福建省干旱概况及夏旱期间人工增雨条件分析

对福建省干旱的成因和干旱的环流形势进行了探讨,着重分析了夏旱期间人工增雨作业的天气形势、云状、回波特征及云顶温度等条件,结果表明福建省干旱的形成与大型环流形势、地形、地貌及土壤植被条件有关;平均而言,闽东南沿海干旱多于内陆地区;西太平洋副热带高压是夏季致旱的主要天气系统;夏季,西风槽前型、台风外围影响型、副热带辐合带型是进行人工增雨作业的有利天气形势,Sc、Cb、Cu云都有一定的人工增雨作业条件,其中降水时长1～5 h,过程雨量1.0～5.0 mm的云是旱季作业比较适合的作业云.这些结果为开展人工增雨作业提供理论依据,达到解除或缓解干旱的目的.     

西宁地区首次焰弹增雪试验作业天气条件分析

本文从西宁地区首次春季焰弹人工增雨(雪)作业试验的环流形势特征和天气条件分析人手，对试验(作业)方案的设计合理性进行分析，初步总结出适宜西宁地区春季焰弹增雨(雪)作业的天气条件和环流形势特征，并对焰弹施放量和施放时机提供了数据，对今后制定西宁地区春季焰弹人工增雨(雪)作业实施方案有一定帮助。     

宁夏层状云降水指标分析

为更好地确定人工增雨作业的最佳(时段)方案,利用2004—2006年4—9月全区25个气象站观测到的层状云、(银川、固原)新一代天气雷达(CINRAD/CD)观测资料,结合天气形势、降水实况进行综合分析。结果表明:宁夏在"东高西低"和"西风气流"天气型下稳定性层状云降水概率为65%;中部干旱带层状云降水最大概率74%～85%;同时得出层状云降水指标,为宁夏人工增雨作业提供科学依据。     

桐庐伏旱时期人工增雨条件分析与应用

通过对桐庐县干旱特征的分析,指出干旱是桐庐县的主要气象灾害,平均高达3年2遇,而夏秋旱占94%。夏季对流性积云是桐庐县人工增雨的主要云系,准确预测对流性天气发生的条件,及时把握有利的增雨作业时机,能起到事半功倍的增雨效益,人工增雨是缓解干旱的有效途径。     

不同降水天气系统自然降水特征及火箭人工增雨潜力分析

统计分析了1981~2000年20年中15种降水天气系统影响下河北地区自然降水特征,并对火箭人工增雨的潜力进行了初步分析。统计分析表明:西来槽类、高空低涡类、冷锋、切变线和副高后部等天气系统是影响河北地区的主要降水系统,其降雨量和降雨日数占到了90%以上;不同的天气系统在不同季节对降水的贡献有所不同,其中西来槽类的降雨量和降雨日数均居首位,开展人工增雨催化作业机会最多;夏季降水系统最强,云水资源最为丰富,人工增雨潜力很大,是开展火箭人工增雨催化作业的最佳季节,春秋两季增雨潜力明显比夏季小,冬季最小;倒槽、副高后部、台风低压、高空低涡类和气旋类等系统最强,日降雨量和单位面积降雨量明显比其它系统大,尤其对蓄水型火箭增雨作业十分有利。     

陕西省春秋季一般性降水天气预报模型及飞机人工增雨作业区域选择

研究适合人工增雨作业的大气环流背景和天气条件,成为人工影响天气工作的一项重要课题。针对大范围飞机人工增雨作业需要,选用陕西省2000—2002年春秋季一般性降水过程作为样本,对产生降水的环流背景形势、影响系统、云系结构、降水区位置以及相互配置进行分析,总结出陕西省春秋季一般性降水天气的4种预报模型,给出每一种天气预报模型下的各种影响系统的基本位置、对应云系变化及降水落区,为开展飞机人工增雨选择适宜作业区域提供依据,即根据有利降水的天气环流特征作飞机增雨准备,根据500hPa、700hPa影响系统的配置确定增雨的区域范围,根据有利降水云系的分布和变化把握作业时机,选择最适宜作业区域。     

福建周宁水库地面暖云人工增雨作业效果分析

利用2012年4月至2013年8月期间在福建省周宁水库开展的地面烟炉暖云人工增雨试验资料,结合区域对比试验方法对每次暖云人工增雨作业进行效果评估,探讨暖云人工增雨的作业效果。结果表明：周宁水库开展地面暖云人工增雨作业的平均增雨量为51 mm;在西南暖湿气流影响下的暖云增雨效果最明显;采用多点及多时次暖云人工增雨作业方式,有利于提高人工增雨的作业效果。通过作业效果分析,地面烟炉暖云人工增雨技术适合于南方山区。     

2018年青海人工增雨天气环流形势及作业条件统计分析

对2018年飞机人工增雨作业时的77个天气样本进行分析，以大气环流形势配合冷空气入侵青海的不同路径将人工增雨降水过程分为4种环流型：两槽一脊型、东高西低型、纬向环流型、横槽转竖型。作业云系以层状云和积层混合云为主；主要作业层风速在16 m·s^-1左右；作业层主导风向在230°~280°。雷达回波强度和雷达回波顶高在4种环流型中没有明显区别。卫星反演云顶高度中东高西低型云系平均发展较深厚，纬向环流型和横槽转竖型中云系发展较高但并不深厚；云顶温度最低在-40℃；最大光学厚度在13左右；过冷层厚度在2.7 km左右。云内微观条件中：有效粒子半径在13 μm左右；液水路径在东高西低型中较高在209 μm左右。     

甘肃省秋季飞机人工增雨天气系统分型

为了探讨甘肃秋季人工增雨天气系统的影响特征，利用甘肃省1991-2002年飞机人工增雨作业资料，对秋季飞机人工增雨作业情况进行了统计分析；按照甘肃省秋季天气系统特征，利用探空资料，建立了甘肃省秋季天气系统自动化“判别模型”，得出甘肃秋季降水的高空环流可分为三种类型：平直多波动型、西南气流型和西北气流型，其中降水类型以平直多波动型为主。通过“判别模型”对飞机人工增雨天气系统的分型，结果表明飞机人工增雨作业的主要天气类型为西南气流型和平直多波动型。可为人工增雨作业区域选择和航线设计提供天气气候背景。     

一次增雨作业的FY-4A卫星反演分析

本文利用FY-4A卫星对2019年5月四川盆地实施的一次人工增雨减轻空气污染作业条件进行分析，综合分析增雨可播性，判别增雨潜力区和作业高度，为开展人工增雨作业提供可靠的依据，然后利用多普勒天气雷达、地面气象台站、空气质量指数、颗粒物污染物浓度等多种数据资料分析人工增雨作业前后作业云体宏观情况和空气质量、雨量的变化，对其作业效果进行分析。结果表明:(1)5月12日四川盆地西部有云系发展，作业前6小时作业区附近主要为积层混合云，存在大量过冷水，红色对流泡云顶温度约为-30℃，粒子有效半径为15～40μm，作业前0～3小时作业区位于深厚对流降水云边缘，云顶温度约为-40℃，粒子有效半径为7～40μm，作业区南部有大片积层混合云，提供大量过冷水；(2)作业区内，高低空配合的环流场形成了较有利的降水形势，作业云体过冷水丰沛，增雨潜力较好，符合人工播撒催化剂条件，适宜开展人工增雨作业；(3)经过人工增雨作业后，作业区雨量峰值降雨时间延长，总体雨量增加，作业区的AQI从82降到29，PM₁₀从94μg/m3下降到28μg/m3，PM_2.5从49μg/m3降到17μg/m3，而3个对比区没有实施人工增雨作业，空气质量指数持续超标数小时。      

湖南极端干旱气候时段人影作业潜力分析

利用湖南97个气象观测站逐日综合气象干旱指数、逐日降水量和湖南天气气候分区,研究湖南极端干旱特征和极端干旱时段内人工影响天气增雨潜力,结果表明:①湖南极端干旱期有相当的增雨潜力,各个分区的极端干旱频次和大气可降水量年代际变化除70年代外均呈现为北少南多的特点。②极端干旱时段内各分区年均可增雨日数主要表现为月际差异,可增雨日数主要集中在8—10月,各分区区域差异较小,各分区在伏旱期的可增雨日数大约占伏旱期的16%～20%。③湖南极端干旱按照出现的季节分类有11种,频次最高的是夏秋连旱,同时夏秋连旱的可增雨日数最多。     

南方夏秋干旱期间的天气气候特征

对40多年来南方的天气气候特征进行了分析,提出了7～9月夏秋干旱期形成干旱的主要天气系统为西太平洋副热带高压.从干燥度和降水的空间分布综合分析,得出了南方最旱区位于湖南、江西中部.广西、贵州、湖南西北和东南山区、江西南部山区、安徽南部山区、福建-浙江沿海交界山区和苏北沿海为湿润区,人工增雨潜力较大.特殊地形所形成的焚风效应是形成湘中干旱不可忽略的原因.为南方夏秋期间对流云降水潜力研究和科学实施人工增雨作业提供一定依据.     

Characteristics of anomalous precipitation events over eastern China during the past five centuries

Characteristics of anomalous precipitation events during the past five centuries in North China (NC) and the middle-lower Yangtze River Valley (MLYRV) were investigated using the data network of dryness/wetness index (DWI) over eastern China. The high occurrence frequency of anomalous precipitation events mainly occurred at periods of high solar forcing, active volcanic eruption, and large anthropogenic forcing (the twentieth century). Coherence and dipole were the two dominant modes in spatial patterns of anomalous precipitation events. Coherent floods dominated the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, whereas coherent droughts occurred frequently in the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. The dipole patterns of anomalous precipitation events were the most frequent in the twentieth century. NC experienced more floods in the cold periods than warm periods. Both NC and the MLYRV experienced far fewer droughts and more floods in the warm eighteenth century when natural climate forcing dominated, and more droughts in the twentieth century when anthropogenic forcing dominated. Coherent drought was the only spatial pattern of precipitation significantly associated with explosive low-latitude volcanic eruptions. The increased coherent droughts and dipole patterns in the twentieth century support the findings of previous modeling studies that the tropospheric aerosols and human-induced land cover changes play important roles in the changes of summer rainfall over eastern China. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This paper is a contribution to the AMIP-CMIP Diagnostic Sub-project on General Circulation Model Simulation of the East Asian Climate, coordinated by W.-C. Wang.     

2011年夏季气候异常及主要异常事件成因分析

本文对2011年夏季的中国气候及大气环流异常特征进行分析,发现我国总体气温偏高,降水偏少。西北西部、华北南部、江淮至江南一带,西南地区东部等地出现了阶段性的较大范围极端高温天气过程。西南地区东部和广西等地出现严重干旱;而长江下游地区降水显著偏多。进一步对中国气候异常事件的成因分析表明：异常高压的长期维持,孟加拉湾的向北水汽输送偏弱及西太平洋副热带高压位置偏东使其西侧的东南和偏南水汽输送对我国西南地区影响小是导致西南地区严重干旱的大气环流因素;2010年秋季出现的中部型拉尼娜事件可能是西南干旱的一个重要外强迫条件。2011年夏季亚洲极涡偏弱偏小,欧亚中高纬地区经向环流偏强,有利于冷空气南下;同时,中纬度西太平洋地区海温持续偏低而激发反气旋性环流产生,造成西太平洋副高偏大偏强,冷暖气流在长江下游地区交汇造成降水显著偏多。     

Exceptional drought events over eastern China during the last five centuries

Climate extremes, particularly the droughts sustaining over a prolonged period and affecting extended area (defined as “exceptional drought events”), can have long-lasting effects on economic and social activities. Here we use the Chinese drought/flood proxy data of the past five hundred years to identify the cases of exceptional drought events over eastern China (east of 105°E), and to study their spatial patterns and temporal evolutions. The associated circulations for the contemporary case are analyzed using available meteorological data. Possible linkage of these cases to climatic forcing and natural climate events is also explored. After considering the intensity, duration, and spatial coverage, we identified three exceptional drought events, which occurred in 1586–1589, 1638–1641, and 1965–1966 in chronological order. They were the most severe droughts of last five centuries in eastern China, with more than 40% of affected area and the drought center encountered a significant summer rainfall reduction (about 50% or more). These three droughts all developed first in North China (34–40°N), and then either expanded southward or moved to the Yangtze River Valley (27–34°N) and the northern part of the southeastern coastal area (22–27°N). For the 1965–1966 case, the significant reduction of summer precipitation was caused by a weakening of summer monsoon and an anomalous westward and northward displacement of the western Pacific subtropical high. Our analyses also suggest that these three exceptional drought events might be triggered by large volcanic eruptions and amplified by both volcanic eruptions and El Niño events.     

我国西南周边地区夏秋季节降水变化及相应环流特征分析

利用云南省124站观测资料及CRU(Climatic Research Unit)高分辨率降水数据分析了我国西南周边地区的降水时空变化特征, 并进一步对该地区夏、秋季节降水的周期、降水与季风活动的关系以及旱涝时期环流背景做出分析, 以探讨其年代际变化的可能影响机制。结果表明, 我国西南周边地区的降水空间分布随季节演变, 西南地区处于降水量相对小值区, 各季节降水量存在明显的年际变化以及年代际振荡特征。通过周期分析发现, 研究区域夏、季秋季降水均存在明显的年代际尺度周期, 近年来西南地区连续干旱很可能是由夏季和秋季的年代际尺度周期负位相配合造成, 并且降水的减少与夏季风活动偏弱、季风持续时间偏短有关。夏季秋季少雨时期与多雨时期环流场存在显著差异, 表现为少雨时期我国东部低层异常的偏北风, 青藏高原附近高层异常的反气旋型环流, 多雨时期则相反。     

2001年我国天气气候特点

2001年我国主要天气气候特点为：全国大部地区降水偏少或接近常年，四季均出现不同程度的干旱，特别是北方地区的春夏旱或长江中下游地区的夏伏旱及我国东部地区的秋旱影响较大；汛期我国未发生大范围的暴雨洪涝灾害，但两广局地受灾较重；华西秋雨明显。全国大部气温普遍较常年偏高，东北出现异常寒冬，夏季不少地区出现高温酷热天气；新疆、内蒙古冬季发生严重雪灾；风沙和沙尘暴天气出现早、次数多；登陆我国的台风（包括热带风暴）个数偏多；风雹等强对流天气接近常年。     

DIAGNOSIS OF SUMMERTIME FLOODS/DROUGHTS AND THEIR ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ANOMALIES OVER NORTH CHINA*

Proposed are a set of new regional flood/drought indices and a scheme of grading their severity whereby 1951-2000 summer wet/dry events are investigated for North China (NC) in terms of 160 station monthly precipitation data from NCC (China National Center of Climate).Results suggest that 7 heavy droughts during 1951-2000 are 1965,1968,1972,1980,1983,1997 and 1999,while 6 heavy floods are 1954,1956,1959,1964,1973 and 1996. Based on 1951-2000 summer flood/drought severity graded by the new scheme,atmospheric circulation characteristics associated with the disasters over the NC are addressed in terms of monthly NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis of geopotential heights,winds,surface temperature and PW (precipitable water).Evidences suggest that prominent anomalies benefiting to the heavy droughts occur over the Northern Hemisphere.The variations over middle-high latitudes especially the negative ones on Ural Mountain to western Siberia deepen the normal trough there and are indicative of stronger than normal cold air activity. At middle latitudes,remarkable positive anomalies present on the south to Baikal lead to the fact that the normal ridge shifts eastward over NC concomitant with anomaly sinking motion in the whole troposphere,which is helpful for the maintenance of the continent high.And the opposed ones over Korea and Japan force the trough moving eastward running against northwestward shifting of the western Pacific subtropical high.In addition,the anomaly west-east pressure gradient at middle latitudes profits northerly flow there.The southerly monsoon flow at low levels is weaker than normal with weak East Asian summer monsoon,and the related water vapor transportation is also weak with deficit PW over NC.Besides,sea surface temperature (SST) rises in the equatorial eastern and central Pacific and associated convective region moves to the east accordingly companied with weak Walker circulation in the droughts.And the opposed situations will occur during the floods.     

Drought assessment for the potential of precipitation enhancement in northern Greece

The paper is part of a series earlier studies in which the precipitation enhancement potential in central and northern Greece is assessed. A drought analysis is performed in this study. In particular, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is used for the quantitative estimation of droughts on a monthly basis. Emphasis is placed on drought identification and estimation as well as the severity and areal extent of the phenomenon. The results indicate that there are several drought periods which are common to all stations in central and northern Greece, characterized by significant severity and time duration. There are also a large number of drought periods during the summer months as well as during the winter months.With 7 Figures