秦岭主峰太白山高山区气候季节划分

依据气候季节划分标准,基于太白山拔仙台、文公庙、汤峪1号、鳌山气象站建站至2022年2月日气温资料,太白、眉县气象站1961—2020年常年气温资料和气温随海拔高度递减规律,划分太白山高山区历年和常年气候季节。高山气象站监测资料统计结果显示拔仙台气象站2019年6月—2022年2月连续3 a只有冬季;研究发现太白山3 200 m以上的文公庙、汤峪1号、鳌山等气象站常年气候季节为无夏区,且冬季长度平均都在300 d以上;其中3 730 m的拔仙台气象站及以上山区为常冬区。近60 a拔仙台气象站常年气候季节指标逐渐趋近无夏区,未来10～20 a有可能转为无夏区。     

2017年5月太白山“驴友”伤亡事件天气条件分析

2017年“五一”假期30多位“驴友”(户外旅游爱好者)在穿越“熬太线”(指纵贯鳌山—太白山这段秦岭主脉的穿越线路)时遭遇暴雪降温天气,导致3人遇难,2人受伤。利用太白山区域内13个自动气象站2017年5月1—7日气温、降水、湿度、风、气压等监测数据和太白、眉县气象站高山积雪观测记录,分析事件前后太白山的天气条件,探讨造成“驴友”伤亡事件的主要原因,为旅游管理部门和游客了解太白山独特的天气气候特点,正确评估“鳌太线”穿越等太白山高山区旅游的风险,最大可能地减少旅游意外伤亡事故提供参考。     

新书架

<正>《高山气象站资料代表性及应用价值研究》叶成志等著该书是基于编者的有关研究工作和国内外相关研究进展综合而成,目的在于介绍我国高山观测站气象资料在暴雨预报业务中的应用情况,揭示全球变暖大背景下高山气候多时空尺度演变特点,探讨其资料代表性以及对降水的指示作用,从而帮助人们深入了解高山站气象资料特点和应用价     

贵德国家基本气象站迁移前后观测资料比对分析

利用贵德国家基本气象站迁移前后的自动气象站常规气象观测资料进行分析比对,贵德站新址与现址地处同一气候区,具有当地气候代表性,现址观测资料完整性好、区域一致性、均一性均较好。表明贵德站现址与旧址站气象基本观测资料具有较好的一致性。     

汪清气象站新站址气象资料代表性分析

文中利用汪清县气象站1957-2010年的气象观测资料,对汪清迁站前后的平均气温、平均风速、相对湿度等气象数据进行对比分析,得出汪清站迁站前后的气象要素差异的基本规律,并从中分析环境变化对气象观测资料的影响,迁站后观测站所记录的气象资料是否符合三性要求。分析结果表明:气象资料受环境影响较大,汪清气象站迁站后温度较迁站前略低,风速明显增大,湿度减小。各类气象观测资料对比分析显示新站址观测的气象资料具有代表性。     

基于GIS和RS的秦岭主峰太白山积雪变化研究

基于SNOMAP算法及ARCGIS软件,利用2000—2017年Landsat TM数据提取秦岭主峰太白山积雪面积及冬半年雪线,同时结合10个气象站点的气象观测数据,分析太白山积雪变化情况,太白山积雪变化与平均气温、降水量的关系。结果表明：通过与气象观测数据及监督分类结果的比较,应用SNOMAP算法提取太白山积雪面积结果可靠;2000—2017年冬半年,太白山积雪面积在波动中呈减少趋势。较2000年积雪面积减少的年份有13 a,平均减幅为1410%,减幅最大的是2014年,为2868%;太白山冬季雪线高度均在3 000 m以上,且雪线高度在波动中呈上升趋势。积雪面积与冬半年平均气温及降水量之间的相关系数均未通过显著性检验,但与平均气温相关系数更高,积雪面积与冬半年平均气温相关性较降水量大。     

我国西北干燥区地面气象站观测环境代表性思考

气候观测环境代表性和观测资料质量是开展大尺度气候变化监测和研究的前提。为了解我国干燥区气象观测环境变化和台站代表性，作者对河西走廊和北疆九个国家级气象站观测环境开展了调研。本文介绍了调研了解到的情况，并结合先前研究结果，从气候变化监测和研究的视角，讨论了西北干燥区地面观测站代表性问题。目前我国西北地区气象站地面观测，对于干燥区的城市和绿洲区域气候及其变化，具有较高的代表性，但对更广大的荒漠和半荒漠背景气候及其变化，代表性仍显不足。作者发现，早先研究中指出的北疆等地区城镇站地面气温序列负向城市化影响，应与观测场周围局地甚至区域尺度绿洲扩大有直接联系，较难反映绿洲以外干燥区地带性气温变化。针对地面观测环境调研所发现的问题，文章最后提出了几点建议，希望对未来国家基准气候站网设计和建设提供一定参考。     

近33年新疆阿勒泰地区积雪变化特征及其与气象因子的关系

利用阿勒泰地区7个气象观测站1981-2013年积雪初、终日期、积雪期(积雪初、终日期间日数),以及同期平均气温、平均0厘米地面温度、降水量、日照时数和平均风速资料,分析了该区积雪的变化特征及其与五个气象因子的关系。结果表明：阿勒泰地区平均初日为11月3日,终日为4月2日,平均积雪期为152d;近33年阿勒泰地区积雪初日呈上升的趋势,而终日和积雪期是呈下降趋势;除了吉木乃站的积雪初日气候倾向率是负值外,其余各站均是正值的,积雪终日的气候倾向率各站均为负值,积雪期的气候倾向率除了吉木乃站外其余均是正值;各站在积雪期内与降水量呈显著的正相关,表明降水量越多积雪持续时间越长,而且七个站均通过了显著性检验,降水因子在五个因子的对各站积雪期的影响较大;阿勒泰地区的各站积雪期与积雪初、终日期间的风速、降水量、0厘米地温、日平均气温、日照时数五个因子的相关系数中有57%的通过信度0.05的显著性检验,还有20%的通过了信度0.001的显著性检验;     

甘肃省1988年异常气象概况

异常气象的标准,以1951—1980年(1951年以后建站的,则从有观测记录起到1980年)30年气候资料整编成果为基础,在其后任一年内,凡本站出现的气象要素值超过30年累年极值(即历史记录)时,就被视为“异常气象”。凡记录年满20年或以上的国家基本站和一般站,都应填报“异常气象年表”。据此,全省共有56个气象站填报。     

干旱气候观测系统

建立一体化观测系统是中国气象事业发展战略确定的重要目标之一。本文站在西北区域气象事业发展的高度上,在充分分析西北地区天气气候和环境特征以及气候观测系统现状的前提下,对干旱气候观测系统(ACOS)进行了初步设计。系统由地基观测、空基探测、天基监测和信息传输与共享系统4部分构成,其中地基观测站网分为气象站(代表站)、生态气候试验站(重点站)和陆面过程综合试验基地(关键站)3个层次。干旱气候观测系统(ACOS)的建成将实现对西北地区内大气圈、水圈、冰冻圈、岩石圈和生物圈等5大圈层以及各圈层之间相互作用三维综合的观测。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer

The heighth of the Ekman turbulent boundary layer determined by the momentum flux profile is estimated with the aid of considerations of similarity and an analysis of the dynamic equations. Asymptotic formulae have been obtained showing that, with increasing instability,h increases as ¦¦^1/2 (where is the non-dimensional stratification parameter); with increasing stability, on the other hand,h decreases as ^–1/2. For comparison, a simple estimate of the boundary-layer heighth _u determined by the velocity profile is given. As is shown, in unstable stratification,h _u behaves asymptotically as ¦¦^–1, i.e., in a manner entirely different from that ofh .     

接地降阻剂的PH值的探讨

1引言我国执行接地降阻剂测试的技术标准是全国电力系统起草的:“接地降阻剂暂行技术条件修改稿”。在技术要求中要求接地降阻剂的酸碱值应在7￣12范围内。在实际使用中发现该技术要求对接地降阻剂的酸碱值要求范围并不合理,需要分析和讨论。2接地降阻剂的PH值接地降阻剂的酸碱性对地网的使用寿命至关重要,为了不让接地降阻剂腐蚀接地体或者减弱接地降阻剂对接地体的腐蚀,在接地降阻剂测试的技术要求中,对接地降阻剂的酸碱度有一定的限制。国内各厂家用于生产接地降阻剂的偏弱酸的盐类进行了对镀锌钢材腐蚀的试验,结果是这些镀锌钢材均受到…     

阴山山脉对内蒙古中部地区气象要素影响初探

文章选用阴山山脉山北乌拉特后旗、白云、达茂旗、苏尼特左旗、化德,山南杭后旗、包头、呼和浩特、察右前旗、兴和1971—2000年气温、降水量、天气现象等资料进行对比分析,得到阴山山脉对内蒙古自治区中部地区气象要素影响初步结论。     

2003年黑龙江省主要灾害性天气及其对作物生长发育和粮食产量的影响

利用40年气温、降水资料和历史上千旱、低温严重的年份与2003年进行对比分析．评估黑龙江省2003年发生的严重灾害的分布范同，灾害程度，及其对主要粮食作物生长发育和产量的影响。得出2003年的灾害是30年未遇的全省性严重灾害年，各种灾害对各种作物都产生了不同程度的影响，受害最重的作物是小麦。     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002