两种大气化学模式系统对浙江省PM_(2.5)浓度预报结果的对比分析

利用大气化学模式系统CUACE/Haze-fog与WRF-Chem,分别选取3次不同程度的污染天气过程进行数值模拟,并利用浙江省142个环保监测站点观测数据,对模拟的PM2.5浓度的时空演变特征进行检验,评估两个模式对PM2.5浓度的预报效果。结果表明,CUACE/Haze-fog与WRF-Chem模式均能够较好的反映出PM2.5日均浓度空间分布特征及其逐日变化特征。WRF-Chem预报与观测的PM2.5日均浓度的空间相关系数明显高于CUACE/Haze-fog,且总体来看相对偏差与均方根误差明显低于CUACE/Haze-fog。CUACE/Haze-fog与WRF-Chem模式能够基本反映出PM2.5浓度连续3 d(72 h)的变化趋势,且24 h与48 h预报效果优于72 h预报。本次模拟中气象场模拟的偏差可能是导致PM2.5浓度模拟偏差的主要因素。此外,CUACE/Haze-fog模式对化学场初始值的低估可能是其对PM2.5浓度系统性低估的重要原因之一。     

气象预报模式参数化方案对重污染过程PM2.5浓度预报效果的影响

针对北京市2016年12月16～21日的重污染过程,基于嵌套网格空气质量模式预报系统（NAQPMS）,面向气象驱动模式WRF中7类物理过程的参数化方案,通过单扰动和组合扰动方式构建了51组不同的WRF模式运行配置,对比分析不同方案配置下NAQPMS对这次重污染过程细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度预报的性能。结果表明:在重污染时段,组合扰动优化方案在城中心站点和城郊站点的PM2.5浓度预报精度都显著高于基准参数化方案配置下的预报结果,特别是能显著改进基准方案下模式对重污染过程结束时间的预报误差问题,显著减小12月21日存在的预报偏差。从统计指标来看,城中心站点在组合扰动优化方案下预报相关性最高,相关系数在0.7以上;从预报均方根误差来看,组合扰动优化方案误差最小。城郊站点同样是在组合扰动优化方案下预报相关性最高,与观测之间的偏差更小。从污染物与气象要素的空间分布来看,组合扰动优化方案比基准方案能更好再现污染时段的气象要素变化,预报的风速更小、相对湿度更高,从而有利于12月21日北京高浓度PM2.5的维持和累积。本文结果表明气象预报模式参数化方案不确定性是重污染预报的关键不确定性来源,选择合适的参数化方案可以减小重污染期间气象要素的模拟偏差,并可进一步提高重污染时段的PM2.5浓度预报精度。     

基于WRFDA-Chem三维变分同化系统的中国PM2.5和PM10资料同化试验北大核心CSCD

将大气化学三维变分同化系统WRFDA_Chem引入睿图—化学环境气象数值预报系统(RMAPS-Chem),利用2016年11月地面观测细颗粒物(PM2.5)和颗粒物(PM10)逐小时质量浓度资料进行同化预报试验:6 h循环同化结果表明,WRFDA-Chem对初始场PM2.5和PM10的模拟偏差和相关性有显著改善,均方根误差(RMSE)减小40%左右,相关性提高0.27~0.37;同化对预报改进能持续24 h以上,PM2.5(PM10)浓度预报RMSE降低25%(10%),相关性提升14%(25%);加密同化频次(逐小时循环同化)进一步改进预报效果。未来需要进一步开展同化数据质量控制方案研究以优化业务预报效果,并在深入理解模式不确定性和偏差来源的情况下,进一步开展模式和同化系统的协同发展。     

山东一次PM2.5污染过程的模拟特征

利用Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry(WRF/Chem)空气质量模式模拟研究了山东地区2014年2月21~26日期间的中度细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染过程,并从模拟结果评估、分布及演变特征、与气象条件的关系等方面分析了PM2.5的模拟特征。模拟研究结果表明,山东PM2.5积聚期间多为弱的偏南风控制,消散阶段受西北风控制,当北京—天津—河北(京津冀)一带同时存在更为严重的PM2.5污染时,西北冷空气的平流输送使得山东部分地区的PM2.5浓度在完全削弱前又出现了一个高峰值。污染期间山东全省平均PM2.5的模拟浓度为125μg m~(-3),伴随着地面3.0 m/s的低风速、370 m低边界层高度和70%左右的相对湿度,其中PM2.5的模拟值受边界层高度的影响最大。整个污染期间全省平均PM2.5模拟值高于监测值10%左右,但是对于局部站点300μg m~(-3)及以上的观测峰值,模式模拟结果明显偏低。模拟效果的评估结果是:山东南部最好、然后是山东半岛,山东中部、西北部地区较差。     

2014年10月京津冀地区一次PM2.5污染过程的数值模拟

近年来我国东部尤其是华北地区的PM2.5污染逐年加重,引起广泛关注。本文利用WRF Chem模拟了2014年10月京津冀地区一次PM2.5重度污染过程,研究造成此次过程的天气形势、污染物的时空分布特征以及一次、二次PM2.5对总浓度的贡献率,并对污染最严重当日的PM2.5垂直分布进行详细分析。结果表明：造成本次污染过程的是弱高压控制下的静稳天气系统,地面主导风向为南风,垂直方向上有逆温层,抑制了污染物垂直方向上的扩散。发生污染时,PM2.5的高浓度主要分布在北京南部、天津北部与河北接壤的区域,二次PM2.5的贡献率大于一次PM2.5,在清洁大气中则一次PM2.5的贡献更大。垂直方向上,PM2.5中的一次颗粒物只在近地面有高浓度中心,1.2~1.6 km的上空高值区以二次生成的颗粒物为主,是由前体物上升到高空后再通过氧化反应生成的,当这部分颗粒物随着边界层落回近地面时会加重污染。随着时间的变化,污染物的分布高度和边界层高度呈明显的正相关。     

天津冬季重霾污染过程及气象和边界层特征分析

京津冀大气灰霾污染严重,天津市作为其核心组成之一其污染形势亦严峻。选取2013年2月20~28日天津重霾污染时段7站PM2.5(空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5μm的颗粒物,即细颗粒物)和气态污染物数据,结合北京污染数据、地面气象要素、能见度、边界层温湿和风廓线、后向轨迹,深入分析重霾污染过程特征及气象和边界层成因。结果显示,研究时段天津PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO和O3浓度均值为150、87、56、2.4和22μg m-3,气态污染物各站差异显著,但仅有SO2全面超过国家空气质量一级标准(50μg m-3),而PM2.5具有区域同步变化特征,且严重超标,是一级标准(35μg m-3)的2~8倍,最高小时均值高达364μg m-3;高浓度PM2.5是导致低能见度的主因,能见度小于10 km对应PM2.5阈值为50μg m-3。弱风和高湿度导致局地排放累积,PM2.5始增,在高湿度条件下,持续偏南风促使其稳步增加,配合弱北风和弱东风PM2.5震荡上扬,污染高值阶段,南北气流短时迅速切换,区域污染传输叠加污染的循环累积,PM2.5浓度峰值达到最高;除因边界层强东风导致的平流逆温外,高浓度PM2.5与平流逆温密切相关;高污染时段高湿主要集中在500 m以下,且随高度递减幅度较大;位于200~600 m的低空急流一定程度抑制污染上升,尤其持续强东风使PM2.5浓度稳步降低到二级水平,污染迅速有效清除最终依赖整层的强西北风。北京、环绕天津的河北中部和西南部地区对天津重污染有显著贡献。     

空气质量数值模式预报中资料同化的初步研究

利用嵌套网格空气质量预报模式,在对上海市环境监测中心提供的观测数据进行必要的质量控制后,采用最优插值方法对可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化氮(NO2)和二氧化硫(SO2)进行资料同化。选取2004年8月1～20日做作逐日同化试验的结果表明,无论是PM10、NO2还是SO2,其同化偏差平均值均在20μg.m-3以下,比同化前减少了至少50%;3种污染物的同化偏差小于其未同化偏差的天数均在16天以上。在大气清洁和污染两种情况下,对PM10分别作10天的同化试验表明,同化后的均方根误差均小于同化之前。此同化方法能利用观测数据较好地修正空气质量模式预报场,从而为模式提供与实际更加接近的初始场。     

秸秆燃烧对北京秋季气溶胶浓度和短波辐射影响的模拟研究

利用地面细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度和气象常规观测资料、地基 AERONET观测资料、GFED生物质燃烧排放清单和大气化学—天气耦合模式WRF-Chem,模拟研究了华北地区2014年10月气象要素和大气污染物的时空演变,重点关注北京10月7～11日的一次重霾事件及其天气形势、边界层气象特征、输送路径、PM2.5及其化学成分浓度变化等特征,以及秸秆燃烧对华北和北京地区细颗粒物浓度和地面短波辐射的影响。与观测资料的对比结果显示,模式可以很好地模拟北京地区地面气象要素和PM2.5质量浓度,考虑秸秆燃烧排放源可以明显改进北京PM2.5浓度模拟的准确性,但在重度污染情况下,模式总体上低估气溶胶光学厚度和高估地面短波辐射。10月7～11日北京地区重霾事件主要是不利气象条件下人为污染物累积和区域输送造成,也受到华北地区南部秸秆燃烧的影响。河南北部、河北南部和山东西部大面积秸秆燃烧释放的气态污染物和颗粒物在南风的作用下输送至北京,秸秆燃烧对北京地区地面PM2.5、有机碳（OC）、硝酸盐、铵盐、硫酸盐和黑碳（BC）的平均贡献率分别为24.6%、36.8%、23.2%、22.6%、7.1%和19.8%,秸秆燃烧产生的气溶胶可以导致北京地面平均短波辐射最大减小超过20 W m－2,约占总气溶胶导致地表短波辐射变化的24%。     

从GTS获得的海洋温、盐资料在BCC海洋同化系统中的质量控制及同化结果初步分析

介绍了从全球电信系统(GTS)上获得的海洋温度、盐度观测资料在中国国家气候中心(BCC)新一代海洋同化系统中的应用情况。通过资料的质量控制判断温、盐观测的重复记录、观测深度、地形、极端值、气候变率、层结、空间差异,有效地过滤了错误的或不可靠的观测信息。质量控制后,将温、盐观测资料加入同化系统,有效地改进了模块化全球海洋环流模式MOM4中的全球热带、副热带海洋,尤其是太平洋地区的多年平均海表温度、盐度场分布特征;此外,同化温、盐资料对南北半球中纬度地区的海表温度分布特征也有明显的改进。对比同化前后的均方根误差(RMSE)发现,同化后大部分海区,尤其是热带海洋的海表温度/盐度的均方根误差明显降低,降幅通常在0.1—1.0℃/psu,模拟与观测的海表温、盐分布特征也更为接近。进一步分析指出,同化明显地改善了模式对Nino3、Nino4区海温时间演变特征的模拟,同化后的Nino3海温与最优插值海表温度的差异减小,但其通常在上半年改进较多(差值绝对值多在0.5℃左右),而在下半年则改进较少(差值绝对值常达1℃左右);Nino4区的海温特征则改进明显,其与最优插值海表温度的差值绝对值通常都控制在0.5℃以下。     

Characteristics of complex air pollution in typical cities of North China

目前京津冀地区夏季面临非常严重的大气复合污染。2014年北京、天津、石家庄观测资料分析表明,京津冀地区PM2.5年平均超过国家二级标准的2–3倍,夏季O3八小时滑动平均值超过标准1–2倍。当温度超过20°C、湿度低于55%时,O3与PM2.5协同增长,大气复合污染显著。同时,对比三个地区同步观测发现,当高浓度PM2.5下降时,太阳辐射增强,臭氧浓度将进一步上升。这使得京津冀地区大气污染治理面临更大挑战,当治理首要颗粒物污染时,臭氧浓度将会快速上升,造成严重的光化学污染。     

Climate policy strength compared: China,the US,the EU,India, Russia,and Japan

The few systematic international comparisons of climate policy strength made so far have serious weaknesses, particularly those that assign arbitrary weightings to different policy instrument types in order to calculate an aggregate score for policy strength. This article avoids these problems by ranking the six biggest emitters by far – China, the US, the EU, India, Russia, and Japan – on a set of six key policy instruments that are individually potent and together representative of climate policy as a whole: carbon taxes, emissions trading, feed-in tariffs, renewable energy quotas, fossil fuel power plant bans, and vehicle emissions standards. The results cast strong doubt on any idea that there is a clear hierarchy on climate policy with Europe at the top: the EU does lead on a number of policies but so does Japan. China, the US, and India each lead on one area. Russia is inactive on all fronts. At the same time climate policy everywhere remains weak compared to what it could be.

Policy relevance

This study enables climate policy strength, defined as the extent to which the statutory provisions of climate policies are likely to restrict GHG emissions if implemented as intended, to be assessed and compared more realistically across space and time. As such its availability for the six biggest emitters, which together account for over 70% of global CO₂ emissions, should facilitate international negotiations (1) by giving participants a better idea of where major emitters stand relative to each other as far as climate policy stringency is concerned, and (2) by identifying areas of weakness that need action.     

The temperature dependent,infrared absorption cross-sections for the chlorofluorocarbons: CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-13, CFC-14, CFC-22, CFC-113, CFC-114, and CFC-115

The infrared absorption cross-sections for eight commonly used halogenated methanes and ethanes have been measured as a function of temperature from 203 to 293 K. High resolution spectra (0.03 cm^-1) have been used to derive integrated band strengths and peak cross-sections associated with the spectral features in the infrared region from 600 to 1500 cm^-2. The values obtained in this study are compared to those from previous reports, and recommendations are made for uses in atmospheric sensing and radiative energy transfer models. The observed temperature dependence in the spectral features is also discussed.     

基于L波段探空的云区边界识别改进算法

利用气象业务中使用的L波段探空数据和毫米波云雷达观测资料,分析探空相对湿度在入云和出云时的变化规律,提出一种基于探空相对湿度阈值与梯度相结合的云区边界识别改进算法,并利用云雷达观测数据对算法识别结果进行验证.利用北京市南郊观象台2019年1—6月层状云样本验证分析,结果表明:改进算法相比相对湿度阈值法,对云区边界识别更...     

Wind-Driven, Double-Gyre, Ocean Circulation in a Reduced-Gravity, 2.5-Layer, Lattice Boltzmann Model

A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes.     

江苏三次不同量级降雪过程的对比分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,通过对发生在江苏的三次不同量级的区域性暴雪、大雪和中雪过程典型个例进行对比分析,发现降雪时,700hPa低空急流的位置和强度是影响降雪量级的主要因素之一;降雪区上空涡度的垂直分布遵循低层负涡度、中层正涡度和高层负涡度的配置,暴雪时正涡度强且正涡度区最为深厚,动力抬升作用强,中雪发生时正涡度区相对最为浅薄,不利于形成强辐合抬升,动力抬升作用弱。且暴雪和大雪发生时基本上整层都为垂直螺旋度正值区,中雪时没有出现明显的正值区;暴雪和大雪过程时中低层都具有明显的逆温层,中高层西南急流造成的对流层中层的爆发性增温是逆温层形成的关键,中雪发生时不一定有逆温层结;降雪强度与湿位涡分量绝对值存在一定的正相关关系。     

承德市一次由快速发展气旋诱发的大风天气分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对承德市2017年5月5—6日大风天气的环流形势和物理量进行分析,结果表明气旋的快速发展(气旋加深率0.84 B)导致锋生加强,引发气压和变压梯度加大是导致大风的直接原因。500 hPa高压脊东移迫使冷空气向南堆积,高空槽不断发展成为冷涡,温度平流为地面气旋的发展提供热力条件,高低层涡度平流的差异,也是地面气旋快速发展的重要原因;当1.5 PVU位涡面伸展至对流层低层时,局地位涡异常在气旋的发展过程中不可忽视;高空急流出口区发生质量调整,出口区左侧的辐散强度达10×10~(-5) s~(-1),使低层大气减压,有利于气旋发展。     

Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships

Vulnerability, adaptation and resilience are concepts that are finding increasing currency in several fields of research as well as in various policy and practitioner communities engaged in global environmental change science, climate change, sustainability science, disaster risk-reduction and famine interventions. As scientists and practitioners increasingly work together in this arena a number of questions are emerging: What is credible, salient and legitimate knowledge, how is this knowledge generated and how is it used in decision making? Drawing on important science in this field, and including a case study from southern Africa, we suggest an alternative mode of interaction to the usual one-way interaction between science and practice often used. In this alternative approach, different experts, risk-bearers, and local communities are involved and knowledge and practice is contested, co-produced and reflected upon. Despite some successes in the use and negotiation of such knowledge for ‘real’ world issues, a number of problems persist that require further investigation including the difficulties of developing consensus on the methodologies used by a range of stakeholders usually across a wide region (as the case study of southern Africa shows, particularly in determining and identifying vulnerable groups, sectors, and systems); slow delivery of products that could enhance resilience to change that reflects not only a lack of data, and need for scientific credibility, but also the time-consuming process of coming to a negotiated understanding in science–practice interactions and, finally, the need to clarify the role of ‘external’ agencies, stakeholders, and scientists at the outset of the dialogue process and subsequent interactions. Such factors, we argue, all hinder the use of vulnerability and resilience ‘knowledge’ that is being generated and will require much more detailed investigation by both producers and users of such knowledge.     

1,800 Years of abrupt climate change, severe fire, and accelerated erosion, Sierra Nevada, California, USA

This paper provides both a detailed history of environmental change in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years and evidence for climate teleconnections between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland during the late Holocene. A review of Greenland ice core data suggests that the magnitudes of abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation increased beginning c. 3,700 and 3,000 years ago, respectively. Precipitation increased abruptly 1,300 years ago. Comparing paleotemperature data from Cirque Peak, CA with paleoprecipitation data from Pyramid Lake, NV suggests that hot temperatures occurred at the beginnings of most severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. Severe fires and erosion also occurred at Coburn Lake, CA at the beginning of all severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. This suggests that abrupt climate change during the late Holocene caused vegetation and mountain slopes in some areas to be out of equilibrium with abruptly changed climates. Finally, the ending of drought conditions in Greenland coincided with the beginning of drought conditions in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years, perhaps as a result of the rapidly changed locations of the Earth??s major precipitation belts during abrupt climate change events.     

Weeds, Insects, and Diseases

The geographic distribution, vigor, virulence, and agricultural impact of weeds, insects, and plant pathogens will be affected by climatic changes accompanying the global "greenhouse effect." Weed/crop competitive interactions, particularly among species differing in photosynthetic pathway (C₃ v C₄), may be altered, with the C₃ species favored by increasing CO₂. Physiological and biochemical changes induced in host crop plants by rising CO₂ may affect feeding patterns of pest insects. Compilation of climatic thresholds for phenological development of pest insects reveals the potential for shifts in pest behavior induced by global warming and other climatic change. Generation times may be reduced, enabling more rapid population increases to occur. Poleward migration may be accelerated during the crop season. The epidemiology of plant diseases also will be altered. Prediction of disease outbreaks will be more difficult in periods of rapidly changing climate and unstable weather. Environmental instability and increased incidence of extreme weather may reduce the effectiveness of pesticides on targeted pests or result in more injury to non-target organisms. Biological control may be affected either negatively or positively. Overall, the challenge to agriculture from pests probably will increase.     

The microstructure of selected, small, isolated, cumulus clouds near Red Deer, Alberta

Physical experiments designed to explore the potential of rain augmentation through airborne glaciogenic seeding on small, isolated non-precipitating cumuliform clouds near Red Deer, Alberta were carried out during the period 1982–1985. The microstructure of 90 cumulus congestus clouds have been documented through repeated in-situ sampling using a cloud physics instrumented aircraft platform. Observations from the inspection passes of 57 clouds seeded with either dry ice pellets or silver iodide pyrotechnics, and all the passes of 33 natural clouds are presented.Measurements of the cloud droplet concentration indicate that Alberta cumulus clouds are typically continental in nature, with an average droplet concentration of 535 cm⁻³ and an average droplet diameter of 10.6 μm. Alberta clouds have average liquid water contents of 0.57 g m⁻³, with a peak 1-sec value of 3.17 g m⁻³. The 1-km average liquid water contents are 0.83 g m⁻³, with a peak value of 2.81 g m⁻³. Cloud lifetimes vary between 11 and 20 minutes. Concentrations of naturally occurring ice crystals are found to be low. The average maximum 1-km ice concentration was 31⁻¹, and the peak 1-km concentration was 73.11⁻¹ in the natural cloud dataset. Evidence of precipitation-sized particles was detected in 21% (7 of 33) of the clouds, and precipitation below cloud base was detected in 6% (2 of 33) of the clouds.A comparison of the Alberta cloud characteristics to the cumulus clouds from different locations showed that there are some distinct differences between Alberta clouds and the clouds from the other regions.