内蒙古典型草原N2O研究刍议

利用中国科学院内蒙古草原生态定位研究站（ＩＭＧＥＲＳ）的气候、土壤、植被、土地利用方式和家畜等方面的资料,根据目前国际上Ｎ２Ｏ的研究进展,分析了内蒙古典型草原区影响Ｎ２Ｏ收支作用的可能控制因子,认为：（１）作为Ｎ２Ｏ主要来源的土壤,其理化性状,尤其是土壤温度、水分状况、土壤有机质和土壤结构等,是影响该地区Ｎ２Ｏ收支平衡的主要控制因子;（２）土地利用方式的改变对Ｎ２Ｏ的释放的影响还不十分清楚。草场农用与一定的耕作管理措施以及对天然草场的人为影响（割草、放牧等）是对Ｎ２Ｏ收支平衡影响的主要方面;（３）家畜排泄物,无论作为本地区的主要燃料,还是作为肥料,在典型草原区Ｎ２Ｏ的释放中起着不可忽视的作用。     

土壤含水量与温度对羊草、大针茅典型草原土壤—植物系统温室气体收支影响的初步研究

本研究首次以我国内蒙古典型草原生态系统为研究对象,以密闭箱法对土壤－植物系统与大气间Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４气体交换进行了原位观测研究,通过结合实验室模拟实验研究表明,土壤含水量和温度对草原土壤－植物系统温室气体（Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４）排放通量有着重要的影响。在一定范围内,土壤含水量增加促进草原生态系统Ｎ２Ｏ排放和ＣＨ４吸收作用。温度升高促进草原生态系统Ｎ２Ｏ排放,但对ＣＨ４吸收的影响作用不明显。     

柴油发动机颗粒排放物分析及来源解析

针对上海柴油机股份有限公司生产的各类型柴油机,按十三工况法采集颗粒物样品．采用离子色谱法对１０种常规无机离子（Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、ＮＨ４＋、ＳＯ４２－、ＮＯ２－、ＮＯ３－、Ｆ－、Ｃｌ－）的含量进行了检测．检测结果表明,硫酸根离子的质量分数普遍偏高,为９２５２％ ～１３９８９％．Ｎ系阴离子的排放变化趋势与气体污染物ＮＯｘ的比排放趋势基本相同．利用气质联用中的全扫描方式分别检测了柴油机排气微粒ＳＯＦ（ＳｏｌｕｂｌｅＯｒ ｇａｎｉｃＦｒａｃｔｉｏｎ）组分,对照柴油组分分析了颗粒物组分的来源．柴油机排气颗粒物中ＳＯＦ的最大组分为烷烃,质量分数为６０５％且大部分为直链烷烃;其次是酚类、酯类、醇类及其衍生物,质量分数为２５２％,此外还有部分芳香烃,质量分数为１４３％,主要为萘族和菲族芳香烃,来源于未燃柴油．     

成都酸雨现状分析

通过对酸雨的观测分析对比，成都市酸雨的频率、ＰＨ值及降水化学成分，阴离子以ＳＯ＾２－４为主占６７．０％，次为ＮＯ＾－３，Ｃｌ和Ｆ＾－；阳离子以Ｃａ＾２和ＮＨ＾＋４为主，其占阳离子浓度总和的８２．４％。因此，成都市的降水属硫酸型污染。     

国家自然科学基金49392700课题提供的臭氧资料和部分研究模式介绍

大气中臭氧量的变化是重要的全球环境变化问题之一。国家自然科学基金４９３９２７００课题组完成了中国地区大气臭氧变化及其对气候环境影响的研究。通过国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部转给南京气象学院大气资料服务中心中国几个站Ｏ３、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２、ＳＯ２等浓度观测资料,以及用于研究Ｏ３生成和破坏的化学模式,及配合提供气象条件的空气动力学模式,研究对气候影响的气候模式。共１０张３．５寸软盘。以下作简要介绍。１　中国大气臭氧资料数据库本数据库主要包含１９９４年８月至１９９５年７月在黑龙江省龙凤山、浙江临安、青海…     

云中可溶性物质对冰核化影响的实验研究

用冷台冻滴和２ｍ３云室试验相结合的方法，研究了云中可溶性物质对冰核化的影响。实验结果表明，一般云中观测到的可溶性盐类气溶胶（如ＮａＣｌ、（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４等）在温度高于－１８℃时不易成为冰核。而高浓度的可溶性铵盐（如（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４，ＮＨＣｌ等）则能显著提高ＡｇＩ的成冰温度。（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４能使ＡｇＩ成冰晶数在－１０℃提高２个量级，－６℃提高约１个量级。该结果对人工催化技术有一定指导意义。     

“生态农业第一村”—颖上县小张庄与合肥市地面SO2和O3的观测分析

本文介绍了１９９３年１０月１４－２６日在生态环境“全球五百佳”的小张庄和同年１０月２８日－１１月６日在合肥市（中国科学技术大学东区校园）两地所进行的地面ＳＯ２和Ｏ３的观测结果，并给出了两地ＳＯ２和Ｏ３浓度平均概况及随时间变化的一些特征。结果表明，观测期间两地ＳＯ２和Ｏ３环境质量是好的，与ＳＯ２浓度相比，两地ＮＯｘ的相对含量较高。分析还表明，风向对小张庄ＳＯ２浓度无明显影响；雨和雾对两地ＳＯ２和Ｏ３     

华东地区稻麦轮作农田生态系统N2O5排放的模拟研究

利用ＤＮＤＣ（ＤｅＮｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ＤｅＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ）模式,对华东地区典型稻麦轮作农田生态系统的Ｎ２Ｏ排放特征进行了模拟研究。结果表明：该模式能模拟出轮作周期中Ｎ２Ｏ的主要排放峰值和排放趋势,但与实测值相比,模拟结果普遍有些偏小。相对而言,该模式对旱地阶段的模拟结果比较理想,尤其是对春季小麦返青至成熟期的模拟最好。因此,我们就该阶段影响Ｎ２Ｏ排放的主要因子进行了敏感性研     

小张庄近地面大气环境特性变化观测分析

根据１９９３年１０月,１９９５年５月和１９９７年４月在农业生态环境“全球５００佳”－安徽省颖上县小张庄（３４°４７′Ｎ,１１６°２３′Ｅ）所进行的近地面污染气体（ＳＯ２,Ｏ３,ＮＯｘ）和气溶胶的观测结果,给出了这些微量气体的浓度平均概况及随时间和季节变化的一些特征,这三次观测表明,小张庄大气环境质量是持续好的,地面Ｏ３浓度主要取决于地面总辐射强度控制下的光化学反应过程;小张庄大气气溶胶粒子９９％是     

深对流云输送对于对流层O3、NOx在分析的作用

利用一个冰雹云模式与云化学输送模块耦合而成的三维对流云化学／输送模式, 研究对流云对重要的大气污染物臭氧 （Ｏ３）、氮氧化物 （ＮＯｘ, 包括ＮＯ 和ＮＯ２） 的输送作用。模式较好地体现了一个单体积云的发展过程及其特征。云化学／输送模式的结果表明, 云内强烈的垂直输送能在３０ ｍ ｉｎ 左右, 把低层低体积分数的Ｏ３和高体积分数的ＮＯ２快速、有效地输送到对流层的上部, 造成化学物种的再分布。而在云顶附近, 由于对流穿透了对流层的顶部,造成了上层高体积分数Ｏ３的向下侵入,说明云的对流活动除了能把边界层内的污染物向上输送, 其夹卷作用还可以造成平流层和对流层化学物质的交换。     

Designing a regional nitrogen cycle module of grassland for the IAP-N model

Assessment of the nitrogen (N) balance and its long-term trend is necessary for management practices because of the negative environmental effects caused by an imbalance of reactive N in grassland ecosystems. In this study, we designed a module for the IAP-N (Improving Anthropogenic Practices of managing reactive Nitrogen) model to enable it to assess the N budget of regional grasslands. The module was developed to quantify the individual components of the N inputs and outputs for grassland ecosystems using livestock and human populations, grassland area, and fossil-energy consumption data as the model inputs. In this paper, the estimation approaches for individual components of N budget, data acquisition, and parameter selection are described in detail. The model was applied to assess the N budget of Inner Mongolia in 2006 at the county scale. The simulation results show that the most important pathway of N outputs from the grassland was livestock intake. The N output from livestock intake was especially large in the middle of Inner Mongolia. Biological fixation, atmospheric deposition, and livestock excreta deposition were comparably important for the N inputs into the grassland. The N budget for Inner Mongolia grassland in 2006 was -1.7×10 8 ±0.6×10 8 kg. The case study for Inner Mongolia shows that the new grassland module for the IAP-N model can capture the characteristics of the N budget in a semiarid grassland.     

Description and Application of a Model for Simulating Regional Nitrogen Cycling and Calculating Nitrogen Flux

A regional nitrogen cycle model, named IAP-N, was designed for simulating regional nitrogen （N） cycling and calculating N fluxes flowing among cultivated soils, crops, and livestock, as well as human, atmospheric and other systems. The conceptual structure and calculation methods and procedures of this model are described in detail. All equations of the model are presented. In addition, definitions of all the involved variables and parameters are given. An application of the model in China at the national scale is presented. In this example, annual surpluses of consumed synthetic N fertilizer; emissions of nitrous oxide （N2O）, ammonia （NH3） and nitrogen oxide （NOx）; N loss from agricultural lands due to leaching and runoff; and sources and sinks of anthropogenic reactive N （Nr） were estimated for the period 1961-2004. The model estimates show that surpluses of N fertilizer started to occur in the mid 1990s and amounted to 5.7 Tg N yr^-1 in the early 2000s. N20 emissions related to agriculture were estimated as 0.69 Tg N yr^-1 in 2004, of which 58% was released directly from N added to agricultural soils. Total NH3 and NOx emissions in 2004 amounted to 4.7 and 4.9 Tg N yr^-1, respectively. About 3.9 Tg N yr^-1 of N was estimated to have flowed out of the cultivated soil layer in 2004, which accounted for 33% of applied synthetic N fertilizer. Anthropogenic Nr sources changed from 2.8 （1961） to 28.1 Tg N yr^-1 （2004）, while removal （sinks） changed from to 2.1 to 8.4 Tg N yr^-1. The ratio of anthropogenic Nr sources to sinks was only 1.4 in 1961 but 3.3 in 2004. Further development of the IAP-N model is suggested to focus upon： Ca） inter-comparison with other regional N models; （b） overcoming the limitations of the current model version, such as adaptation to other regions, high-resolution database, and so on; and （c） developing the capacity to estimate the safe threshold of anthropogenic Nr source to sink ratios.     

Estimates of global N2O emissions from cattle, pig and chicken manure, including a discussion of CH4 emissions

Humans seem to have doubled the global rate of terrestrial nitrogen fixation. Globally 50–70% (85 Tg, 1 Tg=10¹² g) of the nitrogen supplied in fertilizer (80 Tg N/a) and leguminous crops (40–80 Tg N/a) are used to feed cattle. The aim of the present study was to derive some estimates of global N₂O production from animal manure. As the parameter giving the most stable numerical basis for regional and global extrapolation we adopted the molar emission ratios of N₂O to NH₃. These ratios were measured in cattle, pig and chicken housings with different manure handling systems, in dung-heaps and in liquid manure storage tanks. Individual molar emission ratios from outside manure piles varied over two orders of magnitude, strongly dependent on the treatment of the manure. A median emission ratio of 1.6×10^-2 (n=65) was obtained in cow-sheds with slatted floors and liquid manure stored underneath and a median ratio of 24×10^-2 (n=31) was measured in a beef cattle housing with a solid manure handling system.We next extrapolated to global NH₃ emissions from those estimated for Europe, using N uptake by the animals as a scaling factor. Multiplication with observed N₂O to NH₃ ratios next provided some estimates of regional and global N₂O emissions. To account for the great variability of the emission ratios of N₂O/NH₃, we developed upper and lower case emission scenarios, based on lower and upper quartiles of measured emission ratios. The global emission from cattle and swine manure is in the range of 0.2–2.5 Tg N-N₂O/a, representing 44+-39% of the annual atmospheric accumulation rate. This N₂O emission arises from about 40 Tg N/a of cattle and pig manure stored in or at animal housings. We did not account for N₂O emissions from another 50 Tg N/a excreted by grazing cattle, goats and sheep, and application of the manure to agricultural fields. Our study makes it clear that major anthropogenic N₂O emissions may well arise from animal manure. The large uncertainty of emission ratios, which we encountered, show that much more intense research efforts are necessary to determine the factors that influence N₂O emissions from domestic animal manure both in order to derive a more reliable global estimate of N₂O release and to propose alternative waste treatment methods causing smaller N₂O releases. In our studies we found large enhancements in N₂O releases when straw was added to the manure, which is a rather common practice. In view of the ongoing discussion in Europe to re-install the traditional solid manure system (bed down cattle) for environmental and animal welfare reasons, it is noteworthy that our measurements indicate highest N₂O release from this particulary system.In a similar manner, but based on a smaller data set, we also estimated the release of CH₄ from cattle and swine manure and from liquid manure only to be about 9 Tg/year in good agreement with the estimate by the Environmental Protection Agency (1994) of 8.6+-2.6 Tg/year. A total annual methane release as high as 34 Tg/a was derived for solid and liquid cattle and pig manure from animals in housings.     

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agro-Ecosystems and Their Contribution to Environmental Change in the Indus Basin of Pakistan

There is growing concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have been responsible for global warming through their effect on radiation balance and temperature. The magnitude of emissions and the relative importance of different sources vary widely, regionally and locally. The Indus Basin of Pakistan is the food basket of the country and agricultural activities are vulnerable to the effects of global warming due to accelerated emissions of GHGs. Many developments have taken place in the agricultural sector of Pakistan in recent decades in the background of the changing role of the government and the encouragement of the private sector for investment in new ventures. These interventions have considerable GHG emission potential. Unfortunately, no published information is currently available on GHG concentrations in the Indus Basin to assess their magnitude and emission trends. The present study is an attempt to estimate GHG （CO2, CH4 and N2O） emissions arising from different agro-ecosystems of Indus Basin. The GHGs were estimated mostly using the IPCC Guidelines and data from the published literature. The results showed that CH4 emissions were the highest （4.126 Tg yr^-1） followed by N20 （0.265 Tg yr^-1） and CO2 （52.6 Tg yr^-1）. The sources of CH4 are enteric fermentation, rice cultivation and cultivation of other crops. N2O is formed by microbial denitrification of NO3 produced from applied fertilizer-N on cropped soils or by mineralization of native organic matter on fallow soils. CO2 is formed by the burning of plant residue and by soil respiration due to the decomposition of soil organic matter.     

Emission of aliphatic amines from animal husbandry and their reactions: Potential source of N2O and HCN

We measured the emissions of volatile aliphatic amines and ammonia produced by the manure of beef cattle, dairy cows, swine, laying hens and horses in livestock buildings. The amine emissions consisted almost exclusively of the three methylamines and correlated with those of ammonia. The molar emission ratios of the methylamines to ammonia, and data on NH₃ emissions from animal husbandry in Europe, together with global statistics on domestic animals, were used to estimate the global emissions of amines. Annual global methylamine-N input to the atmosphere from animal husbandry in 1988 was 0.15±0.06 TgN (Tg=10¹² g). Almost 3/4 of these emissions consisted of trimethylamine-N. This represents about half of all methylamine emissions to the atmosphere. Other sources are marine coastal waters and biomass burning.Possible reaction pathways for atmospheric methylamines are shown. Among various speculative but possible products N₂O and HCN are of interest because the emission of methylamines could contribute to the global budgets of these compounds. Maximum atmospheric N₂O production from methylamines are below 0.4 Tg N/year, which is less than 10% of the annual N₂O growth rate. Although we do not expect the methylamine emissions to contribute in a major way to the atmospheric N₂O budget, more studies are needed to establish this conclusion beyond doubt. Similar conclusions hold for HCN.     

冻融交替对河岸缓冲带土壤无机氮和土壤微生物量氮的影响

全球气候变化引起的中高纬度地区积雪覆盖和降雪格局变化,造成该区域土壤冻融交替强度和频次变化,是土壤氮循环的重要影响因素。冻融温差和冻融循环次数影响微生物数量和群落的变化,进而影响土壤氮素生物地球化学循环。以大伙房水库实验林场小流域的河岸缓冲带生态系统为研究对象,通过分析冻融交替对河岸缓冲带土壤无机氮和土壤微生物量氮的影响,阐明冻融交替对土壤无机氮含量变化的影响机制,为评估小流域氮素流失风险提供依据。结果表明：随着冻融循环次数的增加,土壤无机氮含量呈增加趋势;不同温差的冻融循环处理对土壤无机氮影响不同,冻融条件为-5/+5℃和-20/+5℃时土壤无机氮含量在冻融循环10次之后分别为34.9±0.9 mg/kg和37.2±0.8 mg/kg,是处理前的1.21和1.41倍;冻融温差和冻融循环次数对土壤NH₄⁺–N含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),土壤冻融10次后土壤NH₄⁺–N含量是对照处理的4-10倍;冻融循环次数对土壤NO₃^－–N含量有显著影响(P<0.05),冻融温差对NO₃^－–N含量无显著影响(P>0.05);土壤微生物量氮含量对冻融循环的响应显著(P<0.01)。可见,冻融交替显著增加了土壤无机氮含量,由于早春季节植被对无机氮吸收较少,可能增大土壤氮素随冰雪融化的淋溶流失风险。     

Assessing and Mitigating N2O Emissions from Agricultural Soils

Agricultural cropping and animal production systems are important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). The assessment of the importance of N fertilization from synthetic fertilizer, animal wastes used as fertilizers and from N incorporated into the soil through biological N fixation, to global N2O emissions presented in this paper suggests that this source has been underestimated. We estimate that agricultural systems produce about one fourth of global N2O emissions. Methods of mitigating these emissions are presented which, if adopted globally could decrease annual N2O emissions from cropped soils by about 20%.     

The Tropospheric Gas-Phase Degradation of NH3 and Its Impact on the Formation of N2O and NOx

The gas-phase degradation of NH3 in the atmosphere still has many uncertainties. One of them is the possible isomerisation of NH2O to NHOH, as indicated by kinetic studies. Since NH2O is formed during the gas-phase oxidation of ammonia in the troposphere, this reaction can potentially influence the subsequent production of N2O and NOx. So far, the isomerisation has never been implemented into current chemical schemes describing the atmospheric gas-phase degradation of NH3 and its atmospheric relevance has never been assessed. The N2O yield from NH3 degradation is calculated to be in the range of 10–43 %. It depends on the NO2 and O3 concentrations, but is independent of the NH3 concentration. Compared with the results from recent literature, the N2O yield derived from the new mechanism is 20–80% lower, implying a smaller global N2O source strength of 0.4 Tg yr- 1. The production of NH2SO2 seems to be less important for the atmospheric degradation of NH3. NH3 oxidation is a sink for NOx at NOx mixing ratios of more than about 1 ppb and a source at lower NOx burdens.     

Summary of Recent Climate Change Studies on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in the Terrestrial Ecosystem and Ocean in China

This article reviews recent advances over the past 4 years in the study of the carbon-nitrogen cycling and their relationship to climate change in China. The net carbon sink in the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem was 0.19-0.26 Pg C yr-1 for the 1980s and 1990s. Both natural wetlands and the rice-paddy regions emitted 1.76 Tg and 6.62 Tg of CH 4 per year for the periods 1995-2004 and 2005-2009, respectively. China emitted～1.1 Tg N 2 O-N yr-1 to the atmosphere in 2004. Land soil contained～8.3 Pg N. The excess nitrogen stored in farmland of the Yangtze River basin reached 1.51 Tg N and 2.67 Tg N in 1980 and 1990, respectively. The outer Yangtze Estuary served as a moderate or significant sink of atmospheric CO 2 except in autumn. Phytoplankton could take up carbon at a rate of 6.4 ×10 11 kg yr-1 in the China Sea. The global ocean absorbed anthropogenic CO 2 at the rates of 1.64 and 1.73 Pg C yr-1 for two simulations in the 1990s. Land net ecosystem production in China would increase until the mid-21st century then would decrease gradually under future climate change scenarios. This research should be strengthened in the future, including collection of more observation data, measurement of the soil organic carbon (SOC) loss and sequestration, evaluation of changes in SOC in deep soil layers, and the impacts of grassland management, carbon-nitrogen coupled effects, and development and improvement of various component models and of the coupled carbon cycle-climate model.