甚高频电话(M7—1540)故障检修一例

故障现象：接收正常,发射时电流无指示、无功率。初步判断故障在发射机推动、自动功率控制以及功率放大部分。加电后按下话筒发射键测Ｑ４０１、Ｑ５０１各极电压,基本正常,说明故障可能在自动功率控制部分（Ｑ４０２～Ｑ４０６）。依次测Ｑ４０２～Ｑ４０５各极电压,...     

冬季北极涛动与极涡的变化分析

利用NCEP／NCAR资料计算出冬季极涡面积（PVA）指数和极涡强度（PVI）指数，对冬季北极涛动（AO）和北半球500hPa极涡指数进行周期分析，讨论了冬季AO与极涡的年际、年代际变化。结果表明：冬季AO指数与PVA指数呈反相关关系，与PVI指数呈正相关关系，且AO指数呈上升趋势，PVA指数呈下降趋势。冬季AO指数、PVA指数以及PVI指数均具有多重周期。强（弱）AO指数年，极地500hPa高度场降低（升高），PVI指数偏大（偏小），PVA指数偏小（偏大）。500hPa高度场上亚洲大槽、北美大槽均减弱（加强）。AO可激发出类似EU遥相关型的异常，从而影响到东亚地区的气候。冬季AO指数在1982年发生突变，且突变后北太平洋地区的正中心位置更靠东，强度更大。此外，AO突变前后极涡变化不是很显著。     

青藏高原东侧初夏旱涝的季风环流分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1958-1999年5～6月各标准等压面层网格点资料,采用合成法和对比分析等方法,对初夏青藏高原季风和东亚季风环流异常进行了分析.结果表明四川盆地初夏干旱的季风环流特征是高原季风偏弱,高原季风低压偏西,我国东部地区东亚季风偏弱,东亚季风槽偏南;而多雨年则反之.四川盆地初夏干旱年,极涡向亚洲大陆发展,强度偏强,东亚大槽偏强且稳定;而多雨的年份,极涡萎缩在极地区域,强度偏弱,东亚大槽偏弱.     

2010年11月大气环流和天气分析

2010年11月大气环流主要特征是:北半球高纬度地区为单一极涡,极涡中心位于新地岛以北,强度比常年略偏强.中高纬环流呈三波型分布,其中欧洲大槽较常年同期偏强,东亚大槽强度接近常年同期.亚洲以正高度距平为主,只有西伯利亚地区呈现负距平,表明冷空气势力较常年同期偏弱.西北太平洋副热带高压面积接近常年同期,强度略偏弱,脊线位...     

青藏高原东侧初夏旱涝的季风环流分析

利用NCEP／NCAR1958—1999年5～6月各标准等压面层网格点资料，采用合成法和对比分析等方法，对初夏青藏高原季风和东亚季风环流异常进行了分析。结果表明：四川盆地初夏干旱的季风环流特征是高原季风偏弱，高原季风低压偏西，我国东部地区东亚季风偏弱，东亚季风槽偏南；而多雨年则反之。四川盆地初夏干旱年，极涡向亚洲大陆发展，强度偏强，东亚大槽偏强且稳定；而多雨的年份，极涡萎缩在极地区域，强度偏弱，东亚大槽偏弱。     

亚洲东部冬季地面温度变化与平流层弱极涡的关系

利用NCEP资料计算NAM指数和标准化温度距平,对17次平流层弱极涡事件时亚洲东部温度变化进行了研究。结果表明:平流层环流异常比对流层温度变化超前约15天,地面温度变化的最大距平出现在平流层弱极涡后期,大约以40°N为界,北部比正常年份偏冷而南部偏暖。文中通过位势涡度的分布和变化以及500 hPa东亚大槽的变化讨论了其影响过程和机理,在弱极涡初期和中期,自平流层向下,高位涡冷空气主要局限于60°N以北。从弱极涡的后期开始,在45°N以北地区,高位涡冷空气向南扩张,在对流层中上层,极地附近的高位涡冷空气扩张到45°N附近。同时,500 hPa东亚大槽虽有加强,但低压区向东延伸,而贝加尔湖附近的高压脊显著减弱,致使槽后的偏北气流减弱,槽后冷空气主要影响中国华北、东北及其以北地区,造成这些地区偏冷。而40°N以南地区,从弱极涡的后期开始有南方低位涡偏暖空气向北运动,同时冷空气活动减少,地面显著偏暖。     

北半球两大地形下游冬季环流的动力分析——Ⅰ.环流、遥相关和定常波的联系

位势场中槽脊的分布、遥相关型的形态和准定常波的传播路径是1月份500hPa月平均高度场的重要特征。通过资料分析和数值试验,本文证明此三者之间是彼此关联的整体,它们与青藏高原和落基山的强迫作用有关。东亚大槽和北美大槽的强度在中高纬度上存在显著的负相关。这种负相关和槽前急流强度的年际变化导致北美和东亚存在相似的相关型分布,准定常波在两大地形下游传播的不同则导致两区域相关波链形态的明显差异。     

影响广西的三次寒潮过程对比研究

利用NCEP资料、常规地面资料、探空资料对2008-2009年影响广西的三次寒潮过程的强度、影响以及水汽、动力、热力机制进行对比分析.研究表明:寒潮的强弱与极涡偏心于东亚的早晚和倒Ω流型有关.500 hPa横槽转竖造成的降温比横槽南压和小槽东移更强烈.导致2008年12月寒潮天气的500 hPa形势为横槽转竖型,出现雨...     

2022年11月大气环流和天气分析

2022年11月大气环流的主要特征是:北半球极涡呈偶极型,东亚大槽偏弱,南支槽偏弱,副热带高压偏强。11月,全国平均降水为26.9 mm,比常年同期(20.2 mm)偏多33.2%;全国平均气温为4.8℃,较常年同期(3.3℃)偏高1.5℃。月内气温冷暖起伏较大,前中期冷空气活动偏弱,大部地区气温偏高,降水偏少;后期受强冷空气、活跃南支槽影响,气温大幅降低,降水显著增多。月内出现了1次全国型寒潮过程,影响范围广、降温幅度大,以及2次大范围持续性雾-霾天气过程。     

东北地区冬季气温对海温异常响应的研究

利用HadISST OI海温和中国东北地区92站逐日气温资料,使用广义平衡反馈分析方法(GEFA)结合EOF分析方法(GEFA-EOF)研究了近50a中国东北地区冬季气温对海表温度异常(SSTA)的响应.结果表明:对于热带和北半球中纬度5个海盆来说,东北地区冬季气温异常与同期热带大西洋和北大西洋海温异常有密切关系,与其他海盆关系不显著;热带大西洋的"正—负—正"三极型模态(TA3)以及北大西洋纬向上"正—负—正"三极型模态(NA3)分别对东北地区冬季气温的异常偏低和偏高有显著的强迫作用,且对北部地区的强迫作用大于南部地区.热带大西洋和北大西洋对东北地区冬季气温异常影响的可能途径为:热带大西洋TA3模态通过在北半球激发的"正—负—正"的遥相关波列,致使东亚大槽移至贝加尔湖地区,有利于极地冷空气南下至东北地区,导致该地区的冷冬;北大西洋的"正—负—正"三极型模态(NA3)直接响应使得东亚大槽减弱消失,极地冷空气南下受阻,导致该地区冬季气温异常偏高.     

冬麦北移后生育期及产量构成因素的分析

本文从分析太谷、应县二地在小麦生育期间的气温差异入手,通过对冬麦北移主栽品种“北移一号”在原种植地与北移区二地生育差异的比较分析,表明冬麦北移后生育期表现为“三短两长”的特点,致使“三段生长”的营养生长有效期极大地缩短,营养生长至生殖生长的过渡期也相应缩短,而生殖生长期明显延长,导致了株高降低、节间变短变细变实、强度明显提高,虽然分蘖成穗很少,单株绿色营养面积也很小,但在较高的水肥与合理密植条件下。由于粒重高,经济系数高,仍可获得高产。     

一种精度较高的智能气压表

利用集成硅气压传感器这种具有较大温度系数及非线性误差的典型传感器而设计一智能化的气压仪表,提出了较好地利用分段二次插值的方法,使非线性及温度误差降至完全可被忽略的程度,从而来提高仪表的精度;并提出了利用简易监视计数器等电路的设计来提高可靠性及合理的电路设计来降低功耗提高整机性能等一些完善而实用的方法。     

消雷器电晕电流的测量和理论分析

迄今为止,“消雷器”产生的电晕电流及其“消雷”机理尚有争论。本文利用一种“消雷器”实测电晕电流和电场强度,并根据一次闪电后地面电场恢复特征,从理论上估算了恢复时段内电晕电流密度。结果表明,即使在电场恢复到较为稳定的时刻,测量值仍比理论值约大一个量级,而理论值和地面自然尖端产生的电晕电流在量级上相当,“消雷器”产生的电晕电流不会高于自然尖端的作用。此外,“消雷器”结构（强局地表面电场、较大电晕有效面     

城市近地层风特征与污染系数分析

使用黑龙江省风能资源专业观测网依兰测风塔2010年5月-2011年4月期间10、50、70、100m四层测风数据,对依兰风特征进行分析。结果表明：测风塔各高度风速具有一致的日变化规律,均是白天大,夜间小。随高度升高,风速变化趋势减弱,100m高度与下层显现出不同的变化特征,具有高空风速的日变化特征。垂直气流速度各时刻平均值均为正值,日变化规律与水平风速基本一致,也是白天较大,夜间较小。风廓线指数n值夜间较大,且稳定,均在0．25左右,08时后,随着温度升高,上下层空气能量交换增大,a值迅速减小,12—14时最小,仅为0．11,之后又迅速增大。各高度主导风向一致,随高度增大,主导风向频率升高。各高度污染系数最大值对应的风向一致,随高度增加,污染系数较小的风向区间增加,有利于大气污染物的扩散。因此增加排放高度,可以有效减少城市近地面的大气污染物浓度。     

敦煌地区荒漠戈壁地表热量和辐射平衡特征的研究

利用2000年5月25日～6月17日"敦煌试验"在戈壁的微气象观测资料,分析了极端干旱地区晴天、阴天和降水等天气条件下的地表辐射平衡、热量平衡和土壤温度等微气象特征的日变化规律.发现在不同天气条件微气象特征有很大变化.但观测期间的平均微气象特征与晴天比较接近,天气过程的影响不是很大,平均的总辐射、净辐射和感热通量与晴天的比值在白天基本大于0.8.观测期间的平均Bowen比全天大于1,在白天都在10以上,最大超过100.     

L波段与59—701系统高空对比观测资料特征分析

选择喀什探空观测站10个位势等压面上的高度、气温、露点L波段雷达探空系统与59—701雷达探空系统对比观测资料进行分析,结果表明,两种仪器的露点差异最大,而且随高度增加而增加。对各时段高度、气温、露点观测资料进行“检验也表明,L波段与59—701雷达探空高度和气温观测资料无显著性差异,属于同一气候序列;而部分露点值没有通过检验。另外,气温观测值的离散性相对较大,各位势层高度、气温、露点观测值的离散性19时比07时大,低空比高空大。两种仪器在各等压面上的气温值有一定差异,这种差异在大气对流活跃时尤为突出。     

Heinrich-type glacial surges in a low-order dynamical climate model

Recent studies suggest the occurrence of sporadic episodes during which the ice streams that discharge ice sheets become enormously active, producing large numbers of icebergs (reflected in North Atlantic sea cores as Heinrich events) and possibly causing the partial collapse of the ice sheets. To simulate the mechanism of internal thermo-hydrodynamical instability implied by such behavior in the context of a more general paleoclimate dynamics model (PDM), we introduce a new sliding-catastrophe function that can account for ice-sheet surges. In particular, using simple scaling estimates derived from the equations of motion and thermo-conductivity for ice flow, we express this function in terms of the thickness, density, viscosity, heat-capacity, and heat-conductivity of ice. Analysis of the properties of this function suggests that these Heinrich-type instability events might be of three possible kinds: the first type of event occurs in periods of glacial maximum when temperature conditions on the ice surface are extremely cold, but internal friction within bottom boundary layer is also at its maximum and is strong enough to melt ice and cause its surge. The second type of event may happen during an interglacial, when the ice thickness is small but relatively warm climatic conditions on the upper surface of ice can be easily advected with the flow of ice to the bottom where even a small additional heating due to friction may cause melting. The third and, perhaps, most interesting type of event is one that may occur during ice sheet growth; in this period particles of ice reaching the bottom still remember the warm temperature conditions of the previous interglacial and additional heating due to increasing friction associated with the growing ice sheet may again cause melting. To the extent that the upper glacier surface temperature depends on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, this third case introduces the interesting possibility that earlier CO₂ concentrations may be as important for the present-day climate as its current value. We present results of numerical experiments demonstrating how these three kinds of instability can originate and interact with other components of the global climate system to produce variations of the Heinrich-event type. In particular, according to our model the climate system seems more vulnerable to surges during the penultimate interglacial period than in the present one, which may contribute to an explanation of the recent results of the Greenland Ice Core Project.     

Breaking global temperature records after Mt. Pinatubo

The probability of setting global temperature records is reconsidered in light of cooling due to the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. The cooling resets temperature by moving it away from the top of its 100-year range. Depending on the statistical model for temperature, this reset can lead to a much lower probability for a record in the next few years. The exercise illustrates how record setting depends on the underlying model, the current record value, and - if there is serial correlation- the current temperature.     

Living and responding to multiple stressors in South Africa—Glimpses from KwaZulu-Natal

Rural, resource-poor communities currently face a number of stressors that curtail livelihood options and reduce overall quality of life. Climate stress in southern Africa could potentially further threaten the livelihoods of such communities. Inappropriate response and adaptation options to risks, including climate stress, could further undermine development efforts in the region. The design and effective implementation of strategies to improve coping and adaptation to possible future risks cannot be undertaken without a detailed assessment of current response options to various risks. By using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, this pilot study identifies some of the strategies and constraints to secure livelihoods that are currently being used by small-scale farmers in the Muden area of KwaZulu-Natal. The role and perception of climate risks in relation to a variety of other constraints and risks in the area are also examined. Health status, lack of information and ineffective institutional structures and processes are shown to be some of the key factors aggravating current response options and overall development initiatives with potential negative outcomes for future adaptation to periods of possible heightened climate stress.     

Zero carbon energy system pathways for Ireland consistent with the Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement is the last hope to keep global temperature rise below 2°C. The consensus agrees to holding the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and to aim for 1.5°C. Each Party’s successive nationally determined contribution (NDC) will represent a progression beyond the party’s then current NDC, and reflect its highest possible ambition. Using Ireland as a test case, we show that increased mitigation ambition is required to meet the Paris Agreement goals in contrast to current EU policy goals of an 80–95% reduction by 2050. For the 1.5°C consistent carbon budgets, the technically feasible scenarios' abatement costs rise to greater than €8,100/tCO₂ by 2050. The greatest economic impact is in the short term. Annual GDP growth rates in the period to 2020 reduce from 4% to 2.2% in the 1.5°C scenario. While aiming for net zero emissions beyond 2050, investment decisions in the next 5–10 years are critical to prevent carbon lock-in.

Key policy insights

• Economic growth can be maintained in Ireland while rapidly decarbonizing the energy system.

• The social cost of carbon needs to be included as standard in valuation of infrastructure investment planning, both by government finance departments and private investors.

• Technological feasibility is not the limiting factor in achieving rapid deep decarbonization.

• Immediate increased decarbonization ambition over the next 3–5 years is critical to achieve the Paris Agreement goals, acknowledging the current 80–95% reduction target is not consistent with temperature goals of ‘well below’ 2°C and pursuing 1.5°C.

• Applying carbon budgets to the energy system results in non-linear CO₂ emissions reductions over time, which contrast with current EU policy targets, and the implied optimal climate policy and mitigation investment strategy.