雷达估测降雨水平分辨率对径流模拟的影响——以西苕溪流域为例

天气雷达估测降雨是径流模拟和洪水预报的重要信息之一。由于雷达网格降雨存在误差,且误差随着网格水平尺度的增大而减小,因此对于径流模拟,高分辨率的雷达降雨数据并不意味着径流模拟的精度更高。采用FSS(Fractions Skill Score)方法和HEC-HMS模型(Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydrologic Modeling System)分析江苏省西苕溪流域雷达估测降雨水平分辨率对径流模拟的影响。在2010年和2011年夏季两场降雨实例中,雷达估测降雨在不同降雨阈值情况下,FSS达到目标精度值对应的最小有效水平尺度为2~8 km,分别以2、4、6、8 km水平分辨率的雷达估测降雨和雨量站测雨作为HEC-HMS模型输入进行径流模拟,结果表明:基于不同水平分辨率的雷达估测降雨的径流模拟结果与实测径流资料基本吻合,雷达估测降雨2、4、6、8 km水平分辨率的变化对径流模拟效果的影响不明显。      

郴州天气雷达估测降水量误差分析

新一代天气雷达系统使用Z-I关系式反演降水,在估测降雨时不同地域具有不同误差;在观测降水时受到水平阵风或短时大风、回波强度、地形、大气折射等因素影响,可能降低雷达定量估测降水的精度。本文利用湖南郴州雷达基数据不同低仰角反射率因子分别估算出降水量,对比分析了不同仰角雷达反演估测降水量与自动雨量站雨量数据之间的误差。通过对雷达估测降水的误差来源分析、估测降水误差并应用数学统计分析误差,初步得出:2.4°仰角估测降水与雨量站的观测数据线性相关系数最高,雷达估测的降水较为真实。而0.5°、1.5°仰角受地型影响估测降水可行性不高。     

舟山地区台风降水Z-R关系研究及其应用

利用2004—2005年舟山多普勒天气雷达台风基数据资料和浙江省自动雨量站网资料, 拟合适合于舟山地区台风降水的Z-R关系:Z=70R1.38, 并对其进行有效性确认。应用此关系对台风“南玛都”和“卡努”的降水进行雨量估测并与美国WSR-88D默认Z-R关系及实时雨量资料进行对比。结果表明:对于小雨量地区, 应用美国WSR-88D默认Z-R关系估测台风降水比较接近于实际。但是, 对于大雨量地区来说, 应用此关系估测台风降水更接近实际雨量, 而应用默认Z-R关系估测台风降水, 大雨雨量被严重低估。文中并进一步分析了产生误差的主要原因。     

雷达估测对流性降水的误差空间分布及Z-R关系的优化

新一代天气雷达联合雨量站数据进行定量降水估测中,雷达回波强度和雨量站观测值较好的匹配是准确拟合出Z-R关系的关键。对流性降水回波强度具有时空变化大的特点,严重影响了雷达和雨量站数据的匹配以及定量降水估测的精度。利用河南地区3次强对流天气过程的雷达和雨量站数据,通过分析雷达对流性降水与地面雨量站观测值的误差空间分布,找到如下规律:雷达回波强度严重高估点和低估点大部分位于强回波的边缘地区(单点回波强度随时间变化较大);部分位于强回波中心的雨量站观测值为零(部分时刻)。通过分析可知,突发的强降水和强回波中心容易造成雨量站观测值误差较大,因此对Z-R关系拟合造成了较大的影响。根据对流性降水回波强度变化特点和本文得到的回波强度与雨量站雨量匹配关系,在Z-R关系拟合中,提出了加入回波强度随时间变化的指标对误差较大雨量站进行剔除的方法,也提出了一种优化的回波强度平均方法和累积时间,得到了用于对流性降水估测的最佳方案。详细分析以上因素对降水估测的影响表明,通过根据回波强度随时间变化的指标对雨量站进行剔除和使用最佳降水估测方案,提高了对流性降水估测的精度。     

CB雷达OHP产品与雨量计雨量对比分析

利用2012年陕西6部新一代天气雷达的雷达产品生成子系统,回放雷达基数据获取雷达1h降水量产品,同时获取对应雨量站、对应时段的小时雨量,形成雷达小时雨量-雨量站小时雨量数据对,采用统计学方法进行对比分析,结果表明:雨量站小时雨量为(0.7,10]mm时,雷达面雨量大于地面雨量站雨量;雨量站小时雨量在(10,20]、(20,30]mm两个区间内时,全省各个雷达站雷达面雨量均小于地面雨量站,而且误差明显。     

新一代天气雷达雨量估测与实况的对比实现

新一代天气雷达在防灾减灾领域,特别是雨量估测方面具有广泛的应用.为了更准确有效的应用本地区雷达的雨量估测数据,本文基于.NET2.0平台,实现了雷达估测的雨量数据,和自动站雨量数据的对比软件平台研究.并给出了估测范围与对比结果的数据误差分析.结果表明,估测范围的选择对雷达估测雨量的结果,及其与自动站雨量的对比结果有很大的影响.     

面向流域的定量降水估测产品检验订正

伴随着多源降水融合技术的发展,我国卫星、雷达反演、地面雨量观测计定量降水估测(QPE)产品已逐步趋于成熟,有效弥补了仅基于常规雨量站降水数据时空分辨率不足的缺陷,为江河流域面雨量产品开发和应用提供了契机;而对QPE产晶进行适用性检验和汀正是其在面向流域面雨量应用中的前提和基础。本研究利用国家气象中心及国家气象信息中心开发的QPE产品,结合水文站点实测降水数据,分别从产品误差的时空分布、流域的平均误差、不同量级降水的产品质量等角度,综合利用TS评分、命中率、漏估率、空估率以及ROC曲线等多种统计检验方法总体评估降水产品的适用性;采用递减平均法对每日的定量降水估测和实况降水的误差进行相关统计,在此基础上,对初始的QPE产品进行了优化订正,建立了基于QPE的流域面雨量产品;最后以沂河临沂站以上流域的水文要素预报为例,验证了订正产品对水文模式预报改进效果。上述研究表明,基于多源降水融合的QPE面雨量产品开发,在一定程度上可弥补目前国家级流域面雨量业务精细化不足,提升了国家级水文气象业务的技术能力。     

新一代天气雷达雨量估测与实况的对比实现

新一代天气雷达在防灾减灾领域,特别是雨量估测方面具有广泛的应用。为了更准确有效的应用本地区雷达的雨量估测数据,本文基于．NE12．0平台,实现了雷达估测的雨量数据,和自动站雨量数据的对比软件平台研究。并给出了估测范围与对比结果的数据误差分析。结果表明,估测范围的选择对雷达估测雨量的结果,及其与自动站雨量的对比结果有很大的影响。     

新一代天气雷达与地面雨量资料的综合分析

自动雨量站的资料质量控制问题是雷达和自动站联合估测降水中的一个最基本、最关键的问题.以广东省境内891个自动雨量站为分析对象,在利用传统的只针对自动雨量站资料本身质量控制方法的基础上,引入雷达资料,将地面实测雨量与雷达估测雨量通过相似离度的方法找二者之间的关系,进一步对雨量站资料进行控制,形成了一套结合雷达资料的自动雨量站资料质量控制方法,并对雷达回波强度和自动站雨量的相关性进行了研究.得到以下结果:在被考察的891个自动雨量站资料中,有约2.9%(26个)的自动雨量站资料可确定为错误的站点,约有3.4%(30个)自动雨量站资料被列为有严重问题的站点,约有25.8%(230)个自动雨量站资料被列为有一般问题的站点.在综合分析多个个例后,证明此方法具有一定的可行性,但对所需选取个例需降雨强度大、时间长且覆盖范围广的要求也是此方法的局限性.     

Z-I关系最优化在海口雷达估测热带气旋降水中的应用

利用海口新一代天气雷达2008—2013年观测数据和地面观测的逐时雨量资料,得到分区域最优化Z-I关系,在海南岛全省范围内进行降水估测。结果表明:优化Z-I关系后得到的雷达与雨量计平均比值基本接近1,同时平均绝对误差和均方根误差也明显偏小,说明雷达测量值接近于雨量计,明显优于雷达默认的Z-I关系值,可见,优化Z—I关系后雷达反演值更接近于雨量观测值,同时雷达定量估测各区域雨量的精度得到很大提高。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.