推过程 ,以及东北季风开始前后 ,海温的下降过程。这为以后发展区域海气耦合模式奠定了基础。     

区域海气耦合过程对中国东部夏季降水模拟的影响

本文以区域环境系统集成模式(RIEMS)和普林斯顿海洋模式(POM)为基础,建立了一个区域海气耦合模式,评估了其对1985～2004年中圜东部夏季降水的模拟性能,并通过与观测海温强迫下单独大气模式模拟结果的比较,分析了海气耦合过程对降水模拟性能的影响.结果表明:耦合模式基本能够模拟出中国东部地区夏季降水的气候态分布及中...     

南海中尺度大气-海流-海浪耦合模式的建立及应用

考虑到我国南海特殊的战略位置和复杂的海气相互作用特征,基于中尺度大气模式(MM5)、区域海洋模式(POM)和第三代海浪模式(WW3),利用消息传递的并行编程方案,建立了适用于我国南海海区的中尺度大气-海流-海浪三元耦合模式系统,将该系统用于对南海典型台风过程的模拟研究。结果表明:耦合模式运行高效稳定,较好模拟了两次台风过程,与非耦合大气模式相比,提高了对台风路径和强度的模拟准确率;耦合模式模拟出了上层海洋对台风系统的响应特征,在台风中心附近,海面温度降低,海表流场和海浪场增强,相对于台风路径,响应具有右偏性;耦合模式中的波浪效应增强了海表应力,阻碍了台风系统的发展,增强了海面降温幅度和海流近惯性振荡的振幅。大气-海流-海浪耦合模式系统是研究南海中尺度海-气相互作用,提高南海区域气象水文预报能力的一种有效手段。      

区域海气耦合模式对1997/1998年我国夏季气候异常的数值模拟

利用区域海气耦合模式(RegCM3-POM)设计不同的耦合时步,对我国1997/1998年夏季气候异常进行数值模拟,研究不同耦合时步对模拟结果的影响,并将耦合试验结果与单独的大气模式(RegCM3)的模拟结果进行对比分析,以验证RegCM3-POM对东亚地区气候异常的再现能力。模拟结果表明,耦合模式不同的耦合时步试验都较好地模拟出1997/1998年夏季海温的分布,对于1997/1998年海温的差异模拟结果也较为可信。以6小时作为耦合时步的耦合试验,能更好地模拟出1997年华北夏季干旱及1998年我国东部异常洪涝的特征。耦合模式对1997年华北干旱的模拟效果最为理想,而对1998年降水模拟性能较单独的大气模式结果也有一定程度的提高。在对夏季中低层(500 hPa及以下)环流场的模拟中,耦合试验表现出较好的模拟能力。从水汽输送的分析中可以看出,耦合模式能更好地模拟出1997/1998年夏季来自海洋上的水汽输送,与1997年相比,从海洋上输送到我国东部地区的水汽偏多,耦合试验较好地模拟出1997/1998年的水汽输送特征及二者之间的差异,单独的大气模式的模拟结果较差。     

区域海气耦合模式模拟的2003年东亚夏季风季节内振荡

评估了一个区域海气耦合模式(由区域环境系统集成模式RIEMS和普林斯顿海洋模式POM组成)对2003年东亚夏季风季节内振荡(ISO)的模拟性能。通过与观测海温驱动单独大气模式结果的比较,分析了海气耦合过程对东亚夏季大气ISO模拟性能的影响。结果表明:耦合模式能够模拟出2003年中国东部地区夏季降水的气候态分布,模拟的中国东部尤其是江淮地区大气ISO活动较单独大气模式更为显著。同时,耦合模式能够较好地再现大气ISO经向上北传的传播特征,模拟的江淮流域降水处于活跃和中断期时西北太平洋地区低频降水和环流异常在强度和空间分布上较单独大气模式都更为合理。相比于单独大气模式,耦合模式对大气ISO模拟的改善,一方面与其对气候态西北太平洋副热带高压和相关对流层底层风场模拟的改善有关,另一方面与其包含海气相互作用,因而对低频降水与海温和水汽辐合位相关系模拟的改善有关。     

区域海气耦合模式对我国极端降水模拟分析

使用区域海气耦合模式40年的降水模拟结果,采用百分位的方法定义极端降水事件,分析了耦合模式模拟的夏季中国极端降水事件的特征。结果表明,区域海气耦合模式基本能够模拟出气候平均极端降水阈值的空间分布型及极端降水事件在长江中游、西南部分地区和长江下游局部地区的显著增加、增强趋势,在中西部、华北北部和东北局部的显著减少、减弱趋势。EOF分析发现,模式模拟的极端降水事件几个特征量在我国江南地区长江以南与华南沿海及长江以北的呈反位相变化,这一变化以年代际为主要特征。区域耦合模式基本能够模拟出极端降水量、夏季总降水量、极端降水日数两两间的高时空相关关系。     

区域海气耦合模式FROALS的发展及其应用

区域海气耦合模式是研究局地海气相互作用过程影响气候变率的重要平台,也是对全球气候模式进行"动力降尺度"的重要工具.本文介绍了LASG(State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics)/IAP(Institute of Atmospheric Physics)发展的区域海气耦合模式FROALS(Flexible Regional Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model),并总结了过去五年围绕该区域海气耦合模式开展的研究工 作.FROALS的特点之一是有两个完全不同的大气模式分量和海洋模式分量选项,可以适应不同的模拟研究需 求.针对区域海气耦合模式在西北太平洋地区的模拟偏差,通过分步骤考察不同大气模式分量和不同海洋模式分量对模式模拟性能的影响,指出大气模式是导致区域海气耦合偏差的主要分量.通过改进对流触发的相对湿度阈值标准,有效地改善了此前区域海气耦合模式在亚洲季风区普遍出现的"模拟海温冷偏差".改进的FROALS对西北太平洋地区的大气和海洋环境有较好的模拟能力,合理地再现了西北太平洋地区表层洋流气候态和年际变率.较之非耦合模式,考虑区域海气耦合过程后,改进了东亚和南亚地区的降水和热带气旋潜势年际变率的模拟.最后,针对东亚—西北太平洋地区,利用FROALS对IAP/LASG全球气候模式模拟和预估的结果进行了动力降尺 度,得到了东亚区域50 km高分辨率区域气候变化信息.分析显示,FROALS模拟得到的东亚区域气候较之全球气候模式和非耦合区域气候模式结果具有明显的"增值",显示出区域海气耦合模式在该区域良好的应用前景.     

海洋表层流模式和月尺度海气耦合试验

本文第一部分设计了一个海洋表层流模式，较成功地模拟出冬夏季海表层中的大尺度洋流和海面高度第二部分是月时间尺度的海气耦合试验，将海表层洋流模式和球带范围的大气模式相耦合，用数值试验讨论了洋流和海气耦合方式对模拟结果的影响。     

耦合模式FGOALS_s模拟的东亚夏季风

本文评估了中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室的海气耦合模式FGOALS_s对东亚夏季风的模拟能力, 并通过与观测海温强迫下单独大气模式SAMIL试验结果的比较, 分析了海气耦合过程对模式性能的影响。结果表明, FGOALS_s基本能够模拟出东亚夏季风系统的气候态分布及其演变过程, 但也存在明显偏差, 主要表现为模拟的温度场在对流层中上层一致性偏冷, 导致模式中环流系统强度偏弱; 而温度经向梯度模拟的不足, 直接影响到东亚副热带西风急流的模拟。通过与观测海温强迫下SAMIL模拟结果的对比发现, SAMIL模拟的温度场、 环流场以及风场较之耦合模式结果更接近观测, 但也存在与FGOALS_s类似的模式偏差。因此, 大气模式固有的偏差对耦合模式的模拟偏差有重要影响。分析发现, 对于西太平洋降水的模拟而言, 耦合模式结果更加合理, 表明海气相互作用过程对模式性能有重要影响。本文的结果表明, 大气模式自身的误差是导致耦合模式误差的主要原因。通过更新云－辐射模块改进大气模式模拟的温度场, 应是FGOALS_s后续发展的首要工作。     

国外海气耦合模式及其季、年际预报的研究现状

通过对国外各类海气耦合模式及其预报试验的综合分析，从海气耦合模式的分类、模式气候漂移和ENSO年际变化的处理、模式分辨率、耦合方式和模式参数的变化对模式年际变化的影响、ENSO年际预报与预报起始时间和资料的关系、ENSO和季风的海陆气耦合系统等方面评述了影响季和年际数值预报水平的有关问题及发展现状，并对开展我国相应试验研究工作提出了看法。     

Simulation of the Indian monsoon using the RegCM3–ROMS regional coupled model

A regional coupled atmosphere–ocean model was developed to study the role of air–sea interactions in the simulation of the Indian summer monsoon. The coupled model includes the regional climate model (RegCM3) as atmospheric component and the regional ocean modeling system (ROMS) as oceanic component. The two-way coupled model system exchanges sea surface temperature (SST) from the ocean to the atmospheric model and surface wind stress and energy fluxes from the atmosphere to the ocean model. The coupled model is run for four years 1997, 1998, 2002 and 2003 and the results are compared with observations and atmosphere-only model runs employing Reynolds SSTs as lower boundary condition. It is found that the coupled model captures the main features of the Indian monsoon and simulates a substantially more realistic spatial and temporal distribution of monsoon rainfall compared to the uncoupled atmosphere-only model. The intraseasonal oscillations are also better simulated in the coupled model compared to the atmosphere-only model. These improvements are due to a better representation of the feedbacks between the SST and convection and highlight the importance of air–sea coupling in the simulation of the Indian monsoon.     

A regional climate model simulation over West Africa: parameterization tests and analysis of land-surface fields

The West African Monsoon has been simulated with the regional climate model PROMES, coupled to the land-surface model ORCHIDEE and nested in ECMWF analysis, within AMMA-EU project. Three different runs are presented to address the influence of changes in two parameterizations (moist convection and radiation) on the simulated West African Monsoon. Another aim of the study is to get an insight into the relationship of simulated precipitation and 2-m temperature with land-surface fluxes. To this effect, data from the AMMA land-surface model intercomparison project (ALMIP) have been used. In ALMIP, offline simulations have been made using the same land-surface model than in the coupled simulation presented here, which makes ALMIP data particularly relevant for the present study, as it enables us to analyse the simulated soil and land-surface fields. The simulation of the monsoon depends clearly on the two analysed parameterizations. The inclusion of shallow convection parametrization affects the intensity of the simulated monsoon precipitation and modifies some dynamical aspects of the monsoon. The use of a fractional cloud-cover parameterization and a more complex radiation scheme is important for better reproducing the amplitude of the latitudinal displacement of the precipitation band. This is associated to an improved simulation of the surface temperature field and the easterly jets. However, the parameterization changes do not affect the timing of the main rainy and break periods of the monsoon. A better representation of downward solar radiation is associated with a smaller bias in the surface heat fluxes. The comparison with ALMIP land-surface and soil fields shows that precipitation and temperature biases in the regional climate model simulation are associated to certain biases in land-surface fluxes. The biases in soil moisture seem to be driven by atmospheric biases as they are strongly affected by the parameterization changes in atmospheric processes.     

Sensitivity of the Asian summer monsoon to the horizontal resolution: differences between AMIP-type and coupled model experiments

A set of experiments forced with observed SST has been performed with the Echam4 atmospheric GCM at three different horizontal resolutions (T30, T42 and T106). These experiments have been used to study the sensitivity of the simulated Asian summer monsoon (ASM) to the horizontal resolution. The ASM is reasonably well simulated by the Echam4 model at all resolutions. In particular, the low-level westerly flow, that is the dominant manifestation of the Asian summer monsoon, is well captured by the model, and the precipitation is reasonably simulated in intensity and space appearance. The main improvements due to an higher resolution model are associated to regional aspects of the precipitation, for example the Western Ghats precipitation is better reproduced. The interannual variability of precipitation and wind fields in the Asian monsoon region appears to be less affected by an increase in the horizontal resolution than the mean climatology is. A possible reason is that the former is mainly SST-forced. Besides, the availability of experiments at different horizontal resolution realized with the Echam4 model coupled to a global oceanic model allows the possibility to compare these simulations with the experiments previously described. This analysis showed that the coupled model is able to reproduce a realistic monsoon, as the basic dynamics of the phenomenon is captured. The increase of the horizontal resolution of the atmospheric component influences the simulated monsoon with the same characteristics of the forced experiments. Some basic features of the Asian summer monsoon, as the interannual variability and the connection with ENSO, are further investigated.     

IMPACT OF DESERT DUST ON THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

The radiative forcing (RF) of Asian desert dust and its regional feedbacks to the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) system are investigated with a coupled regional climate-desert dust model. The statistical significance of desert dust effects are analyzed through 20 summer seasons (1990-2009). In order to estimate the dust effects reasonably, some improvement has been achieved for the coupled model, including the updates of optical properties and desert source area distribution. We find that the desert dust can result in a roughly weakened monsoon in eastern China, Korean Peninsula, Japan and Indian Peninsula and a strengthened monsoon in Indochina Peninsula in the lower troposphere. Moreover, the precipitation comparisons between observational data and simulated patterns are also suggestive of the desert dust effect on the EASM. In the upper troposphere, the southward shift of the westerly jet (WJ) by the dust effect can be seen as an indicator of the weakened monsoon in great part of the monsoon areas. The change of the moist static energy (MSE) contrast between land and ocean is the main reason for the EASM variations.     

Effects of crop growth and development on regional climate: a case study over East Asian monsoon area

In this study, the CERES phenological growth and development functions were implemented into the regional climate model, RegCM3 to give a model denoted as RegCM3_CERES. This model was used to represent interactions between regional climate and crop growth processes. The effects of crop growth and development processes on regional climate were then studied based on two 20-year simulations over the East Asian monsoon area conducted using the original regional climate model RegCM3, and the coupled RegCM3_CERES model. The numerical experiments revealed that incorporating the crop growth and development processes into the regional climate model reduced the root mean squared error of the simulated precipitation by 2.2–10.7% over north China, and the simulated temperature by 5.5–30.9% over the monsoon region in eastern China. Comparison of the simulated results obtained using RegCM3_CERES and RegCM3 showed that the most significant changes associated with crop modeling were the changes in leaf area index which in turn modify the aspects of surface energy and water partitions and lead to moderate changes in surface temperature and, to some extent, rainfall. Further analysis revealed that a robust representation of seasonal changes in plant growth and developmental processes in the regional climate model changed the surface heat and moisture fluxes by modifying the vegetation characteristics, and that these differences in simulated surface fluxes resulted in different structures of the boundary layer and ultimately affected the convection. The variations in leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover changed the distribution of evapotranspiration and heat fluxes, which could potentially lead to anomalies in geopotential height, and consequently influenced the overlying atmospheric circulation. These changes would result in redistribution of the water and energy through advection. Nevertheless, there are significant uncertainties in modeling how monsoon dynamics responds to crop modeling and more research is needed.     

区域海气耦合模式对中国夏季降水的模拟

以区域气候模式RegCM3和普林斯顿海洋模式POM为基础,建立了一个区域海气耦合模式,对1963-2002年中国夏季气候进行模拟,重点分析该耦合模式对中国夏季降水的模拟性能以及降水模拟改进的可能原因.结果表明:耦合模式对中国夏季雨带分布的模拟明显优于控制试验(单独的大气模式),对长江流域以及华南降水的模拟性能改进尤为明显,同时耦合模式能够更为真实地刻画中国东部地区汛期雨带的移动.对降水的年际变化分析发现,耦合模式模拟的1963-2002年中国夏季降水年际变率与观测吻合,模拟的夏季长江流域降水与观测降水相关系数达到0.48,模拟的华南夏季降水与观测的相关系数达到0.61,而控制试验结果与观测降水的相关系数均较小.对中国东部长江流域夏季降水与近海海温的相关分析表明,用给定海温驱动的大气模式,并不能正确模拟出中国东部夏季降水与海温的关系,而耦合模式能够较好地模拟出长江流域与孟加拉湾、南海以及黑潮区海温的关系,与GISST(全球海冰和海表温度)和观测降水相关关系一致.对水汽输送通量的分析发现,控制试验模拟的水汽输送路径与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料相比差别较大,耦合模式模拟的来自海洋上的水汽输送强度和路径与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料一致,提高了耦合模式对水汽输送的模拟能力,从而改善了模式对华南以及长江流域降水的模拟.     

Simulation of the asian monsoon by IAP AGCM coupled with an advanced land surface model (IAP94)

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Introduction to the Regional Coupled Model WRF4-LICOM: Performance and Model Intercomparison over the Western North Pacific

Regional coupled modeling is one of the frontiers of regional climate modeling, but intercomparison has not been well coordinated. In this study, a community regional climate model, WRF4, with a resolution of 15 km, was coupled with a high-resolution(0.1°) North Pacific Ocean model(LICOM_np). The performance of the regional coupled model,WRF4_LICOM, was compared to that of another regional coupled model, RegCM4_LICOM, which was a coupling of version 4 of the Regional Climate Model(RegCM4) with LICOM_np. The analysis focused on the 2005 western North Pacific summer monsoon rainfall. The results showed that the regional coupled models with either RegCM4 or WRF4 as their atmospheric model component simulated the broad features over the WNP reasonably well. Quantitative intercomparison of the regional coupled simulations exhibited different biases for different climate variables.RegCM4_LICOM exhibited smaller biases in its simulation of the averaged June–July–August SST and rainfall, while WRF4_LICOM better captured the tropical cyclone(TC) intensity, the percentage contributions of rainfall induced by TCs to the total rainfall, and the diurnal cycle of rainfall and stratiform percentages, especially over land areas. The different behaviors in rainfall simulated by the two models were partly ascribed to the behaviors in the simulated western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH). The stronger(weaker) WNPSH in WRF4_LICOM(RegCM4_LICOM) was driven by overestimated(underestimated) diabatic heating, which peaked at approximately 450 hPa over the region around the Philippines in association with different condensation–radiation processes. Coupling of WRF4 with LIOCM is a crucial step towards the development of the next generation of regional earth system models at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Simulation of China Summer Precipitation Using a Regional Air-Sea Coupled Model

A regional air-sea coupled model based on the regional climate model(RegCM3)and the regional oceanic model POM(Princeton Ocean Model)is developed and a series of experiments are performed to verify the ability of the coupled model in simulating the summer precipitation over China from 1963 to 2002.The results show that the space correlation coefficients between the GISST(Global Ice and Sea Surface Temperature)data and the simulated SST by RegCM3-POM exceed 0.9.Compared with the uncoupled experiments,the coupled model RegCM3-POM has a better performance in simulating the mean summer(June to August)precipitation over China,and the distribution of the rainband in the coupled model is more accurate.The improvement of the rainfall simulation is significant over the Yangtze River Valley and in South China.The rainbelt intraseasoaal evolution over eastern China in summer indicates that the simulation ability of RegCM3-POM is improved in comparison with the uncoupled model.The interannual summer rainfall variation over eastern China simulated by RegCM3-POM is in accordance with observation,while the spatial pattern of the interannual summer rainfall variation in the uncoupled model is inaccurate.The simulated correlation coefficient between the summer rainfall in the uncoupled model RegCM3 and observation is0.30 over the Yangtze River Valley and 0.29 in South China.The coefficient between the rainfall in the coupled RegCM3-POM and observation is 0.48 over the Yangtze River Valley and 0.61 in South China.The RegCM3-POM has successfully simulated the correlation coefficients between summer rainfall in the Yangtze River Valley and SST anomalies of the Bay of Bengal,South China Sea,and the Kuroshio area,whereas the uncoupled model RegCM3 fails to reproduce this relationship.The study further shows that the monsoon circulation and the path of the moisture transport flux simulated by RegCM3-POM are in good agreement with the NCEP/NCAR data.