双线偏振雷达差分传播相移的质量控制

利用中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室的车载C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达 (C-band Polarimetric Doppler Radar on Wheel,CPDRW) 的外场试验,在统计分析降水、地物回波差分传播相移Φ_DP数据的差别与信噪比关系等基础上,提出了一套数据分析和处理的方法。该方法通过Φ_DP的异常波动并结合回波的强度Z_H和速度V_r信息将地物回波信号分离出来,在降水估测或衰减订正等定量应用时将其剔除。对于气象回波则根据信噪比及零滞后互相关系数ρ_HV(0) 将Φ_DP资料分为较好、较差和差3类。对于较好数据直接进行后续的预处理,对于较差数据先订正后处理,而对于差数据将其剔除以保证Φ_DP资料的整体质量。经过大量资料的验证,该方法在最大程度上保留气象信息的同时也保证了Φ_DP资料的质量,并能估算出质量较高的差分传播相移率K_DP资料。     

双线偏振多普勒雷达估算降水方法的比较研究

用美国KOUN双线偏振多普勒雷达2003年5～6月观测的两次强对流降水的天气过程资料，研究了从冰雹云降水回波中剔除冰雹回波得到液态降水区域的方法，冰雹回波剔除的结果保证了估测降水量不受冰雹的影响；分析了S波段双线偏振多普勒雷达几种估测降水强度方法的差异，并与地面雨量站资料进行对比，研究了KDP计算方法本身对降水估测的影响。结果表明：在实际的估测降水中，不同降水估测方法得到的结果有较大的差异，利用KDP估测降水的方法不适合小雨阶段的测量。     

双线偏振多普勒雷达资料质量分析

以中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室的车载C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达（CPDRW）2011年完成升级改造后观测的一次大范围层状云降水过程资料为例,讨论了该设备改造后探测资料质量的改进情况及其对降水粒子的探测性能,同时利用模糊逻辑法结合地物的常规特性和偏振特性,建立了一种运用双线偏振雷达观测资料识别地物及地物与降水混合回波的方法,并利用该雷达的观测资料对识别结果进行了分析检验,最后统计分析了降水回波的差分反射率因子(Z_DR)、零滞后互相关系数(ρ_HV（0）)与信噪比的关系,以及系统初始相位的稳定性及降水资料的一致性。分析结果表明,在常规参量的基础上添加偏振参量并采用模糊逻辑法构建的综合识别模式和常规识别模式都能较好地识别地物,但综合识别模式明显改善了常规识别模式0速度区过度识别的问题,且在地物与降水回波混合的情况下叠加混合回波识别模式具有更加明显的优势。雷达改造前,Z_DR及ρ_HV（0）在信噪比小于25 dB时受噪声影响很大,测量值存在较大误差,资料变得不可信;通过这次的升级改造,其信噪比探测阈值由25 dB降低到15 dB。系统初始相位比改造前更加稳定,随仰角和时间的波动性更小。利用垂直扫描数据进行系统误差订正后的Z_DR资料能较好地反映降水粒子的实际情况,Z_DR随信噪比的变化较之改造前更加平稳,而对差传播相移Φ_DP进行分类处理后拟合的差传播相移率K_DP资料也与实际情况一致。     

1998年中国区域降水低频变化的传播机制的初步分析

使用美国NCEP/NCAR再分析和中国实际降水的逐日资料,研究了1998年夏季中国区域低频降水传播变化的机制.结果显示,(1)中国中东部地区低频降水经向传播都与南海季风和印度季风的变化相对应,低频降水在经向传播中存在不连续现象,是由于低频下沉气流造成的;(2)中国中部区域低频降水纬向传播特征是在不同时间低频降水的纬向传播方向有明显差别,初步认为造成这种现象的可能机制是纬向风气流的变化;(3)高原地区与平原地区之间的低频雨带活动具有不连续性,这是由于在高原东坡存在低频下沉补偿气流造成的.     

理解大气资料同化的内在逻辑和若干共性特征

大气资料同化已发展成为基于估计理论的一门学科。本文试图梳理资料同化学科内容从“性质上分析同化问题是什么”到“过程上资料同化如何实施”再到“结果上分析场有着什么内在要求”这一内在逻辑,相应地综合阐述“逆问题求解和所需要的先验信息”、“观测信息的输入及其权重与传播平滑”和“同化结果的准确性和协调性”等资料同化作为一门学科的这些基本方面;以期这一逐步递进的逻辑及其基本方面有益于对资料同化在条理脉络上的一个整体理解。此外,着重于具体同化方法中的一些等价性和共性特征,本文梳理和归纳了“变分方法分别与最优插值方法之间和与扩展卡尔曼滤波方法之间的等价性”、“同化方法中数学的主要作用”,以及“同化方法中要应用综合学科知识”和“业务同化系统实施中要做好系统工程”等内容;以期这些内容增加对资料同化方法及同化系统研发的理解和思考。     

贵阳市SO2雨水清除系数的研究

提出了一种利用SO2 空中和雨水采样资料和气象资料、云物理探测资料等计算云下SO2 降水清除系数的方法 ,计算了贵阳市冬、夏季不同雨强下的SO2 降水清除系数kw,并将所得结果实际用于城市SO2 浓度的数值计算。结果表明 ,这一方法所得结果与实际情况相当一致     

孟加拉湾旺盛对流作为广西连续暴雨的前兆信号特征分析

利用1984—2013年30年的GMS卫星资料、FY卫星资料和小时雨量资料,利用统计、合成和个例分析的方法,探讨了孟加拉湾地区强对流在广西连续性暴雨发生前的演变特征和传播机制,发现孟加拉湾对流在广西连续性暴雨前2～3 d异常增强,说明孟加拉湾旺盛对流对广西低涡切变类持续性暴雨具有前兆信号,这一前兆信号对广西暴雨中短期预报具有指导意义。研究结论表明：广西上空对流与孟加拉湾对流有高度相关,从孟加拉湾到广西上空存在强对流向东传播通道。     

贵阳市SO2雨水清除系统的研究

提出了一种利用SO2空中和雨水采样资料和气象资料、云物理探测资料等计算云下SO2降水清除系数的方法，计算了贵阳市冬、夏季不同雨强下的SO2除水清除系数kw，并将所得结果实际用于城市SO2浓度的数值计算。结果表明，这一方法所得结果与实际情况相当一致。     

影响双线偏振雷达相位探测精度的分析

从理论公式出发,讨论了不同谱宽、相关系数、雷达波长等参数对差传播相移ΦDP的探测精度δ的影响,并根据实际的雷达探测资料进行了验证和分析。结果表明,在其他参数不变的条件下,δ随着样本对数M的增加而减小,M较小时,减小的幅度很大,随着M的增大,减小的幅度逐渐变小;δ随着谱宽的增大而增大,只有在σv=1 m·s-1时除外;δ...     

略论移动电话气象短信息的有效传播

运用传播学和新闻学中有关理论与方法，揭示了移动电话气象短信息所具有的科学性、权威性、及时性、预警性、体贴性、趣味性等特征；在此基础上，联系当前气象短信传播实际，将气象短信有效传播的基本原则归纳为科学实用原则、个性服务原则、及时准确原则、审美趣味原则、详变略常原则和新闻结构原则。     

Barothropic relaxing media under pressure perturbations: Nonlinear dynamics

In this paper, we delve into the dynamics of a barothropic relaxing medium under pressure perturbations originating from blast wave explosions in the milieu. Analyzing the problem within the viewpoint of the Lyakhov formalism of geodynamic systems, we derive a complex-valued nonlinear evolution equation which models the wave propagation of the pressure perturbations within the barothropic medium. As a result, we find that the previous system can be circularly polarized and hence support traveling rotating pressure excitations which profiles strongly depend upon their angular momenta. In the wake of these results, we address some physical implications of the findings alongside their potential applications.     

台湾岛邻近海域台风浪模拟分析

本文概略介绍了目前国际上较为先进的第三代近岸海浪数值模式SWAN（SimulationWavesNearshore）及风生浪、底摩擦、白帽耗散、深度诱导波破碎、非线性波－波相互作用等物理过程；在此基础上，以较高的分辨率对袭击台湾岛邻近海域的9015、8616号台风浪过程进行了模拟分析；台风浪高模拟值与实际台风浪资料相符较好，可以为该海域台风浪的模拟提供较好的参考。     

西北太平洋海域风浪、涌浪、混合浪波浪能资源特征

用ECMWF的ERA-40海浪再分析资料,应用波浪能流密度计算方法,对西北太平洋海域的风浪能、涌浪能、混合浪能展开研究。结果表明:(1)波浪能流密度呈现出显著季节性差异。混合浪能流密度表现为冬高夏低;春、夏、秋季的涌浪能流密度明显大于风浪能流密度,冬季相反;(2)混合浪能流密度的大值区主要分布于阿留申群岛附近海域,高值中心可达60 kW/m以上;近海的大值区主要分布于琉球群岛—巴士海峡—传统的南海大风区一带,年平均值在4 kW/m以上,南海北部可达12 kW/m以上;(3)黄渤海的涌浪和混合浪能流密度峰值出现在8—9月,波谷出现在6月。风浪能流密度峰值出现在11月—次年3月,波谷出现在6—8月,均呈现双峰型月变化特征。东海、南海北部、南海中南部海域能流密度的月变化特征相似,都为双峰型,12月—次年4月的能流密度整体较高,波峰出现在12月,波谷出现在5—7月;(4)2 kW/m以上混合浪能流密度出现的频率较高,近海低于大洋;(5)0.5 m以上有效波高出现的频率都非常高,中国近海稍低于大洋;(6)涌浪能流密度的稳定性明显好于风浪能流密度;大洋的能流密度稳定性明显强于近岸。1月份能流密度的稳定性最好,4月和7月次之,10月的稳定性最差。     

波包传播特征与西太平洋副热带高压移动的关系

利用波包传播诊断方法,研究高频波波包传播特征与瞬变波和副热带高压北进南退的关系。波包传播的初步特征为冬季波包传播生命史长,一般为7—10 d,传播速度为2—10 m/s,中心强度可超过0.4,在中高纬度地区传播路径一般为先向东南移,后向东北移;夏季比冬季的生命史短,中心强度也弱,传播路径与冬季相同。热带地区的波包传播路径先向西南,后向北移。一般波包强中心增强时,有利于槽发展,当强中心明显减弱时,有利于槽的衰减。当波包强中心持续地叠加在脊上时,脊将减弱。副热带高压的明显北跳常与南海特征区(0°—20°N,100°—120°E)持续5 d及以上的无波包强中心活动有关,并且在2次季节性北跳之后,又持续5 d以上出现波包强中心;副热带高压南移过程都与持续5 d及以上的南亚区域波包强中心、台风强中心或温带波包强中心活动有关。     

用Lagrange函数平均法研究非均匀基流中的地形Rossby波

本文提出可以用平均限制性变分原理来研究非均匀基流中地形对Rossby波的影响。所得到的结果与用多重尺度法相一致,但却避免了多重尺度法中的冗繁运算,而且物理意义更加清楚,诸如波作用量密度、波能密度等物理量的定义也更自然、合理。     

Using the SWAN Wave Model and Satellite Altimeter Data to Study the Influence of Climate Change at the Coast

This paper describes the development and application of a technique for using satellite altimeter measurements as boundary data to drive the nearshore spectral wave model, SWAN. The aim was to assess the impact in coastal areas of extreme events or changes in offshore climatology and to extend the usefulness of satellite altimetry further inshore.

For the purpose of verifying the technique, three test areas where both bathymetry and some in situ data were available were chosen. The technique could, potentially, be applied to any coastal location where there is bathymetric information although, as the results reported in this paper show, intelligence must be used in adapting the methodology for different sites. It is also necessary to have information on the local wind field from either models or measurements.

The experiments at the three test areas demonstrated that there is not a simple relationship between the offshore wave height climate and the inshore climate in a particular region. Important complicating factors are bathymetry, tidal range and incident wave angle. As was most clearly demonstrated in the Carmarthen Bay test area, bathymetric complexity leads to high spatial variation in the amount of wave energy dissipated close to the coast. In the study of extreme wave events described in this paper the exact value of the local wind field was not found to be critical.

This work was a first trial combining wave climatology derived from satellite altimetry with a third generation coastal wave model so was necessarily experimental. The general trends and patterns of spatial variation obtained are encouraging but there remains significant, unquantifiable uncertainty in the results. Better observations of nearshore waves, improved understanding of the joint probability distribution of water level and waves as well as more knowledge of future climate change would all improve accuracy.     

Group Velocity of Anisotropic Waves-Part Ⅱ: Conservative Properties

It has been argued in Part I that traditional expression of multidimensional group velocity used in meteorology is only applicable for isotropic waves. While for anisotropic waves, it cannot manifest propagation of waves group along the trajectory of a reference wave point, and varies with rotation of coordinates. The general mathematical expression of group velocity which may be used also for anisotropic waves has been derived in Part I. It will be proved that the mean wave energy, momentum and wave action density are all conserved as a wave group propagates at the general group velocity. Since general group velocity represents the movement of a reference point in either isotropic or anisotropic wave trains, it may be used to define wave rays. The variations of wave parameters along the rays in a slowly varying environment are represented by ray-tracing equations. Using the general group velocity, we may derive the anisotropic ray-tracing equations, which give the traditional ray-tracing equations for     

Group velocity of anisotropie waves—Part II: Conservative properties

It has been argued in Part I that traditional expression of multidimensional group velocity used in meteorology is only applicable for isotropic waves. While for anisotropic waves, it cannot manifest propagation of waves group along the trajectory of a reference wave point, and varies with rotation of coordinates. The general mathematical ex-pression of group velocity which may be used also for anisotropic waves has been derived in Part I. It will be proved that the mean wave energy, momentum and wave action density are all conserved as a wave group propagates at the general group velocity. Since general group velocity represents the movement of a reference point in either isotropic or anisotropic wave trains, it may be used to define wave rays. The variations of wave parameters along the rays in a slowly varying environment are represented by ray-tracing equations. Using the general group velocity, we may de-rive the anisotropic ray-tracing equations, which give the traditional ray-tracing equations for isotropic waves.     

多种语音在应用程序中嵌套使用的方法

将录音磁带上语音转到计算机上 ,形成波形文件 ,用VC 写成动态函数库 ,为windows平台上的各种应用程序提供一种嵌入使用的方法。     

An ocean wind-wave climatology for the Southern Brazilian Shelf. Part II: Variability in space and time

Previously validated model results were used to characterize the wave climate over the Southern Brazilian Shelf (SBS). The low mean significant wave height over the western South Atlantic shelves was shown together with examples of cyclone-induced extreme wave fields and other typical wave conditions. The mean offshore spectra showed a bimodal shape with a predominance of S/SSW and ENE/E waves with distinctive interannual rising periods in wave energy density. Along-shelf wave energy gradients were seen near the coast with higher energy located off capes and coastal projections and energy minima between them. A considerable drop in wave energy suggests the 40 m depth as the mean wave base and consequently the lower limit of the SBS shoreface. The upper shoreface mean wave energy density varied abruptly along the shelf in response to differences in bottom declivities. The large and shallow shoreface was responsible for an intense refraction of the waves and hence very small angles of attack. Additionally, it was shown the sheltering effect caused by capes and coastal projections and a remarkable north/south energy asymmetry between them, caused by a windowing on the wave propagation to the shore. Altogether, it was possible to state that bottom friction plays a major role in wave differentiation along the SBS shoreface, thus suggesting that shelf morphology might indeed be more important to generate wave variability than the offshore wave variation itself.