青藏高原总体输送系数的特征

利用中日亚洲季风机制合作研究计划设在西藏的 4个自动气象站（AWS）获得的5a多（199年7月～1998年12月）时次密集、观测连续的近地层梯度资料,以最小二乘法确定出相应站点各季节的地表粗糙度,并应用廓线-通量法计算了4站逐日的总体输送系数,分析了其随时间的变化特征。结果表明:青藏高原动量输送系数的多年平均值为3.53×10-3～4.99×10-3,热量输送系数为4.67×10-3～6.73×10-3,并且两种输送系数都存在明显的日变化和季节变化,部分站点还存在较明显的年际变化。另外,还讨论了总体输送系数与近地层大气层结稳定度、地表粗糙度以及地面风速等因子的关系,初步建立了可用常规气象站地面观测资料计算青藏高原总体输送系数的拟合公式。     

陇中黄土高原植被覆盖和裸露下垫面地表通量和总体输送系数研究

通过对陇中黄土高原地区地表观测资料的分析,研究了该地区地表能量收支各项的平均日变化、小麦不同生长阶段的热通量日变化、总体输送系数平均日变化及其与稳定度的关系。结果表明:该地区白天潜热通量在净辐射通量的分配中所占的份额最大,其次为感热通量,土壤热通量最小;随着小麦的生长,潜热通量在净辐射通量的分配中所占的份额增加,感热通量则呈下降趋势,波文比呈下降趋势;在10m高度处,在小麦地动量总体输送系数Cd的平均值为6.03×10-3,感热总体输送系数Ch的平均值为3.40×10-3;在裸地,动量总体输送系数Cd的平均值为5.18×10-3,感热总体输送系数Ch的平均值为4.08×10-3。在同一观测高度上,Cd小麦>Cd裸地,Ch小麦相似文献   

那曲高寒草地总体输送系数及地面热源特征

利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站那曲/BJ观测点的野外观测数据,估算了青藏高原那曲地区典型高寒草地下垫面的热量和水汽总体输送系数以及地表大气相对湿度因子,在此基础上利用中国气象局那曲气象站1980-2016年的常规业务观测数据,采用总体输送法计算并分析了那曲高寒草地地表通量特征。研究结果表明:(1)那曲/BJ观测点地表大气相对湿度因子γ的数值在33%~62%,9月最大,2月最小,热量和水汽输送系数CH和Cλ的季节变化范围分别在1.6×10^-3~2.7×10^-3和1.0×10^-3~2.0×10^-3,两者存在较大的差异。(2)1980-2016年那曲高寒草地感热通量总体呈现减弱趋势,而潜热通量呈现增强趋势,导致地面热源变化趋势不明显;分阶段来看,感热通量的变化在2004年前后发生转折,转折点前后的趋势为先减弱后增加,潜热通量在1994-2005年下降趋势明显,这也导致地面热源在1995-2005年有一个明显的减少。(3)年内季节变化上潜热通量相较于感热通量更明显,地面热源的季节变化更依赖于潜热通量的季节变化。     

玉树隆宝2014年冬季冻土积雪对陆气通量关键参数的影响分析

利用玉树隆宝湿地的观测资料,分析了未冻结、冻结和冻结有积雪覆盖三种情况下动量通量和感热通量的日变化情况,计算了三种情况下动量总体输送系数、感热总体输送系数、动力学粗糙度和热力学粗糙度,分析了附加阻尼和粗糙度雷诺数的关系,并将三种附加阻尼的参数化方案进行了比较,结果表明:冻结状态下动量通量和感热通量的日变化幅度最大,冻结有积雪覆盖时,动量通量和感热通量的日变化幅度最小。动量总体输送系数C_D和感热总体输送系数C_H的值在冻结时最大,冻结有积雪覆盖时最小,动力学粗糙度和热力学粗糙度在冻结状况下最小,冻结有积雪覆盖时最大。未冻结、冻结和冻结有积雪覆盖状态下,三种附加阻尼kB~(-1)参数化方案中,幂函数型方案较为合适。     

陇中黄土高原半干旱区总体输送系数的特征

利用在陇中黄土高原半干旱区2003年10月—2005年7月获得的近地层梯度观测资料,采用空气动力学法,计算了动量和感热总体输送系数。结果表明,陇中黄土高原半干旱区动量和感热总体输送系数均存在明显的日变化特征,夏季中午左右分别达到5.6×10-3和6.7×10-3。受下垫面植被的影响,在一年中呈现出双峰型特征,第一峰值出现在春小麦拔节—黄熟期,次高值出现在10月初。动量和感热总体输送系数平均值分别为2.9×10-3和3.1×10-3。当大气处于不稳定状态时,总体输送系数随着风速的增大而减小;相反当大气处于稳定状态时,随着风速的增大而增大。陇中黄土高原半干旱区的总体输送系数高于戈壁、平原草地和海洋下垫面的值,但低于青藏高原草地和城市下垫面的值。     

黑河试验区沙漠和戈壁的总体输送系数

本文利用黑河试验(HEIFE)1990年8月16日—9月15日的观测资料,对沙漠和戈壁的总体输送系数进行了研究。结果表明:沙漠和戈壁的中性总体输送系数分别为2.2×10~(-3)和1.6×10~(-3),对应的粗糙度分别为4.5×10~(-3)和1.7×10~(-3)m。中性总体输送系数随风速无明显变化。 文中还求得总体输送系数与总体理查逊数及粗糙度之间的拟合关系式。并利用黑河试验其它时段的观测资料对它的适用性做了初步检验。     

南沙海域大气湍流通量输送特征分析

利用１９９４年９月在南沙群岛的渚碧礁（１０°５２′Ｎ，１１４°０４′Ｅ）观测的湍流资料，采用涡旋相关法计算，给出了南沙海域的曳力系数，动量通量，感热通量和潜热通量，并与其它海气相互作用实验及ＨＥＩＦＥ的结果作了比较，结果表明，该海域的曳力系数ＣＤ＝（１．５４±０．２４）×１０＾－３。大气向海洋输送动量通量与水平风速挟方成正比，该海区无论白在还是晚上都是将其贮存的热量以潜热或感热的形式输送到大气中。     

南疆沙漠腹地大气边界层湍流通量特征的观测研究

利用新疆塔中站2006年4月、8月的三维风速。温度和水汽脉动资料,运用涡旋相关法计算得到了春、夏季塔中10m高度的动量、感热和潜热通量。结果表明,塔中地区地表热量输送以感热输送为主。春季每天的最大感热通量变化范围为120—320W·m^-2,月平均值为220W·m^-2;夏季最大感热通量的变化范围为140—340W·m^-2,月平均值为230W·m^-2。感热通量值在夜间为负,白天为正,符号的改变出现在日出、日落前后。夏季潜热通量最大值一般为20—60W·m^-2,平均值为27W·m^-2,潜热通量比感热通量小一个量级。春季动量通量的平均值为-0．063W·m^-2,夏季动量通量的平均值为-0．091W·m^-2。日变化规律比较明显,日出后,动量向下传输增大,在09-10时（地方时）出现一个最大值,随后动量向下传输并开始减小。     

西太平洋热带海域动量、感热和潜热等湍流通量的观测研究

本文根据中国科学院“实验3号”科学考察船1986年10月至12月在菲律宾以东60多万平方公里辽阔的西太平洋热带海域6个连续测站上(146°E,0°;145°E,0°;150°E,0°;140°E,5°N;145°E,5°N;150°E,5°N),使用我国自行研制的小型系留气艇探测系统观测到的大气温度、湿度、气压和风等廓线资料,利用相似理论的通量-廓线关系,给出这一海域的动量通量(特别是曳力系数C_D)、感热通量和潜热通量。结果表明,这一海域上的曳力系数值C_D=(1.53±0.25)×10~(-3);该海域总是将其贮存的热量以感热形式特别是以潜热形式输送到大气中(其中感热输送仅占10％,其余主要为水汽潜热输送),使该海域成为地球上不可多见的热源。     

黑河下游绿洲近地层湍流输送特征研究

分析2003年9月5-27日在黑河下游额济纳绿洲取得的近地面层湍流观测资料,讨论无量纲湍流方差与稳定度参数Z/L的关系.无量纲风速分量σu/u*、σv/u*和σw/u*在不稳定层结与稳定度Z/L满足1/3次方时,符合Monin-Obkuhov相似理论.在近中性时,σu/u*、σw/u*值比平坦下垫面的略小些,σv/u*值比平坦下垫面的略大.无量纲温度脉动方差和湿度脉动方差在对流状态下与Z/L满足-1/3次方,在稳定和不稳定层结下,随|Z/L|减小而增大.地面热量以感热输送为主,感热通量峰值约为250 W/m2,潜热通量的峰值为170 W/m2;夜间潜热通量较小,感热通量则出现负值.动量通量日间平均在0.2-0.3 N/m2,峰值为0.31 N/m2.黑河下游绿洲柽柳林动力学粗糙度比HEIFE戈壁及其他绿洲下垫面的大,中性时z0m=0.47551 m.中性状态下动量整体输送系数CD=22.2×10-3,不稳定层结时平均值CD=10.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值CD=7.2 × 10-3.热量整体输送系数CH,中性状态下CH=3.2 × 10-3,不稳定层结时平均值为CH=3.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值为CH=2.7×10-3.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.