热带西太平洋海面的热量收支——中美西太平洋海-气合作考察观测事实之三

本文根据1986年2月8—14日中国“向阳红14号”考察船以及其它的船泊水文气象观测资料,计算了西太平洋热带海面(140—160°E、18°S—14°N)的能量收支各分量。计算结果表明,这个期间内该海面所获得的热量净收入的大小与赤道辐合带低值系统的增强或减弱有关;海面向大气输送的热量主要是以潜热通量输送方式进行的;考察海域内相当部分海面,供给大气能量大于它从大气接收的能量,其中最明显的地区出现在西太平洋热带地区(10°N附近),而不是在赤道地区。     

1986年冬季热带西太平洋区域性大气总能量收支

本文采用中美海-气合作考察第一次航程(1986.1.9—15,2.1—14)和若干站点的海洋气象资料,计算了热带西太平洋不同区域的大气湿静力能量的水平输送和局地变化、大气非绝热加热诸分量以及各区域海面与大气的热交换项。分析指出,在考察期间热带西太平洋上空,西部区是大气能量水平输送的能汇区,而东、中部区则反之。同时,热带西太平洋上空大气和海洋下垫面是个热源区,尤以西部区最为明显。由此可知,热带西太平洋大气能量收支具有明显的区域性差异,其西部区是较强的大气和海洋下垫面的热源区域,是热量、能量积存最多的地区。     

南海海洋站观测海气热通量的时间演变特征

为探索西沙和南沙海气热通量时间演变特征，用海洋站观测资料计算了1998年南海夏季风爆发前后，海气界面热量交换值及海面热收支年循环。结果表明：季风爆发前，西沙海气界面热量交换较弱，水汽通量较小，以海洋获得热量为主；季风爆发后，海气界面热量交换接近平衡。南沙全年主要是海洋对大气加热。南沙和西沙海面吸收短波辐射年周期特征明显，极大值出现在冬半年。西沙海面潜热通量存在半年周期特征，极大值也是出现在冬半年。结论：冬半年海面热通量变化对翌年的季风将产生重要影响。     

南海—西太平洋海域热量平衡各分量的年变化特征及其与天气系统的关系

就海表面热量平衡Q_l而言,它包括进入海平面的太阳总辐射Q_s,海面有效回辐射Q_b,蒸发耗热Qe,以及海洋与大气间感热交换Qc,它们之间的关系是:Q_l=Qs-Qb-Qe-Qc。 本文对1965—1967年期间南海及西太平洋海域热量平衡各分量的月际变化进行了分析,结果表明:(1)海面热量平衡各分量的年变化中,季节变吧是最显著的,各年之间具有共同性。(2)热量平衡各分量的季节变化对该地区的重要天气系统的作用是不一样的:(a)冬季感热加热带(也包括潜热)可能对移出大陆的气旋在海上加强有一定的贡献;(b)全年在低纬度海洋上一直存在的潜热加热带与台风活动有着密切的联系;(c)而进入海面的太阳总辐射可能对西太平洋副热带高压轴线的位移有一定的控制作用。     

南海——西太平洋海域热量平衡各发量的年变化特征及其与天气系统的关系

就海表面热量平衡Qι而言，它包括进入海平面的太阳总辐射Qs，海面有效回辐射Qb，蒸发耗热Qe，以及海洋与大气间感热交换Qc，它们之间的关系是：Qι＝Qs－Qb－Qe－Qc。本文对1965－1967年期间南海及西太平洋海域热量平衡各分量的月际变化进行了分析，结果表明：（1）海面热量平衡各人量的年变化中，季节变化是最显著的，各年之间具有共同性。（2）热量平衡各分量的季节变化对该地区的重要天气系统的作用是不一样的：（a）冬季感热加热带（也包括潜热）可能对移出大陆的气旋在海上加强有一定的贡献；（b）全年在低纬度海洋上一直存在的潜热加热带与台风活动有着密切的联系；（c）而进入海面的太阳总辐射可能对西太平洋副热带高压轴线的位移有一定的控制作用。     

中国邻海海-气热量、水汽通量计算和分析

使用长年代、高质量海洋气象观测资料,选用适合研究海域的计算参数,按2°×2°网格计算了中国邻海（黄、渤、东、南海及140°E以西西北太平洋）辐射平衡和海-气热量、水汽通量,讨论了它们的年、月分布和时空变化,并以海面热量净收支为主要指标进行了海洋气候区划。     

2008年夏季风期间西沙海域海-气通量交换及热量收支

2008年4—10月在中国南海西沙永兴岛近海进行了第4次海-气通量观测试验,获得了整个夏季风期间近海面层湍流脉动量及辐射、表层水温、波浪及距水面3.5、7.0、10.5m高度温、湿、风梯度观测资料,根据涡动相关法和COARE3.0法计算结果研究了2008年南海西南季风爆发、发展、中断、衰退包括暴雨、台风、冷空气影响等天气过程中海-气通量交换和热量收支变化。结果表明:(1)季风爆发前的晴天太阳总辐射强,而海洋失热量较小,热量净收支为较大正值,海面温度迅速升高。季风爆发期太阳总辐射仍然较强,大气长波辐射也有所增强,而海面长波辐射变化很小,故海面净辐射收支仍为正值;(2)季风活跃期特别是降水阶段感热通量增大,季风中断阶段变小;季风活跃期虽然潜热通量增大,由于太阳短波辐射没有减少,海洋净热量收支稍有盈余;中断阶段潜热通量、感热通量减少,海洋吸热大于季风活跃期;降水阶段由于太阳短波辐射减小,感热通量增大,海洋热量收支出现较大负值,海面温度很快降低。季风衰退期风力减弱,湿度减小,潜热通量减小,海洋热量收入又出现较大正值,海面温度回升;(3)台风影响过程中潜热通量随着风速增强迅速增大;感热通量因降水情况不同而有差异,晴天时减小,大雨时剧烈增大;由于太阳短波辐射减少、潜热通量剧增,海洋热量净收支出现负值,促使海面温度迅速降低;(4)动量通量主要与海表面风速有关;动量通量τ与风速V的关系可以表示为τ=0.00171v~2-0.003809v+0.02213。     

1986年东海与南海的海-气界面热量交换

采用实测资料计算1986年7—12月东海和南海观测海域海-气界面热量交换。结果表明：7—9月上旬,大气向观测海域输送热量是主要现象,因为这时的气温比水温高,潜热通量与感热通量出现反相变化,天气晴好,海洋大量吸热;9月中旬—12月,观测海域向大气输送热量是主要现象,东海表现得比南海更为明显,主要贡献来自潜热通量和感热通量。受冷空气影响时,感热通量重要;在热带辐合带和热带气旋系统内海-气界面热量交换强烈,大气对海洋的响应为主。     

热带西太平洋海面高度变化与华南3—4月降水异常的关系

随着海洋观测技术的进步,新的海洋数据在大气海洋研究中得到应用。卫星海面高度观测反映了海洋的热力及动力状况,是海洋状况的重要指标。利用多颗卫星观测融合的海面高度异常（Sea Level Anomaly,SLA）资料分析了海面高度异常与华南前汛期3—4月降水异常的关系。结果表明,从气候状况而言,华南前汛期3—4月降水的主要影响系统为西太平洋副热带高压（简称西太副高）,其外围的西南气流为华南提供充足的水汽输送;年际尺度,华南前汛期3—4月降水指数与850 hPa等压面上100~140 °E范围内的副高脊线的南北位置为显著负相关关系,与青藏高原东南侧（105~115 °E,20~25 °N）的西南风为显著正相关关系。利用大气向外长波辐射（OLR）及再分析资料的分析表明,西南太平洋（150 °E~170 °W,10~5 °S）的海面高度异常将引起菲律宾以东广大洋面上OLR异常及相应的潜热释放异常,当这一海域的海面高度偏高时,西太副高位置较常年偏北,青藏高原东南侧西南风将偏弱,不利于向华南地区的水汽输送及辐合,华南降水偏少。      

中国东海热量平衡的季节变化

研究了中国东海及其周围海域热量平衡的季节变化。冬季,显热、潜热都以西南诸岛的近海为最大,海面放出的热量以潜热形式为主。冬季的太阳辐射量以在云量少的台湾以南和黄海为大;在云量多的西南诸岛近海为小。夏季太阳辐射量各地差异不显著。根据海面太阳辐射、长波辐射、显热和潜热各项通量求得的大气-海洋间的年平均净的热输送是向上的,故海洋向大气放出热量。为补充这部分热量散失,有从周围海域向东海和黄海流入的能量,其流入量年平均约7.4×10~(13)!。如换算为单位面积值,相当于58Wm~(2-)。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE IMPACTS OF SEA SPRAY ON TROPICAL CYCLONES

The latest version of sea spray flux parameterization scheme developed by Andreas is coupled with the PSU/NCAR model MM5 in this paper. A western Pacific tropical cyclone named Nabi in 2005 is simulated using this coupled air-sea spray modeling system to study the impacts of sea spray evaporation on the evolution of tropical cyclones. The results demonstrate that sea spray can lead to a significant increase of heat fluxes in the air-sea interface, especially the latent heat flux, the maximum of which can increase by up to about 35% - 80% The latent heat flux seems to be more important than the sensible heat flux for the evolution of tropical cyclones. Regardless of whether sea spray fluxes have been considered, the model can always simulate the track of Nabi well, which seems to indicate that sea spray has little impact on the movement of tropical cyclones. However, with sea spray fluxes taken into account in the model, the intensity of a simulated tropical cyclone can have significant increase. Due to the enhancement of water vapor and heat from the sea surface to the air caused by sea spray, the warm core structure is better-defined, the minimum sea level pressure decreases and the vertical speed is stronger around the eye in the experiments, which is propitious to the development and evolution of tropical cyclones.     

The surface heat flux feedback. Part I: estimates from observations in the Atlantic and the North Pacific

The surface heat flux feedback is estimated in the Atlantic and the North Pacific, using monthly heat flux and sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly data from COADS and the NCEP reanalysis. In the Atlantic, the heat flux feedback is dominated by the turbulent flux. It is negative, mostly ranging between 10 and 35 W m^-2 K^-1, but larger in the western subtropical gyre and part of the subpolar gyre, and weaker in the tropics. The radiative feedback is generally weak. In the North Pacific, the heat flux feedback is also dominated by the turbulent flux and is negative nearly everywhere, peaking in the subtropics. In both oceans, the turbulent heat flux feedback remains primarily negative in each season, and is stronger in fall and winter; patches of positive feedback can be seen, but often with limited correspondence between COADS and NCEP. The radiative feedback remains weak, and is positive in spring and summer at mid-latitudes. It is also shown that the turbulent heat flux feedback is weaker over large-scale areas, that no positive heat flux feedback sustains the SST anomaly "dipole" in the tropical Atlantic, and that the main SST anomaly mode in the North Pacific is damped by a negative heat flux feedback. The energy exchange with the atmosphere that results from the heat flux feedback can be substantial at mid-latitudes, but does not exceed 7 W m^-2 at basin scale.     

ESTIMATES OF SEA SURFACE FLUXES DURING TOGA-COARE IOP

With the marine ship observation data set obtained by three cruise-phases of Chinese Xi-angyanghong 5 from November 5,1992 to February 19,1993 in the TOGA-COARE IOP at 2°S,156°E.the sea surface fluxes at this point are estimated by three different bulk schemes.Firstly.aquasi-linear relation is found between the neutral drag coefficients and wind speed.Then,the sta-bility-dependent drag and heat transfer coefficients are solved in the iterative method.Based onthus-derived transfer coefficients,the momentum,sensible and latent heat fluxes are calculated.In the warm pool region,the fluxes corresponding to the westeily winds are much greater thanthose of the easterly trade winds.The magnitude of sea surface fluxes depends upon the atmo-spheric stability as well,in particular in the case of weak wind condition.The estimated sea sur-face net heat budget shows that considerable amount of heat transport from ocean to atmosphere ismainly produced by the effective longwave radiation,latent and sensible heat fluxes.Among themthe value of latent heat flux is the largest and the sensible heat flux is the smallest.Finally,an ac-curacy analysis is made by direct measurements with the eddy-correlation method on the JapaneseR/V Hakuho board at the same time.It is shown that the bulk-derived fluxes are acceptable withmuch confidence.The estimated effective longwave radiation is used to compare with those by di-rect observations on Xiangyanghong 5.This research is compared with TOGA investigation in thetropical western Pacific.     

On the seasonal sea surface temperature variations in the tropical Pacific

Summary In this paper, we investigated physical processes that control the seasonal variations of sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific, using an intermediate ocean model. It is found that the westward propagation of sea surface temperature along the equator is attributed to dynamic response of the ocean to the wind (that consists of 3-dimensional temperature advection), whereas the northward propagation of sea surface temperature in the eastern Pacific results from the thermodynamic response of the ocean to the surface heat flux, primarily shortwave radiation that includes the effect of low-level stratus clouds. The remote response of the eastern Pacific sea surface temperature to seasonally varying wind in the western Pacific is of secondary importance, compared to the local wind forcing. The results suggest that the mechanism that controls the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature is different from that associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation.With 9 Figures     

夏季西太平洋副热带高压准双周振荡的动力学机制

本文用动力学分析的方法对西太平洋副热带高压准双周振荡的机制进行了探讨。结果表明:在东亚特定的环流条件下,东亚大陆季风雨带和南海至西太平洋地区热带雨带凝结潜热的热力强迫作用均可激发出天气尺度的准双周CISK波动,其波动动能向东亚大陆副热带地区的频散变化存在一种“自我调整”过程,从而引导西太平洋副热带高压的进退。      

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION AND THE EFFECT OF WARM SST

An atmospheric general circulation model is used in a series of three experiments to simulate the intraseasonaloscillation in the tropical atmosphere.Analyses of the model daily data show that various physical variables,from sever-al different regions,exhibit fluctuations with a spectral peak between 30 and 60 days.This represents a 30—60 dayoscillation in the tropical atmosphere and possesses several features which are consistent with observations.These in-clude a horizontal structure dominated by zonal wavenumber 1 and a vertical structure which is predominantlybaroclinic.The effect of warm SST (sea surface temperature) anomalies on the 30—60 day oscillation in the tropical atmos-phere is also simulated by prescribing global SST as observed in 1983.This has the effect of weakening the oscillationwhile at the same time the vertical structure becomes less baroclinic.The importance of cumulus convection to the propagational characteristics of this oscillation is demonstrated by acomparison of results based on different parameterizations for convection.In one case,where the maximum convectionover the Pacific is simulated to be too far east,the simulated 30—60 day oscillation shows evidence of westward propa-gation.In the second case,where the convection maximum is located near the observed position in the western Pacific,there is more clearly evidence of eastward propagation.Both results suggest that the location of maximum convection in the Pacific can have an important influence on thestrength,structure and propagation of the 30—60 day oscillation.     

FORMATION MECHANISM AND PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EQUATORIAL THERMALLY-FORCED SHORT-TERM CLIMATIC OSCILLATION DURING THE NORTHERN SUMMER

In this study, in order to investigate the global climatic oscillations forced by sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over equatorial central-eastern Pacific, two numerical schemes with different SST distri-butions (normal and anomalous cases) are tested by using a nine-layer global spectral model. Experiment results show that (i) in northern summer, a wave train that is similar to the teleconnection pattern suggested by Nitta (1987) and Huang (1987) in the Northern Hemisphere and another one in the Southern Hemisphere are reproduced; (ii) simulated results suggest that the response of atmosphere in middle-high latitudes of both hemispheres to an anomalous heating source is more sensitive in tropical western Pacific than in equatorial central-eastern Pacific; and (iii) in northern summer, the formation of low-frequency oscillations on monthly (seasonal) time scale results from energy dispersion as well as interactions between eddies and zonal flow; and between eddies.     

热带海洋海气相互作用的区域差异

用NCEP/NCAR40年再分析1000hPa月平均风场资料及COADS月平均海表温度资料，对热带西、中、东太平洋、热带大西洋和印度洋五个区域的海气异常作了奇异值分解（SVD）。比较区域间SVD的主要参数和分析第一奇异向量及其时间系数表明，热带海气相互作用可区分为三类；热带东、中太平洋属‘单元型’，ENSO是唯一重要的过程，热带西太平洋、印度洋属‘二元型’，除了ENSO过程，还应存在唯一重要的过程；热带西太平洋，印度洋属‘二元型’，除了ENSO过程还应存在另一重要过程，热带大西洋属‘多元型’，其构成复杂，ENSO循环则不明显。