2010年2月辽宁地区冻雨天气诊断分析

应用常规天气资料,从天气、气候及大气物理量场等方面,对2010年2月下旬发生在辽宁地区历史罕见的冰冻雨雪灾害性天气发生发展的成因、主要特征以及造成严重灾害的主要原因进行诊断分析。结果表明：500 hPa低涡分裂的小槽东移是冻雨天气的环流背景;700 hPa源源不断的水汽输送和低层辐合作用是降水产生的基本条件。地面强冷空气是冻雨天气的触发机制;高层为冷的冰晶层,对流层中低层有温度t>0℃的暖的融化层,近地面1-2 km为气温t<0℃的冷层,同时地面达到 0℃以下,这种复杂的逆温层是冻雨产生的天气条件。高层暖平流是维持中空暖层结构的重要条件之一,对暖层的建立和破坏起较大作用,暖层消失冻雨天气也随之结束。中低空水汽饱和度、地面温度和中低空上升、下沉运动与冻雨的强度有密切关系。     

2011年与2008年贵州低温雨雪冰冻天气锋区特征对比

用常规气象观测资料和NCEP2．5°×2．5°再分析资料,对贵州2011年年初和2008年年初2次严重低温雨雪冰冻灾害期间的天气形势、冷空气、水汽和大气层结等特征进行了分析比较。结果表明：静止锋是贵州低温雨雪冰冻天气的主要天气系统;2008年较2011年冷暖空气均较强,故锋区强、锋面坡度较小,这是2008年冰冻天气强于2011年的主要原因;冻雨的发生与层结的逆温有很大关系,逆温发展的阶段均能较好地对应每一次冰冻过程;逆温强度强且长时间存在是2008年冰冻天气持续时间长的原因。2次过程中低层锋区附近有明显的水汽辐合,形成雨雪天气;对2011年降雪和冻雨过程的对比分析表明降雪与冻雨最明显的特征是降雪时层结基本无逆温,逆温层的出现是降雪转换成冻雨的重要原因。     

南方不同类型冰冻天气的大气层结和云物理特征研究

利用观测资料和CAMS中尺度云分辨模式,对南方3次不同类型冻雨天气过程进行模拟,重点研究了冰冻天气中冻雨区云系宏、微观结构及大气层结特征,初步分析了冻雨形成的云物理机制.结果表明:(1)逆温层的存在是冻雨发生的必要条件,低层湿度较大的逆温常与冻雨天气有关.3次冻雨过程的冻雨区都存在逆温层,其中第一、二次过程属于锋面逆温,而第三次过程属于平流逆温.可见,逆温层结有利于冻雨的发生,但逆温层的存在仅是形成冻雨的条件之一.冻雨的发生还与水汽(湿度)、风向风速、地面特征有关.低层有水汽输入到冻雨区、地面温度等于或低于0℃,有利于冻雨形成和过冷雨水的冻结.(2)冻雨的形成需要满足3个主要条件:在对流层中高层存在冻结层,冻结层下要有暖层和逆温层,近地层有一个温度＜0℃的冷却层,并且低层的冷却层相对湿度较高.中高层冻结层主要产生冰相降水粒子,中层的暖层可以确保上层降落下来的固态降水粒子(雪或霰)融化成雨滴或在融化层中直接产生液态降水.这样,雨滴下降到低空冷却层后会逐渐变成过冷雨滴,当过冷却雨滴接触到＜0℃的地面或者其他物体表面时,迅速冻结形成冻雨.(3)不同冻雨区上空存在2种不同类型的云,对应云中有2种明显不同的温度层结:混合相云中的“冷-暖-冷”层结和水云中的“暖-冷”层结.具有2种不同层结特征的不同冻雨区云系,对应2种不同的微物理结构,具有2种不同的冻雨形成的云物理机制.(4)同一类型天气系统中的冻雨区,可以存在不同的温度层结、云的微物理结构和冻雨形成的机制;不同类型天气系统也可以存在特征相同的冻雨区,即冻雨形成的温度层结、云的微物理结构和冻雨形成的物理机制都相同.     

地形对2008年初中国南方持续性冰冻灾害分布影响的数值模拟

2008年初我国南方发生了大范围、 持续性低温冰冻雨雪天气, 冻雨、 暴雪灾害属历史罕见, 许多地方突破50年记录。本文主要从数值模拟方面讨论了1月25日~2月2日冰冻雨雪最为严重的过程。CWRF数值模式较成功地模拟出与实况基本一致的降水分布、 温度垂直分布特征和地面气温状况, 较准确地再现了这次罕见的冰冻雨雪过程\.地形敏感性试验表明, 横断山脉和南岭山脉及邻近山区对冻雨的形成和维持具有重要影响, 这种影响是通过锋区特征的改变来实现的。具体体现在, 有地形时, 因暖湿空气的抬升和冷空气在近地面的堆积而形成易于产生冻雨的倾斜锋区; 无地形情况下, 锋区坡度增大, 冻雨赖以形成的逆温层结结构遭到破坏, 使冻雨（冰冻）灾害区在经历短暂的西进南扩后, 很快减弱消失。上述地形的移出还通过对环流特征的改变, 使对流层底层偏东气流更有组织, 整个回流也更清晰, 这对南方大范围的降水强度和强降水落区会产生显著影响, 但对整体降水的区域分布没有明显影响。     

2008年初南方雨雪冰冻灾害天气的大气层结和地面特征的数值模拟

冬季的雨雪预报,尤其是冻雨的预报涉及多种尺度系统与复杂物理因素的影响。为了探讨这方面的问题,作者采用中尺度数值模式MM5对2008年初我国南方持续性雨雪、冰冻灾害天气中的1月26～29日过程做了模拟试验研究,并根据模拟结果对1月26～29日期间的水汽条件、地面特征和大气层结条件等重要环境条件进行了分析。分析指出,模拟结果能基本再现冬季这种持续性过程的降水带分布;长江或江南地区的准静止锋的存在,水汽在锋前对流层低层辐合,并沿锋面向上爬升凝结,爬升到达的高度和强水汽带的宽度与观测基本一致。模式还能再现有利于冻雨产生的层结条件,包括中层冻结层、暖层、逆温层和地面温度0℃线的位置;研究指出,利用模式输出的层结、地面条件以及降水状况可以大致得到冻雨可能发生的范围。     

2008年1月南方一次冰冻天气中冻雨区的层结和云物理特征

2008年1月中下旬, 我国南方经历了四次历史罕见的冰冻雨雪天气。本文针对2008年1月25~29日的一次典型冻雨天气过程, 在实测资料、NCEP再分析资料综合分析的基础上, 利用中国气象科学研究院 (CAMS) 中尺度云分辨模式对1月28日~29日的冻雨天气过程进行了数值模拟, 研究了冰冻天气形成的大气层结及云系冻雨区云的宏微观结构特征, 初步分析了冻雨形成的云微物理过程及云物理成因。结果表明, 深厚而稳定的逆温层和低空冷层的存在是大范围冻雨出现的直接原因。此次南方冰冻过程中, 湖南和贵州两地冻雨形成的云物理机理不同, 不同冻雨区上空为两种不同类型的云, 对应两种不同的云微物理结构和大气层结结构。湖南冻雨区云层较厚, 云顶温度较低, 属于混合相云, 云中高层存在丰富的冰相粒子 (雪的比含水量最大)。湖南冻雨在 "冷—暖—冷" 层结下, 通过 "冰相融化过程" 形成, 即在锋面之上的对流层中层水汽辐合中心内形成的雪, 从高空落入暖层, 雪融化形成雨, 再下落到冷层后, 形成过冷雨滴, 最后接触到温度低于 0℃的物体或降落到地面上, 迅速冻结形成冻雨。而贵州冻雨区云层较薄, 云顶温度较高, 属于暖云, 中高层基本无冰相粒子, 低层为云水和雨水 (云水的比含水量最大)。贵州冻雨是在 "暖—冷" 层结下通过 "过冷暖雨过程" 形成的。即水汽沿锋面抬升, 在对流层中低层的水汽辐合中心内, 经过冷却凝结成云滴, 通过碰并云滴增长的雨滴下落到低空冷层, 形成的过冷却雨滴直接冻结形成冻雨。     

两次滇黔准静止锋锋区结构的对比分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°格点再分析资料,对滇黔准静止锋上的低温雨雪冰冻天气(简称08冻雨过程)及阴雨天气(简称09阴雨天气)的锋区结构特征及准静止锋的形成和维持进行了对比分析。锋区结构共同点表现在:在水平方向上,准静止锋在850 hPa的水平温度梯度大,是等温线密集区;锋后低空逆温显著,平均逆温强度达2~8℃,逆温中心位于贵州东部-湖南西部之间。在垂直方向上,锋区表现为等sθe的密集区,锋区在经向上向北倾斜,向上伸展高度接近600 hPa附近;准静止锋天气一旦持续,锋区在850 hPa上表现为正的涡度带以及水平风的辐合区;与准静止锋锋生密切相关的锋生函数为正值。不同点表现在:近地面温度场垂直结构的差异是导致准静止锋降水属性不同的重要原因;在08冻雨过程中,温度场在垂直方向不仅具有"冷暖冷"的结构特征,还具有较深厚的"一层模式"结构特征。在09阴雨天气中,低空温度场存在冷中心,但温度高于0℃。在锋区结构上,08冻雨过程表现为宽而平缓且向北倾斜,09阴雨天气在750 hPa以下表现为狭窄而陡峭,并在16°~17°N之间存在副热带锋区。造成锋区结构特征差异的重要原因在于,锋生函数的水平辐合项和变性项对准静止锋的贡献存在差异。     

湖南特大冰冻灾害的云物理特征与人工影响技术探讨

我国南方2008年初的持续低温雨雪冰冻灾害造成了重大社会影响,湖南等省损失巨大.利用常规气象资料分析天气成因,利用长沙高空气象探测站的L波段探空数据和地面气象观测资料分析湖南雨凇天气的大气层结特征,利用人工增雨云系模式模拟其微物理过程.结果表明:当锋面逆温具有较厚的融化层(或温度较高)和较薄的冷却层(或气温不太低)构成"雨凇层结"时,就可形成雨凇天气;混合云降水是这次冻雨的主要降水机制,"三层模型"和"雨凇层结"可以完整和全面地解释冻雨形成的机制与过程.在此基础上根据冰晶效应和爆炸效应进一步对人工防冻雨的可行性进行了技术探讨.     

安庆市降水相态识别判据研究

利用1999—2014年11月至翌年3月安庆站逐日地面气象观测资料和探空资料,分析了安庆站不同降水相态的时空分布特征和雨雪转换过程中影响系统的配置及转变,选取雨雪转换、降雪和冰粒(包括冻雨)3种天气现象,研究不同降水相态与特性层温度及厚度层结的关系。结果表明:1999—2014年安庆市固态降水集中出现在11月至翌年3月;有降水相态转换的过程中,将850hPa及以下各层温度与地面温度结合对降水相态转变的识别具有更好的效果,当T_(850hPa)≥-4℃、T_(925hPa)≥-4℃、T_(1000hPa)≥-1℃、T_(地面温度)≥1℃时可以判定降水相态为降雨,各层温度继续降低将出现雨转雪,直接降雪在以上指标的基础上需要850hPa的温度降至-6℃及以下;H_(850—700hPa)和H_(1000—850hPa)厚度层结雨雪转换的临界值分别为154dagpm、129dagpm,低于此值则为雪,反之为雨;0℃层高度也可以作为降水相态转换的指标之一,当0℃层高度下降至1000hPa左右时为雨转雪;降水过程中逆温层普遍存在,各种降水类型的区别在于冰粒(冻雨)在850—700hPa之间存在一个0℃以上的暖层,而降雪需要逆温层温度小于0℃。     

2008年1月一次强降雪冰冻过程的数值模拟与分析

采用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和常规观测资料,利用中尺度数值模式WRF对2008年1月25-29日发生在长江中下游地区的强降雩冰冻过程进行数值模拟,模拟结果显示:WRF模式可以较好地模拟出此次强降雪冰冻过程高低空环流形势演变特征以及降水雨雪带的分布.诊断分析结果进一步表明,西南低空急流对水汽的输送使得长江中下游地区成为很强的湿度区,为强雨雪冰冻的发生提供了充足的水汽条件.对降雪及冻雨的云微物理过程特征分析表明,中低空-600-900 hPa逆温层的存在与降雪及冻雨的发生密切相关,固态降水粒子经0℃以上逆温层融化后形成过冷却水降落至冷的地面形成冻雨,而雪的形成过程中逆温层的温度小于0℃.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;