郑州地区一次冷锋后高架雷暴天气过程特征及成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料和美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)逐6 h再分析资料对2015年早春郑州地区一次高架雷暴天气过程的特征进行分析,探讨此次雷暴天气过程的成因。结果表明:地面冷垫、850 hPa和700 hPa强盛的暖湿急流及500 hPa高空槽为此次郑州地区高架雷暴天气过程的产生提供了有利的动力、热力和水汽条件,850—700 hPa之间的强垂直风切变和700—500 hPa之间较大的温差均表明逆温层以上对流不稳定度增大,有利于高架雷暴天气的产生。低空强比湿平流和负水汽通量散度为高架雷暴天气提供了丰富的水汽条件。高架雷暴天气过程发生前,700 hPa与500 hPa的θ_(se)差值Δθ_(se)大于0℃,表明700 hPa以上大气为对流不稳定,低层湿位涡的第一分量(MPV1)为负值又表明大气为湿对称不稳定,强雷暴落在对流不稳定区和MPV1负值区,因而此次高架雷暴天气过程是由对流不稳定和湿对称不稳定共同作用产生的。地面冷垫以上的暖湿气团逐步加强,进一步加剧了逆温层以上大气的层结不稳定度。通过与历史个例对比分析可知,郑州地区两次高架雷暴天气过程共同之处为:500 hPa高空槽前辐散气流的抽吸作用、低空切变线和低空急流左侧的辐合上升运动、地面冷垫的抬升作用均为高架雷暴天气预报的着眼点。     

2012年初春华南“高架雷暴”天气过程成因分析

利用华南地区多普勒天气雷达资料、气象站监测资料以及NCEP客观分析资料,分析了2012年2月27日华南地区发生的一次罕见高架对流天气过程特点.结果表明,在低层强大冷气团控制下,地面冷锋后华南地区出现的伴有短时强降水、雷电和冰雹的强对流天气过程是一次较典型的冷区“高架雷暴”,近地面大气层结较稳定,低空存在逆温,强对流天气落区与850 hPa切变线位置有较好对应.中高层的西风槽东南移和高空急流南压,配合低层850 hPa南岭山脉南侧偏南急流显著加强,为高架对流发生发展提供了有利的大气环流背景.边界层冷空气补充南下迫使低层暖湿空气抬升,中高层槽前辐散气流产生高空“抽吸”作用,配合华南上空有利的大气动力和热力不稳定条件,形成了此次罕见的高架强对流.与一般地面发展雷暴不同,此次“高架雷暴”暖湿空气是从逆温以上的850 hPa附近开始对流抬升,而不是从边界层开始.     

冷平流强迫背景下攀枝花市一次雷暴过程综合分析

基于欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料、NCEP再分析资料、卫星和雷达资料以及MICAPS气象资料,运用天气学方法对2020年4月13日四川省攀枝花市发生的冷平流强迫类雷暴天气过程进行综合分析。结果表明:本次雷暴过程混合了冰雹、短时强降水、雷暴大风等多种天气,其主要影响系统为200 hPa高空急流、500 hPa高原槽、700 hPa切变线和西南急流以及地面辐合线。200~500 hPa西北干冷空气顺高原槽南下对本次过程起主导作用,弱的700 hPa西南急流为本地输送了水汽和不稳定能量,中低层切变线和地面辐合线促进了暖湿气流的辐合抬升。此外,“上冷下暖”的气层结构、中低层较强的垂直风切变、气流的低层辐合与高层辐散、适宜的0℃和-20℃层高度、较强的CAPE和K指数、较大的700~500 hPa温度垂直递减率等因素也是本次雷暴天气过程发生发展的关键。      

2012年初春粤北一次少见高架雷暴过程的分析

利用常规观测资料、地面中尺度自动气象站资料以及NCEP再分析资料,分析了2012年2月27日广东发生的一次罕见高架雷暴天气过程的特点及成因。结果表明,这次出现在低层冷高压控制下地面冷锋后部并伴有短时强降水、雷电和冰雹的强对流天气过程,是一次典型的"高架雷暴"过程。与从地面发展的普通雷暴不同的是,强对流天气发生时,近地面层大气层结稳定,低空有逆温层存在,暖湿空气是从逆温层以上开始抬升的,强对流天气落区与850 hPa切变线有较好的对应关系。中高层西风槽东移南压,850 hPa偏南急流的建立和显著增强,为此次高架雷暴过程提供了有利的环流背景。近地面层冷空气补充南下迫使低层暖湿空气抬升,配合高空槽前辐散气流的抽吸作用以及广东上空有利的大气动力、热力不稳定条件,是此次高架雷暴过程形成的原因。     

2012年早春广西高架雷暴冰雹天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料和雷达资料,对2012年早春广西高架强雷暴冰雹天气过程进行分析,得出以下结论:(1)冰雹伴随雷暴发生在地面锋后约1000 km,边界层为冷高压控制.850 hPa风速较小,700 hPa以上层有强急流,700～850 hPa有强的垂直风切变,500 hPa高空冷槽东移为对流的发生提供触发条件.(2)冰雹发生在850 hPa切变线南北两侧约200 km范围,等压面锋区强度大;高空槽前正负变温使700～500 hPa垂直方向温度差大,导致层结对流不稳定性加大.当500 hPa低槽移至强锋区上空时,锋面坡度变陡,上升运动加强,不稳定性增大,使得冰胚在对流层中层增长而形成冰雹.(3)风暴追踪信息显示风暴生成高度高,在垂直方向上倾斜增长;质心均在5～6 km,风暴生成后,随着时间的推移逐渐向低层发展,最大反射率以及液态含水量均不大,具有明显高架雷暴特征.     

2019年江西省早春一次高架雷暴过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料、探空资料和雷达资料,对2019年2月19—20日江西省早春一次高架雷暴过程的环流形势、物理量和雷达回波特征进行分析,结果表明:(1)对流发生在地面冷锋后,925—850 hPa逆温之上,500 hPa上高度槽落后于温度槽,700 hPa上存在一支20 m·s-1西南急流,850 hPa有辐合切变线,是一次典型的高架雷暴过程。(2)700 hPa强盛西南气流为中层提供热力、水汽条件,700—500 hPa温度梯度配合850 hPa切变线、温度锋区为中层对流不稳定发展提供动力抬升条件。(3)700 hPa与850 hPa风矢量差为5 m·s-1,风垂直切变不强,700 hPa以下温度 0℃,融化层温度较高,不利于冰雹产生。(4)高架雷暴从2 km左右高度上产生,并向上和向下发展。40 dBz回波在2～6 km之间发展,回波质心偏低,有利于产生短时强降水。     

江苏近10 a高架雷暴特征分析

对2007—2016年发生在江苏地区的冬半年雷暴进行特征分析,筛选出12次典型的高架雷暴天气过程,揭示江苏发生高架雷暴的时空分布特征和典型的环流形势,发现逆温层顶之上的不稳定浅层和上下层强垂直风切变分别为高架雷暴的发生提供弱热力不稳定和强动力不稳定条件。强垂直风切变、850 hPa附近强烈的锋生导致的锋面次级环流,高空槽前正涡度平流随高度增加以及高层辐散、低层辐合造成的抽吸作用,为高架雷暴的发生和维持提供逆温层之上的动力抬升条件。高架雷暴发生时高仰角反射率因子呈现出类似零度层亮带的环形特征,对流单体不断生成在圆环附近。初步归纳了江苏高架雷暴的预报着眼点:500 hPa先后高空槽东移,700 hPa有16 m·s~(-1)以上的西南急流,850 hPa切变线东伸,存在逆温层顶高于1. 5 km,逆温强度大于5℃的较强逆温,0～6 km垂直风切变超过18 m·s~(-1),700 hPa与500 hPa温度差在15℃以上以及700hPa的相对湿度高于80%,且比湿在5～6 g·kg~(-1)。     

甘肃中部一次冷锋后高架雷暴天气过程综合诊断

利用常规气象观测资料、ECMWF再分析资料和多普勒天气雷达资料等,从环流特征、天气系统配置以及动力、热力条件等方面,对2017年10月8-9日甘肃中部地区的一次冷锋后高架雷暴天气过程进行综合诊断分析。结果表明:冷锋、700 hPa切变线、西南急流以及500 hPa高空槽是本次高架雷暴天气发生发展的主要天气系统。北方南下的冷空气在近地面形成冷垫,暖湿气流沿锋区倾斜爬升,在逆温层顶触发了高架雷暴天气。本次过程逆温层深厚,逆温层及其附近垂直方向上存在3个0℃层。受过程前降水和西南暖湿气流影响,大气层结呈"上干、下湿"结构,且具有"上下冷、中间暖"的特征。对流层中低层垂直风切变、低层辐合与高层辐散,是促使暖湿空气抬升的重要动力,而中低层高能舌和最大对流有效位能值能够较好地反映过程中的不稳定能量。高架雷暴过程中,兰州及附近地区出现降雨(雪)及冰雹天气,并伴有大范围东北-西南向雷电;雷达强回波高度达8 km以上,具有典型的冰雹回波特征。     

湘西地区高架雷暴类冰雹的基本特征与关键预报因子

利用常规气象观测资料,对2005—2014年湖南省湘西州2—3月高架雷暴类冰雹的时空分布特征、天气系统配置及环境场要素特征等进行统计分析,探讨高架雷暴类冰雹发生发展的物理机制。结果表明,湘西早春时期的高架雷暴类冰雹南部地区多于中北部地区,具有一定的日变化。影响高架雷暴类冰雹的主要天气系统为高空槽、700hPa急流以及冷空气等。潜势预报指标包括:850hPa相对湿度大于等于92%,700hPa相对湿度大于等于60%,500hPa相对湿度小于等于48.5%;850hPa存在强的温度锋区,温差大于等于13℃/5个纬度;700hPa与500hPa的温差大于等于15℃;700hPa有风速大于等于16m·s~(-1)的西南急流,且850hPa与700hPa的垂直风切变大于等于19m·s~(-1);0℃层高度为3~4km,-20℃层高度为6~7km。     

一次华南暖季高架雷暴的天气特征

利用常规气象观测资料、风廓线雷达资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°分析资料,对广东暖季一次伴有短时强降水、强闪电和瞬时大风的强高架雷暴过程进行了分析。结果表明:雷暴发生在地面锋线以北200~400 km处,850 h Pa切变线、700 h Pa低空急流和500 h Pa西风槽前西南风动量下传致使低层风速脉动增强等是触发高架对流的有利动力条件。900 h Pa以下存在逆温层,850 h Pa暖平流加强了逆温层以上层结不稳定,垂直运动发生在逆温层以上,最大上升速度中心在700 h Pa及以上层次。水汽分布呈"上干下湿"状态,低层广东中南部存在明显的水汽辐合,水汽主要来源是孟加拉湾。另外,短时大风的出现可能与强降水粒子在较大环境风中的下沉拖曳作用有关。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences