江苏省雨日及降水量的气候变化研究

利用江苏省1960—2000年13个测站逐日降水资料,分析了41 a来江苏省年、季、月雨日的时空特征和雨日的气候变化。结果表明,江苏省的年雨日已经明显减少,平均每10 a雨日减少10.4 d。各季的雨日都呈负趋势,平均每10 a季雨日减少2.6 d。而秋季雨日减少最明显也最多。雨日长期趋势变化有明显的空间变化。江苏省的年雨日东部比西部减少的多,东部雨日每10 a减少14.6 d。月雨日也呈减少趋势,尤以4月、9月明显。雨日的长期趋势变化与降水量的长期趋势变化并不完全一致,这种不一致表现在长期趋势变化的强度上、范围上。总的来说,雨日的负趋势变化要强于降水量,负趋势的范围也要比降水量来得广一些。     

近50 a华东地区雨日及降水量的变化特征

利用1961-2010年华东地区88个气象站逐日降水资料,采用趋势分析和突变检测等方法,研究了华东地区年、季、月雨日和降水量的时空变化特征.结果表明,华东地区年雨日和年降水量的长期趋势变化几乎相反,年雨日普遍减少(区域平均气候倾向率为-2.3d/(10a)),而年降水量除山东省外却普遍增加,反映年平均的日降水强度增加.季雨日与季降水量的长期变化较一致,秋季最相似;春季、秋季雨日和降水量都是大范围负趋势,但雨日的负趋势比降水量的范围更广、强度更大;夏季、冬季降水量在山东省呈减少趋势,在其他地区呈增加趋势,其中长三角地区夏季及江淮流域冬季的降水增加显著,而雨日在山东和福建是负趋势,其他地区为正趋势.年雨日在山东中东部、福建北部减少最多,这些地区一年四季雨日都是减少趋势,平均每10a减少3～5d.山东半岛年雨日在20世纪70年代末期发生突变,此后年雨日明显减少.     

近50年黄河流域降水量及雨日的气候变化特征

利用1961-2010年黄河流域143个测站降水量和雨日资料,分析了黄河流域年、季降水和雨日的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)多年平均年降水量和年雨日空间分布特征均呈北少南多。(2)年降水量和年雨日变化趋势相一致,二者均呈减少趋势,年降水量负趋势的测站数达81.8%,年雨日负趋势达88.8%,即年雨日较年降水的减少趋势更显著。(3)在季节变化方面,除冬季外,春、夏和秋季的降水量和雨日都是负趋势,特别是秋季减少最显著。四季降水量通过显著性水平检验的负趋势站数从多到少依次为秋季春季夏季冬季,雨日则为秋季夏季春季冬季。(4)流域年降水和年雨日一致突变点为1985-1986年,其降水量及雨日减少主要原因是大气环流发生了变化,1986年以前黄河流域降水和雨日偏多是由于季风较强,使水汽得到有效输送和河套西北部的风向辐合造成的,而突变后降水和雨日减少与季风偏弱、缺乏有效的水汽输送和蒙古至河套的反气旋环流有关。     

近40年来中国降水量、雨日变化趋势及与全球温度变化的关系

近40年来中国降水量的空间分布与相应时段的雨日数空间分布较一致;年降水量变化趋势主要呈现东北-西南向“＋、-、＋”分布型,其中以西部地区和长江三角洲的增加和华北及川东地区的减少趋势更加显著.对季降水来说,除了冬季降水量场表现为绝大部分地区为正趋势外,其它三季变化都较复杂;绝大部分地区年雨日数的趋势系数是负值,就是说雨日数总的趋势是减少的,全国范围内秋季雨日数明显呈现减少的趋势;夏季强降水日的平均频数介于0～11之间,最大值位于西南地区的西部,最小值则位于南疆地区;无论是降水量场还是雨日数场都与全球温度距平存在显著相关,只是后者的显著性水平高于前者.     

华南雨日、雨强的气候变化

利用华南110个测站1961-2008年逐日降水资料,通过EOF分析、功率谱分析和计算趋势系数等统计诊断方法,分析了华南年、前汛期、后汛期的雨日、雨强以及降水量的时空特征和气候变化.结果表明:华南年雨日以4.8 d/( 10 a)的速率明显减少,但前、后汛期雨日减少趋势不明显.华南年雨日长期趋势变化有明显的空间差异,在广西北部、华南沿海和海南,减少速率高达9～17.8 d/(10 a),其中海南的白沙减少趋势最为明显.华南年平均雨强以0.4 mm/(10 a·d)的速率明显增加,但平均雨强前汛期变化趋势不明显,后汛期明显.年雨强增加速率在海南、华南沿海和广西北部高达0.4～ 1.1 mm/(10 a·d),最大,出现在海南的五指山和三亚.华南降水量和雨日的长期变化趋势不相似,但与雨强的变化趋势大部分相似.小波分析表明:华南年雨日和降水量都有2～3年、3～5年两个显著周期,年雨强在2000年后有2～3年的显著周期.根据EOF分析,华南雨日、雨强和降水量主要有“全区一致型”、“东西差异型”和“南北差异型”三种分布型.     

虹桥机场能见度变化特征分析

以中国1960年前建站的595个气象台站1951/1952～2004/2005年冬季逐日降水资料为基础,采用面积加权平均法得到冬季全国和8个区(包括东北区、华北区、长江中下游、华南区、青藏高原、西南区、西北东部和西北西部)的平均降水日数距平与降水量标准化距平序列.通过对全国和区域平均距平序列以及全国各站的冬季降水日数和降水量的变化速率和趋势系数的分析,得出:近54年来中国冬季降水日数明显减少,降水量变化趋势不明显;东北区和西北东部的冬季降水日数减少趋势超过0.01显著性水平,而青藏高原降水量的增加趋势超过0.05显著性水平.     

近48年西南地区降水量和雨日的气候变化特征

利用1960-2007年西南地区97个观测站点的日降水量资料,研究分析了西南地区年、季节的降水量和雨日的气候变化特征。结果表明,西南地区降水量分布整体呈"东多西少"的分布形态,高值区位于四川盆地的雅安地区和滇西南区,且这两个地区也是四季中降水最多的。年雨日、春季雨日和秋季雨日呈东北—西南向的"偏少—偏多—偏少"型分布,夏季雨日呈"西多东少"型分布,冬季与夏季分布相反。近48年西南地区年降水量总体上呈弱的减少趋势,春、冬季的降水量呈增多趋势,而夏、秋季的降水量呈减少趋势,且夏季降水量存在着明显的准16年周期变化。雨日的季节变化趋势与降水量类似,夏季雨日呈明显的准17年周期变化。另外,中雨日和小雨日呈明显减少趋势,但暴雨日、大雨日均呈增加趋势,极端降水天气日益突出。     

1948～2000年全球陆地年降水量场趋势变化的时、空特征

用全球陆地月降水资料(PREC/L),计算了1948～2000年全球陆地年降水量场的趋势变化.结果表明,在1948～2000年期间,全球陆地年降水量场有明显的趋势变化,全球大约2/3左右的陆地年降水量是负趋势(降水量减少),1/3左右的年降水量是正趋势,正负趋势面积及强度的差异在统计上是显著的.年降水量明显减少的地区是:热带非洲,加拿大的东南部及美国的东北部,中国的淮河以北,蒙古、俄罗斯的中、西西伯利亚及朝鲜、韩国和日本等9个地区.陆地年降水量增加地区是:加拿大的北部、南美的阿根廷及智利、格陵兰等6个区域.分别研究了36个纬圈的年平均降水量的趋势系数,指出有13个纬圈的年平均降水量的趋势变化达到0.05的信度的显著性,其中有1个纬度带(75～80°N)是正趋势.全球年降水量正趋势的范围是很小的,仅在70°N以北.初步研究了全球年降水量场趋势变化的原因.     

近40年来甘肃省降水的变化特征

利用1960—2003年甘肃省59个测站逐日降水资料,研究了甘肃省四季和年降水量及雨日的气候变化特征。结果表明,平均年降水量和雨日的空间分布非常相似。河西和白银市的年降水量的趋势系数为正,省内其它地区为负;河西大部和甘南部分地区的年雨日的趋势系数为正,省内其它地区为负。线性倾向估计的结果表明,年降水量线性倾向值的零线基本以黄河为界,河西在增加,河东在减少,减少最明显的区域在徽县和康县盆地;雨日增加主要在河西西部偏南地区、沿祁连山的大部分地区及临夏以及甘南等海拔相对较高的地区,中部和陇东南的雨日在减少。雨日增多的地方降水量也在增加,反之亦然。全省年降水量和年雨日在1990年代均为低谷,而在21世纪初又都有上升趋势。降水量突变在1990年代中期;雨日突变河西在1960年代后期,河东在1970年代后期和1990年代中期。冬季降水量及雨日表现全省性大范围的增加趋势,秋季降水量及雨日亦呈全省性减少趋势;而春、夏季的降水量及雨日变化趋势则是地区性的。     

1951／1952—2004／2005年中国冬季降水变化研究

以中国1960年前建站的595个气象台站1951／1952～2004／2005年冬季逐日降水资料为基础，采用面积加权平均法得到冬季全国和8个区（包括东北区、华北区、长江中下游、华南区、青藏高原、西南区、西北东部和西北西部）的平均降水日数距平与降水量标准化距平序列。通过对全国和区域平均距平序列以及全国各站的冬季降水日数和降水量的变化速率和趋势系数的分析，得出：近54年来中国冬季降水日数明显减少，降水量变化趋势不明显；东北区和西北东部的冬季降水日数减少趋势超过0．01显著性水平，而青藏高原降水量的增加趋势超过0．05显著性水平。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia

The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China.     

THE INFLUENCES OF SSTA OVER KUROSHIO AND ITS EXTENSION ON RAINFALL IN NORTHEAST CHINA UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF TWO DIFFERENT EL NIO CASES

By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward.     

<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>

<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p>     

Land-use and sustainability under intersecting global change and domestic policy scenarios: Trajectories for Australia to 2050

Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future.     

碳交易政策的经济影响:以广东省为例

通过构建广东省两区域动态模型,对广东省碳交易及其他政策措施进行定量评估,分析实施可调控总量的碳交易政策机制对广东省及参与交易部门的经济影响。研究结果表明,按照减排情景到2015年广东完成19.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景,GDP将减少0.7%;按照强减排情景到2015年将完成20.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景GDP将减少0.9%;如果在强减排情景的基础上实施碳交易政策,GDP相对基准情景减少0.8%,到2015年实施碳交易政策可减少GDP损失约90亿元,说明广东建立碳排放权交易机制能够发挥支持经济发展和节能减碳双赢的作用。     

气候变化对中国东部季风区水资源脆弱性的影响评价

将耦合暴露度、灾害风险、敏感性与抗压性的脆弱性评估模型应用于中国东部季风区水资源脆弱性评价,从水资源供需平衡角度分析了气候变化对东部季风区水资源脆弱性的影响。结果表明,2000年气候条件下,我国东部季风区接近90%的区域水资源处于中度脆弱及以上状态。其中水资源中度和高度脆弱区域约占全区的75%,极端脆弱区域接近15%。中国北方海河、黄河、淮河和辽河流域的水资源脆弱性最高。未来气候变化影响将加剧水资源脆弱性的风险,不同RCP排放情景下2030年代我国东部季风区水资源中度脆弱及以上区域面积有明显的扩大,极端脆弱区域将达到20%~25%。由于未来需水的进一步增加,中国北方水资源脆弱性的格局并未发生根本变化,而南方东南诸河等区域将面临可能发生的水危机。     

气候变化对淮河蒙洼蓄滞洪区启用风险影响评估

基于RCP情景下47个IPCC CMIP5气候模式模拟数据和大尺度水文模型VIC,预估了未来(2021—2050年)气候变化对淮河蒙洼蓄滞洪区启用的可能影响。结果表明:与基准期(1971—2000年)相比,多模式预估淮河上游未来多年平均气温一致呈增加趋势,平均增幅范围0.2~1.7℃。不同模式对降水预估差异较大,但有超过70%的模式预估降水呈增加趋势,平均增幅为3.4%~4.1%。未来气候情景下,王家坝断面洪水总体呈增加趋势,20年一遇的洪水强度平均增幅19%,洪水频率将增大,蒙洼蓄滞洪区启用可能更加频繁,启用的风险加大。