EnSRF雷达资料同化在一次飑线过程中的应用研究

本文利用包含复杂冰相微物理过程的WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式,针对2007年4月23日发生在我国华南地区的一次典型飑线天气过程,分别进行了确定性预报和集合预报试验,发现确定性预报能大致捕捉到飑线系统的发生发展过程,但对飑线后部的层云区模拟效果较差。集合预报能够有效地减少模式的不确定性,大部分集合成员对飑线的模拟效果优于确定性预报。进一步将集合预报得到的40个成员作为背景场,采用EnSRF（Ensemble Square Root Filter）同化多普勒天气雷达资料,并将分析得到的集合作为初始场进行集合预报,通过与未同化雷达资料的集合对比,考察了EnSRF同化多部雷达资料对飑线系统的影响。结果表明:EnSRF雷达资料同化增加了模式初始场的中小尺度信息,大部分集合成员的分析场能够较准确地再现飑线的热力场、动力场和微物理场的细致特征,并且模拟出飑线后部的层云结构。通过对EnSRF分析的集合进行模拟发现,大部分集合成员较未同化雷达资料时模拟效果有明显改善。同化后的集合预报ETS（Equitable Threat Score）评分最高,其次是未同化的集合预报,确定性预报的最低。     

集合方根滤波同化多普勒雷达资料在一次飑线过程中的应用研究

针对2005年7月12日发生在山东省中西部地区的一次飑线天气过程,采用集合方根滤波方法开展基于WRF模式的多普勒雷达资料的同化应用试验,考察了此同化系统对实际雷达资料的同化效果。主要结论如下：（1）集合方根滤波同化系统能有效同化实际雷达资料,雷达资料的加入增加了模式的中小尺度信息,使分析场得到了显著改善,有效缩短了模式起转时间,改进了对地面降水的预报。（2）利用三次同化分析后的集合平均分析场进行的确定性预报表明,与控制试验相比,同化后分析场能更准确地预报飑线系统的微物理量场,预报的流场结构符合风暴的动力特征,动力场和热力场的分布与配置也基本合理。（3）集合平均分析场对飑线系统传播方向的预报与实况一致,但预报的系统传播速度较实况快,由于对流系统的非线性发展迅速,对系统的预报时效为5—6 h。     

GRAPES区域集合预报尺度混合初始扰动构造的新方案

集合预报初始扰动能否准确反映预报误差的结构特征是决定区域集合预报质量的关键因素之一。本文针对GRAPES区域数值预报模式,发展设计了一种基于资料同化思想的混合尺度初始扰动构造新方案。该方案以全球大尺度信息为背景场,区域模式预报作为观测资料,借助GRAPES三维变分同化系统,将高质量的全球大尺度信息与区域模式预报中质量较高的中小尺度信息有效融合,构造混合尺度区域集合预报初始扰动,并通过个例试验和批量试验,比较分析了新方案和原区域集合预报的性能。试验结果表明,基于资料同化构造的初始扰动能够有效融合全球大尺度信息和中小尺度天气系统的信息,其降水概率预报更具参考价值。总体上看,区域集合预报混合初始扰动新方案能够较好地改进区域集合预报质量,尤其是对高度场和温度场效果更为显著,但对风场的集合预报性能影响略小。     

GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化系统Ⅱ：区域分析及集合预报

GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化方法能够分批同化常规观测资料,GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波同化系统的设计及其与GRAPES三维变分同化系统的对比试验结果表明,GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波系统能够得到合理的分析,并且具有实际运行能力。在此基础上,进行集合卡尔曼滤波区域同化分析及集合预报试验,对比区域模式面三维变分同化分析预报结果,研究表明,集合卡尔曼滤波分析比三维变分分析具有一定优势,降水预报更接近实况。考察了预报误差特征随天气形势的变化情况,表明预报误差相关场和均方差的分布随着天气形式不同而变化。     

非线性正规模初值化及其对资料同化和预报的影响

文章介绍了国家气象中心中期数值预报谱模式（T42L9）的非线性正规模初值化方案（NNMI）。讨论了该方案对资料同化和预报的影响。试验表明，应用前5个垂直模，经2次迭代能够得到一个对分析资料修正较小的平衡初始场。它成功地消除了预报中虚假的高频重力波振荡，对改进资料同化和模式预报起了重要作用。     

数值模式误差对降水四维变分资料同化及预报的影响

利用一个无量纲的水汽发展方程,针对同化时间窗口内出现和不出现降水两种情况,分析了不同模式误差和初始误差对降水四维变分资料同化预报效果的影响。结果表明,应用四维变分资料同化方法进行降水预报前,应该充分考虑数值模式中的误差,才能得到比较满意的同化及预报结果。假定同化窗口内获得的比湿观测场是准确的,当不存在模式误差时,四维变分资料同化方法可以有效地消除初始场误差,找到比湿真实初始场;而存在模式误差时,四维变分资料同化后的模式初始场会偏离真实的比湿初始场,并且模式误差越大,偏离程度越严重。在一些模式误差情况下,由于模式误差在同化窗口及延伸预报时段的作用不同,进行四维变分资料同化处理后,尽管累积降水量的预报结果在同化时间窗口内优于同化前的预报,而在最终预报时刻反而差于同化前。     

SVD-En3DVar方法同化多普勒雷达速度观测资料Ⅰ.模拟资料试验

利用WRF模式及模式模拟的资料,开展了利用SVD-En3DVar(基于集合和SVD技术的三维变分同化方法)方法同化雷达径向速度资料的试验.由于雷达观测经常出现大面积空缺,同化时引入了一种局地化方法避免远距离虚假相关的影响.试验着重研究了不同的初始扰动样本产生方法以及不同的样本积分时间对同化结果的影响.提出了一种为预报集合提供初始扰动场的新方法,这一方法将温度和比湿的伪随机扰动场当作观测增量,通过3DVar (three-dimensional variational technique)系统生成所有变量的初始扰动场.试验表明,用这种方法给出的初始扰动样本各个变量间有较好的协调性,积分后扰动不会快速衰减,可以减少模式调整的时间,达到缩短同化循环时间窗的目的.同化雷达径向风资料后对12小时内的温度,湿度和水平风的预报都有所改进,对降水的预报也有一定改进.     

一次大暴雨过程的多普勒雷达资料同化的敏感性试验

利用WRF中尺度模式及WRF-3DVAR变分同化系统和LAPS雷达资料前处理模块建立试验平台,直接同化S波段多普勒雷达反射率和径向速度资料,通过对2008年8月15-16日发生在我国长江中游的一次大暴雨过程的各项预报对比试验研究,初步检验和评估不同种类多普勒雷达观测数据同化对改进数值模式初始场及其数值预报能力的影响及作用.初步结果表明:多普勒雷达资料同化对提高暴雨数值预报能力有重要作用.无论在24 h累计降水还是在逐时降水预报方面,同化多普勒雷达资料均可使降水雨带分布和强降水中心预报的准确性得到较大改善;多普勒雷达反射率资料同化对初始水汽场的改变显著,对初始风场影响较小,而同化径向速度对初始水汽场的改变较小,但可增加初始风场的中小尺度信息,使初始风场产生较大变化.总体上看,虽然雷达反射率和径向速度资料同化均可改进强暴雨的数值预报,但雷达反射率资料同化对降水雨带和中心预报的改进更为显著和重要.     

REM模式伴随系统的建立及其四维变分资料同化初步试验

Regional-Eta-Coordinate-Model(REM)中尺度模式对中国区域性降水显示出公认的较高预报能力,建立其四维变分资料同化系统是完善该模式,进一步提高其预报效果的重要工作。本研究编写了REM模式的切线性模式和伴随模式,介绍了建立REM模式伴随系统的过程,并利用实际天气个例资料,分别对REM模式的切线性模式、伴随模式及定义的目标函数梯度进行了正确性检验,检验结果表明对REM模式的切线性模式及伴随模式编写是成功的。利用REM模式的伴随系统,对1998年06月08日00时到09日00时和2000年08月01日00时到02日00时两个实际天气个例进行了四维变分资料同化试验。从数值试验的结果分析可以看到,进行四维变分资料同化后,两个天气个例在预报结束时刻其预报结果对风场和湿度场的预报都有明显改善,对温度场和高度场的预报也有所改善。对于累积降水的预报,两个个例利用四维变分资料同化后得到的初始场进行的预报结果则有较大不同,在个例1中,变分同化后对降水中心的位置和降水强度的预报都有明显改善,预报结果更接近于观测场;个例2中,变分同化后对降水中心位置和强度的预报则没有改善,产生这种现象的原因可能是由于定义的目标函数中没有加进背景场项,也可能是由于采用的观测资料时次比较少,还需要进一步进行研究和试验。     

集合卡尔曼滤波同化中雷达位置的敏感性研究

针对对流尺度集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）雷达资料同化中雷达位置对同化的影响进行研究。为了考察强对流出现在雷达不同方位时集合卡尔曼滤波同化雷达资料的能力,以一个理想风暴为例,设计了8个均匀分布在模拟区域周围的模拟雷达进行试验。单雷达同化试验中,初期同化对雷达位置较敏感,而十几个循环后对雷达方位的敏感性降低。造成初期同化效果较差的雷达观测位于模拟区域正南和正北方向,这两部雷达与模拟区域中心的连线垂直于风暴移动方向（即环境气流的方向）。双雷达试验的结果表明,正东、正南、正西和正北方向的雷达组合观测会使同化初期误差较大,这说明并不是所有与风暴连线成90°的雷达组合都能在短时同化中得到合理的分析结果,还需要都处于模拟区域对角线上（即与环境气流成45°夹角）,同化效果才较好。短时同化后的确定性预报结果表明,较大分析误差也会导致较大预报误差。这些分析误差主要是由于同化初期不准确的集合平均场驱动出的不合理的背景误差协方差造成的。当背景场随着同化循环得到改进后,驱动出的合理的背景误差协方差使得不同位置雷达同化造成的差异逐步减小。基于上述结果,引入迭代集合均方根滤波（iEnSRF）算法,结果显示使用该算法后,雷达位置对同化效果的影响减小,同化不同位置的雷达资料均能有效降低分析和预报误差。      

风廓线雷达资料对GRAPES_MESO数值预报系统影响的初步研究

针对一个南方切变线系统降水个例,通过观测系统模拟试验(OSSEs)对我国拟建风廓线雷达观测网内的不同类型风廓线雷达观测资料在GRAPES_MESO系统中的影响、对风廓线雷达观测和探空观测及两者混合使用时在GRAPES_MESO系统中的影响差异进行了初步分析和讨论。试验结果表明,在GRAPES_MESO系统中,风廓线雷达资料对500 hPa高度以下水平风速分析场的修正作用明显优于探空资料;风廓线雷达资料对水平风速分析场的影响高度极限大约在300 hPa附近,经过6h的传播,其影响可以向上继续传播至250 hPa以上高度;在300 hPa高度以下,同化对流层Ⅱ型风廓线雷达资料对水平风速分析场的影响比边界层型风廓线雷达资料略大;单独同化风廓线雷达资料对降水预报的贡献较弱,与探空观测混合使用时有助改进降水预报。     

Evaluation of radar and automatic weather station data assimilation for a heavy rainfall event in southern China

To improve the accuracy of short-term(0–12 h) forecasts of severe weather in southern China, a real-time storm-scale forecasting system, the Hourly Assimilation and Prediction System(HAPS), has been implemented in Shenzhen, China. The forecasting system is characterized by combining the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF-ARW)model and the Advanced Regional Prediction System(ARPS) three-dimensional variational data assimilation(3DVAR) package. It is capable of assimilating radar reflectivity and radial velocity data from multiple Doppler radars as well as surface automatic weather station(AWS) data. Experiments are designed to evaluate the impacts of data assimilation on quantitative precipitation forecasting(QPF) by studying a heavy rainfall event in southern China. The forecasts from these experiments are verified against radar, surface, and precipitation observations. Comparison of echo structure and accumulated precipitation suggests that radar data assimilation is useful in improving the short-term forecast by capturing the location and orientation of the band of accumulated rainfall. The assimilation of radar data improves the short-term precipitation forecast skill by up to9 hours by producing more convection. The slight but generally positive impact that surface AWS data has on the forecast of near-surface variables can last up to 6–9 hours. The assimilation of AWS observations alone has some benefit for improving the Fractions Skill Score(FSS) and bias scores; when radar data are assimilated, the additional AWS data may increase the degree of rainfall overprediction.     

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3DVAR AND ENSRF DIRECT ASSIMILATION OF RADAR DATA ON THE FORECAST OF A HEAVY RAINFALL EVENT

The present study designs experiments on the direct assimilation of radial velocity and reflectivity data collected by an S-band Doppler weather radar (CINRAD WSR-98D) at the Hefei Station and the reanalysis data produced by the United States National Centers for Environmental Prediction using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the WRF model with a three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system and the WRF model with an ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) data assimilation system. In addition, the present study analyzes a Meiyu front heavy rainfall process that occurred in the Yangtze -Huaihe River Basin from July 4 to July 5, 2003, through numerical simulation. The results show the following. (1) The assimilation of the radar radial velocity data can increase the perturbations in the low-altitude atmosphere over the heavy rainfall region, enhance the convective activities and reduce excessive simulated precipitation. (2) The 3DVAR assimilation method significantly adjusts the horizontal wind field. The assimilation of the reflectivity data improves the microphysical quantities and dynamic fields in the model. In addition, the assimilation of the radial velocity and reflectivity data can better adjust the wind fields and improve the intensity and location of the simulated radar echo bands. (3) The EnSRF assimilation method can assimilate more small-scale wind field information into the model. The assimilation of the reflectivity data alone can relatively accurately forecast the rainfall centers. In addition, the assimilation of the radial velocity and reflectivity data can improve the location of the simulated radar echo bands. (4) The use of the 3DVAR and EnSRF assimilation methods to assimilate the radar radial velocity and reflectivity data can improve the forecast of precipitation, rain-band areal coverage and the center location and intensity of precipitation.     

System of Multigrid Nonlinear Least-squares Four-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation for Numerical Weather Prediction (SNAP): System Formulation and Preliminary Evaluation

A new forecasting system—the System of Multigrid Nonlinear Least-squares Four-dimensional Variational (NLS-4DVar) Data Assimilation for Numerical Weather Prediction (SNAP)—was established by building upon the multigrid NLS-4DVar data assimilation scheme, the operational Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI)?based data-processing and observation operators, and the widely used Weather Research and Forecasting numerical model. Drawing upon lessons learned from the superiority of the operational GSI analysis system, for its various observation operators and the ability to assimilate multiple-source observations, SNAP adopts GSI-based data-processing and observation operator modules to compute the observation innovations. The multigrid NLS-4DVar assimilation framework is used for the analysis, which can adequately correct errors from large to small scales and accelerate iteration solutions. The analysis variables are model state variables, rather than the control variables adopted in the conventional 4DVar system. Currently, we have achieved the assimilation of conventional observations, and we will continue to improve the assimilation of radar and satellite observations in the future. SNAP was evaluated by case evaluation experiments and one-week cycling assimilation experiments. In the case evaluation experiments, two six-hour time windows were established for assimilation experiments and precipitation forecasts were verified against hourly precipitation observations from more than 2400 national observation sites. This showed that SNAP can absorb observations and improve the initial field, thereby improving the precipitation forecast. In the one-week cycling assimilation experiments, six-hourly assimilation cycles were run in one week. SNAP produced slightly lower forecast RMSEs than the GSI 4DEnVar (Four-dimensional Ensemble Variational) as a whole and the threat scores of precipitation forecasts initialized from the analysis of SNAP were higher than those obtained from the analysis of GSI 4DEnVar.     

Doppler Radar Data Assimilation with a Local SVD-En3DVar Method

An observation localization scheme is introduced into an ensemble-based three-dimensional variational (3DVar) assimilation method based on the singular value decomposition technique (SVD-En3DVar) to improve assimilation skill. A point-by-point analysis technique is adopted in which the weight of each observation decreases with increasing distance between the analysis point and the observation point. A set of numerical experiments, in which simulated Doppler radar data are assimilated into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, is designed to test the scheme. The results are compared with those obtained using the original global and local patch schemes in SVD-En3DVar, neither of which includes this type of observation localization. The observation localization scheme not only eliminates spurious analysis increments in areas of missing data, but also avoids the discontinuous analysis fields that arise from the local patch scheme. The new scheme provides better analysis fields and a more reasonable short-range rainfall forecast than the original schemes. Additional forecast experiments that assimilate real data from 10 radars indicate that the short-term precipitation forecast skill can be improved by assimilating radar data and the observation localization scheme provides a better forecast than the other two schemes.     

Impacts of Multigrid NLS-4DVar-based Doppler Radar Observation Assimilation on Numerical Simulations of Landfalling Typhoon Haikui (2012)

We applied the multigrid nonlinear least-squares four-dimensional variational assimilation(MG-NLS4DVar) method in data assimilation and prediction experiments for Typhoon Haikui(2012) using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. Observation data included radial velocity(V_r) and reflectivity(Z) data from a single Doppler radar, quality controlled prior to assimilation. Typhoon prediction results were evaluated and compared between the NLS-4DVar and MG-NLS4DVar methods. Compared with a forecast that began with NCEP analysis data, our radar data assimilation results were clearly improved in terms of structure, intensity, track, and precipitation prediction for Typhoon Haikui(2012). The results showed that the assimilation accuracy of the NLS-4DVar method was similar to that of the MG-NLS4DVar method,but that the latter was more efficient. The assimilation of V_r alone and Z alone each improved predictions of typhoon intensity, track, and precipitation; however, the impacts of V_r data were significantly greater that those of Z data.Assimilation window-length sensitivity experiments showed that a 6-h assimilation window with 30-min assimilation intervals produced slightly better results than either a 3-h assimilation window with 15-min assimilation intervals or a 1-h assimilation window with 6-min assimilation intervals.     

基于GSI的华南地区对流尺度快速循环同化预报试验

针对对流尺度快速循环同化系统多次循环同化带来的预报效果改进和资料应用问题,利用GSI同化技术和WRFARW区域模式,设计了华南地区对流尺度快速循环同化方案,对2016年4月17一18日华南地区的飑线天气强降水过程进行模拟试验,分析不同循环同化方案和雷达径向风资料同化对雷达回波、相对湿度、降水量级等的预报效果,以期提高华南地区飑线强降水过程预报技巧。检验结果表明:尽管只同化常规资料对预报效果的改进有局限性,但是多次循环同化对于模式预报的降水有一定改善作用;同时同化雷达径向风资料与常规资料对湿度和降水等模拟技巧均有所提高,大雨以上量级的ETS评分改进尤为明显;尽管模式模拟降水峰值小于真实观测值,但同化雷达径向风资料有效改善了飑线最强时段内的垂直上升速度,使得强降水发生时间和强度更接近真实观测。     

LAPS同化GPS/PWV资料在暴雨预报中的应用研究

利用LAPS(Local Analysis and Prediction System)系统同化GPS(Global Positioning System)/PWV(Precipitable Water Vapor)资料,分析GPS/PWV资料对LAPS输出场的影响,并结合WRF模式,将LAPS输出场作为其初始场进行降水预报,进一步考察GPS/PWV资料对降水预报的作用。选取2009年6月28日湖北地区的一次强降水过程,设计三种方案进行试验。结果表明:同化GPS/PWV资料后对LAPS湿度场有显著的改善,而对高度场及风场的作用则不明显;GPS/PWV资料对区域平均可降水量的影响比雷达资料大一个量级;与此同时,利用多种评分方法对6 h累计降水做了检验,分析结果表明同化GPS/PWV资料能够有效地改进WRF模式的初始场,增加丰富的中小尺度信息,并对随后的确定性预报产生正影响。     

Assimilating surface observations in a four-dimensional variational Doppler radar data assimilation system to improve the analysis and forecast of a squall line case

This paper examines how assimilating surface observations can improve the analysis and forecast ability of a fourdimensional Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System(VDRAS).Observed surface temperature and winds are assimilated together with radar radial velocity and reflectivity into a convection-permitting model using the VDRAS four-dimensional variational(4DVAR) data assimilation system.A squall-line case observed during a field campaign is selected to investigate the performance of the technique.A single observation experiment shows that assimilating surface observations can influence the analyzed fields in both the horizontal and vertical directions.The surface-based cold pool,divergence and gust front of the squall line are all strengthened through the assimilation of the single surface observation.Three experiments—assimilating radar data only,assimilating radar data with surface data blended in a mesoscale background,and assimilating both radar and surface observations with a 4DVAR cost function—are conducted to examine the impact of the surface data assimilation.Independent surface and wind profiler observations are used for verification.The result shows that the analysis and forecast are improved when surface observations are assimilated in addition to radar observations.It is also shown that the additional surface data can help improve the analysis and forecast at low levels.Surface and low-level features of the squall line—including the surface warm inflow,cold pool,gust front,and low-level wind—are much closer to the observations after assimilating the surface data in VDRAS.     

SVD-En3DVar方法同化多普勒雷达速度观测资料 I. 模拟资料试验

利用WRF模式及模式模拟的资料,开展了利用SVD-En3DVar(基于集合和SVD技术的三维变分同化方法)方法同化雷达径向速度资料的试验.由于雷达观测经常出现大面积空缺,同化时引入了一种局地化方法避免远距离虚假相关的影响.试验着重研究了不同的初始扰动样本产生方法以及不同的样本积分时间对同化结果的影响.提出了一种为预报集...