中国地—气系统净辐射的气候特征

根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料讨论了总云量等因子对地－气系统净辐射的影响，分析了地－气系统净辐射与其各分量及地表净辐射的相关联系。发现行星反射率和地－气短波吸收辐射对气－气净辐射的影响最大，而云和纬度的作用主要通过该两因子变化表现出来，ＯＬＲ的作用则相对较弱。地－气净辐射与地表净辐射的相关性也较明显。文中还就地－气净辐射在全国的地理分布作了分析。各地区地－气净辐射的年变曲线均为简单的夏大冬小型，云等     

中国地－气系统短波吸收辐射分布特征

根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料讨论了公气系统短波吸收辐射及其年较差在全国的分布，分析了其与总云量、行星和地表反射卒以及地面吸收辐射的相互关系。发现在冬季地－气系统短波吸收辐射分布主要呈南高北低型，夏季分布形势为一不对称的大鞍形场，大致与行星反射率分布反向对应。公气短波吸收辐射与总云量呈负相关，高相关区在我国东部。各站地－气短波吸收辐射与地面吸收辐射的相关系数普遍高达０．９００以上。此一特，或为从气候上利用地－气吸收辐射反演地面吸收辐射提供初步可能。     

中国大气净辐射的气候特征

根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料以及实测和计算和地表净辐射资料进行了计算，并讨论了我国大气净辐射的气候特征；分析了其与各辐射分量及影响因子的关系。结果表明，大气净辐射与大气吸收波辐射有很高的线性关系，并可由此建立起统一的大气净辐射计算式。     

中国西北大气沙尘对地气系统和大气辐射加热的影响

利用ＨＥＩＦＥ地面辐射平衡观测资料以及ＮＯＡＡ１１／ＡＶＨＲＲ卫星测量资料,三算我国西北大气沙尘对地－气系统和大所中辐向 热率的影响。１９９１年２月下旬－５月中旬１１天的计算表明,春季大气沙尘的辐身躯效应与地表状况有关;在高地表反照率的沙漠上空,大气沙尘的短波辐射效应为减小行星反照率增暖气－气系统,同时吸收太阳辐射增暖大气大气顶射出长波辐射对大气沙尘的变化并不敏感,但大气尘尘增加大气的长波冷却;在     

青藏高原地区云对地表净辐射的影响

利用１９８２年８月－１９８３年７月青藏高原地面热源观测实验资料，分析了云量，云状对地表净辐射的影响，计算了与云对地表净辐射强迫作用有关的参数。研究表明：地表净辐射是云量的线性函罢 ２对地表净辐射的影响有明显的季节性差异，在春季和夏季，云对地表净辐射的影响非常强烈，并且地表净辐射随云量的增多而减小，在秋季和冬季，云对地表净辐的影响较小，并且地表净辐射随云量的增多百增大。     

中国地区云对地-气系统辐射强迫温度效应的气候研究

文中利用地球辐射平衡试验 (ERBE)和国际卫星云气候计划 (ISCCP)提供的地 气系统行星反射率、射出长波辐射 (OLR)和云量资料 ,计算了中国地区年、月平均总云量对地 气系统短波辐射、长波辐射以及净辐射强迫的温度效应和敏感性系数 ,并讨论了云对各辐射分量强迫的温度效应与总云量的关系。结果表明 :地 气系统云辐射强迫温度效应与总云量间具有较明显的曲线相关。云辐射强迫温度效应及其敏感性系数具有明显的时空变化特点。就中国全国平均而言 ,各月地 气系统云辐射强迫净温度效应一般表现为降温作用。     

中国地—气系统短波吸收辐射分布特征

根据ERBE和ISCCP资料讨论了地－气系统短波吸收辐射及其年较差在全国的分布，分析了其与总云量、行星和地表反射率以及地面吸收辐射的相互关系。发现在冬季地－气系统短波吸收辐射分布主要呈南高北低型，夏季分布形势为一不对称的大鞍形场，大致与行星反射率分布反向对应。地－气短波吸收辐射与总云量呈负相关，高相关区在我国东部。各站地－气短波吸收辐射与地面吸收辐射的相关系数普遍高达0．900以上。此一特点为从气候上利用地－气吸收辐射反演地面吸收辐射提供初步可能。     

中国大气短波吸收辐射的气候研究

根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料，以及实测和计算的地表吸收辐射资料，计算并讨论了我国大气短波吸收辐射的时空分布特征；分析了其与各影响因子的关系。结果表明，大气短波吸收辐射随纬度和拔高度变化明显，其与天文辐射、水汽压的相关也很显著，总云量对它的影响仅在东部地区有所反映。     

我国西北大气沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应

利用HEIFE地面辐射平衡观测资料和同期NOAA-11/AVHRR卫星遥感资料定量估算春季我国西北大气沙尘的辐射效应。大气沙尘减小地面净辐射冷却地面,对地-气系统和大气的辐射效应均与地表反照率有关,严重浑浊的沙尘大气在沙漠为短波加热和长波冷却,在绿洲则相反,但净效应都是加热。文中给出了4月大气浑浊度系数约由0.1增大到0.6,在沙漠和绿洲上空沙尘层（850～600 hPa）内大气的附加短波、长波和净加热/冷却率。     

青藏高原地区大气顶净辐射与地表净辐射的关系

地表净辐射为地气系统净辐射与大气层净辐射之差。对大气层净辐射作不同的假定，可将地表净辐射与大气顶辐射收支之间的关系表示成不同的形式。本文利用１９８２年８月—１９８３年７月青藏高原地区地面辐射收支观测资料及同期ＮＯＡＡ－７辐射收支资料，用统计方法讨论了大气顶净辐射与地表净辐射之间的相关性，建立了两者之间的回归方程，并在此基础上分析了青藏高原地区月平均地表净辐射的时空分布特征。     

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NET RADIATION IN THE EARTH-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM OVER CHINA

Investigated are effects of the total cloudiness and other factors on earth-atmosphere net radia-tion(EANR)and analyzed is its relation to other components and ground surface net radiation inthe context of ERBE and ISCCP.Evidence suggests that planetary scale albedo and earth-atmo-sphere short wave absorption radiation have maximum effect on the net radiation under study,withthe influence of cloud and latitude displayed predominantly through the two factors;OLR has rela-tively weak effect;the earth-atmosphere net radiation is well correlated with surface net radiation.Analysis is also performed of the geographic distribution of the earth-atmosphere net radiationthroughout China,and the annual curve of the net radiation on a local basis is marked by high(low)value in summer(winter)with the impact of factors.including total cloudiness responsiblelargely for the shift of the months with maximum.     

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NET RADIATION IN THE EARTH-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM OVER CHINA*

Investigated are effects of the total cloudiness and other factors on earth-atmosphere net radiation(EANR) and analyzed is its relation to other components and ground surface net radiation in the context of ERBE and ISCCP.Evidence suggests that planetary scale albedo and earth-atmosphere short wave absorption radiation have maximum effect on the net radiation under study,with the influence of cloud and latitude displayed predominantly through the two factors;OLR has relatively weak effect;the earth-atmosphere net radiation is well correlated with surface net radiation.Analysis is also performed of the geographic distribution of the earth-atmosphere net radiation throughout China,and the annual curve of the net radiation on a local basis is marked by high(low) value in summer(winter) with the impact of factors.including total cloudiness responsible largely for the shift of the months with maximum.     

Estimation of net radiation and surface heat fluxes using NOAA-7 satellite infrared data during fair-weather cloudy situations of Mesogers-84 experiment

Estimation of radiation during fair weather cloudy situations of the MESOGERS-84 experiment has been examined using micrometeorological observations and satellite data. Diurnal variation of cloudiness is empirically determined using satellite information as a function of global radiation, and relationships between net incoming radiation and global radiation are analyzed. Particularly, it has been found that a very simple relationship between global radiation, cloudiness and net radiative heat flux proposed by Nielsenet al. (1981) can be used with satellite data and applied to the Mesogers region in Southwest France. The different relationships between cloudiness and radiation are utilized to modify and to validate Taconet'set al. model (1986) to get fluxes related to a cloudy situation without advection.     

青藏高原云对地气系统短波吸收辐射强迫的气候研究

利用地球辐射平衡试验（ＥＲＢＥ）和国际卫星云气候计划（ＥＳＣＣＰ）提供的总云量、得星反射率资料,计算并分析了青藏高原地气系统年、月平均云对太阳短波吸收辐射的强迫,揭示了其与总云量的关系。结果表明：高原的短事射云强迫与总云量有较好的非线性相关,呈幂指数形式,且季节变化明显;短波辐射云强迫的地理分布与高原云的分产好,高原主体和北部是短波辐射云强迫的低值区,高原东南部和西部边缘迎风部位为强迫的高值区。     

Analysis of UVB values in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula

Records of UV data started in Madrid at the beginning of the 90's decade. After some quality control on the data a seven year period from 1996 to 2002 was selected to perform an analysis of daily and seasonal variability of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) values at the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. Instruments used are a Brewer MKIV spectrophotometer and a YES UVB-1 broadband pyranometer. Both instruments provided integrated daily values according with the Diffey spectrum although they have different measurement procedures. Data statistics from each instrument for the same period and statistical relationships between daily values from both instruments are shown. As broadband YES provided a record with fewer time gaps, analysis of UVI extreme values is performed using that instrument. The relationship between UVB values with ozone, cloudiness and visible radiation has been described in several papers for different places in the world. In this paper, those relationships are shown for Madrid. A discussion about specific problems found when trying to isolate every effective factor is also included. Some of those relationships could be helpful to retrieve UVB values from other ancillary data as visible radiation and cloudiness. Finally, a detailed study for 10 days in June 1997 when the maximum record of daily values from the present time series was obtained, highlight the close correlation between total ozone content and the daily variability of UVB for similar amounts of incoming radiation.     

A study of convective systems, water vapor and top of the atmosphere cloud radiative forcing over the Indian Ocean using INSAT-1B and ERBE data

Summary The distribution of cloud radiative forcing (CRF) at the top of the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean is investigated using satellite observations. Two key regions are considered: The eastern Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal which experience maximum upper-level cloudiness in winter and summer respectively. It is found that longwave CRF in the Bay of Bengal during summer is similar to that over the eastern Indian Ocean during winter. On the other hand shortwave CRF magnitude is larger in the Bay of Bengal. These differences explain the net CRF difference between the two regions. The stronger shortwave forcing seems to be related to the Upper-Level Cloudiness being larger over the Bay than over the eastern Indian Ocean. The reasons for the longwave CRF similarities are analysed in more details. Using the results from a convective system classification method, it is first shown that the longwave radiative properties of the individual systems do not vary much from one region to another. The distribution of the different kind of systems, a proxy for the vertical cloudiness structure, does not either indicate strong difference between the regions. It is then proposed that the substantial precipitable water vapour amount observed over the Bay of Bengal damps the effects of the upper-level cloudiness on radiation compared to the relatively dryer eastern Indian Ocean area; yielding to similar LW CRF in both region despite more Upper-Level Cloudiness over the Bay of Bengal. These observations are supported by idealised radiative transfer computations. The distribution of cloudiness and radiative forcing is then analysed over the whole tropical Indian Ocean for each season. July is characterized by a low longwave CRF regime (relative to January) over the most convectively active part of the Ocean. The non linear damping effect of water vapor on longwave CRF is also shown to contribute to this regime. Overall, this study reaffirms the need for simultaneous documentation of the cloud systems properties together with their moist environment in order to understand the overall net radiative signature of tropical convection at the top of the atmosphere (TOA).     

河南省紫外线辐射分布规律及影响因素研究

利用2005年以来的河南省18个地市级气象台站的紫外线辐射监测数据,分析了河南省紫外线辐射的时空分布特征,并定量分析了云量、能见度及相对湿度等因素对紫外线辐射的影响.结果表明:河南省紫外线辐射年平均值总体表现为中部和南部较高;冬季西北地区紫外线辐射较高,夏季在西部、豫东南到豫北西部有两个高值带;季紫外线辐射均值表现为春夏季高、秋冬季低的特点.紫外线辐射强度与总云量、低云量及相对湿度呈显著负相关,而与能见度呈显著正相关.