夏季东亚热带和副热带季风与中国东部汛期降水

利用欧洲中心１９８０～１９８９年逐日２００ｈＰａ、８５０ｈＰａ风场及日本气象研究所提供的ＧＭＳ观测的ＴＢＢ逐日资料,探讨了夏季东亚热带、副热带季风的强弱对中国东部夏季降水的影响．指出东亚夏季风系统中的两条辐合带热带辐合带（热带季风槽）和副热带辐合带（副热带梅雨锋）的强度的变化呈相反趋势,即热带季风槽偏弱时（弱季风）,副热带梅雨锋偏强;反之热带季风槽偏强时（强季风）,副热带梅雨锋偏弱．江淮流域的降水与热带季风槽、副热带梅雨锋的强度密切相关,即热带季风槽偏弱（弱季风）,梅雨锋偏强时,江淮流域的降水偏多;热带季风槽偏强（强季风）,梅雨锋偏弱时,江淮流域的降水偏少．研究表明：热带季风槽和副热带梅雨锋的强度与偏西气流的加强密切相关．当赤道东太平洋海温偏高,赤道西太平洋海温偏低,黑潮地区的海温偏高时,赤道东西太平洋上空的Ｗａｌｋｅｒ环流和西太平洋中纬度Ｈａｄｌｅｙ环流的下沉支气流减弱,东亚季风槽较弱（弱季风）,梅雨锋较强;当赤道东太平洋海温偏低、西太平洋海温偏高,黑潮地区的海温偏低时,赤道东西太平洋上空的Ｗａｌｋｅｒ环流和西太平洋中纬度Ｈａｄｌｅｙ环流的下沉支气流加强,东亚季风槽较强（强季风）,梅雨锋较弱．     

不同空间型的El Ni?o对江淮流域夏季降水的影响

利用江淮流域1979—2010年夏季降水资料和海温资料等,研究了不同空间型的El Ni?o对江淮流域夏季降水的影响。结果表明,El Ni?o年江淮流域夏季降水异常为东部偏多西部偏少,El Ni?o Modok年为全区偏少,这与用江淮流域夏季降水和同期热带太平洋海温进行SVD分析的模态几乎一致。对东亚夏季风和环流场的分析结果表明其原因可能为:El Ni?o年东亚夏季风稍偏弱,长江中下游有异常上升运动,我国东北至西北太平洋海盆及江淮流域为负位势高度距平,华南至菲律宾海为正位势高度距平,江淮流域从低层到高层均为气旋性环流异常控制;而El Ni?o Modoki年为强东亚夏季风,且江淮流域有强烈的异常下沉运动,菲律宾、我国南海以及孟加拉湾北部均为显著的负位势高度距平,正距平中心位于日本及我国东海地区,菲律宾海地区及我国江淮流域低层的异常气旋式环流中心比El Ni?o年偏西且强度偏强,高层的异常反气旋环流中心也比El Ni?o年偏西、偏北,同时西太平洋副热带高压位置也较偏北。      

夏季西太平洋副热带高压的不同类型与中国汛期大尺度旱涝的分布

利用历史数据,研究了西太平洋副热带高压指数的特征,证实脊线指数和西伸脊点指数可以较好地描述西太平洋副热带高压,同时也指出这两个指数的年际和年代际变化及其不同的配置,是造成中国夏季降水时空分布和旱涝异常的复杂性、多变性的主要原因之一。据此,将西太平洋副热带高压西伸脊点指数和脊线指数的距平投影到二维平面上,对西太平洋副热带高压进行了分类,并对其各种类型下中国夏季降水进行了合成分析,发现夏季西太平洋副热带高压西伸脊点和脊线不同配置下中国夏季降水的总体分布具有明显的规律性:在西太平洋副热带高压脊线偏北的情况下,夏季降水总体表现出南北两条雨带;在西太平洋副热带高压脊线正常的情况下,夏季降水总体表现为北多南少,长江以北降水偏多;在西太平洋副热带高压脊线偏南的情况下,夏季降水总体表现为南多北少,长江流域及其以南地区降水偏多;上述3种情况下西伸脊点越偏西,降水范围越大。此外,通过计算1951—2010年各年夏季降水实况与其西太平洋副热带高压所属年份夏季降水合成的距平相关系数,发现同一类型下各年夏季降水与其合成分布总体相似,说明了西太平洋副热带高压位置对中国降水具有明显的影响,同时也说明此种分类具有一定的合理性。最后,通过对9种西太平洋副热带高压类型下北半球夏季500hPa高度场和850hPa风场距平分别进行合成,对不同西太平洋副热带高压类型下中国夏季降水的大尺度环流背景和可能机理进行了分析。     

2008年梅雨异常大尺度环流成因分析

利用NCEP再分析资料对2008年江淮梅雨异常特征及其大尺度环流成因进行了分析研究。结果表明： （1）2008年入（出）梅显著偏早、 梅雨期长度略偏短, 梅雨分布呈南涝北旱、 东多西少, 梅雨量偏少、 强度偏弱。（2）该年入梅显著偏早是东亚大气环流由冬季型向夏季型转换提前所致, 副热带高空西风急流北跳、 500 hPa西风带环流调整、 西太平洋副热带高压季节性北跳、 夏季风北涌至江淮流域的时间均早于常年。（3）该年出梅显著偏早的主导因素是冷空气活动。（4）南涝北旱梅雨型是受南亚高压东段脊线位置接近常年、 副热带高压脊线处于适宜梅雨发生纬度带的南段、 低空西南急流和水汽输送带北缘位置以及高空强辐散和中低空强辐合区位置偏南的影响。（5）东多西少梅雨型是冷空气路径偏西所致。（6）梅雨期夏季风北涌至江淮流域活动次数偏少是梅雨量偏少的重要因素。     

江淮梅雨异常空间分布型对比分析

利用国家气候中心整编的中国160个测站的月降水资料,提取1951—2012年江淮流域26站6、7月份的梅雨量距平场资料进行EOF分析,将梅雨雨型分为北涝南旱型和南涝北旱型。利用NCAR/NCEP再分析资料对两种空间分布的典型年大气环流背景特征进行合成分析,结果表明:北涝南旱年,高纬度鄂霍次克海高压阻塞形势偏强,极涡偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压和南亚高压位置偏北,东亚副热带夏季风偏强,水汽辐合中心偏北;南涝北旱年情形基本相反,高纬度鄂霍次克海高压阻塞形势和极涡偏强,西太平洋副热带高压和200 hPa南亚高压位置偏南,东亚副热带夏季风偏弱,水汽辐合中心偏南。     

2013年海洋和大气环流异常及对中国气候的影响

本文对2013年海洋和大气环流异常特征进行分析,讨论这些异常特征对中国气温和降水的主要影响。结果表明：2012/2013年冬季,北极涛动持续维持负位相,500 hPa位势高度场上,欧亚大陆中高纬环流呈“两槽一脊”的环流形势,乌拉尔山的高压脊持续偏强,而东亚槽也异常偏强,导致全国平均气温较常年同期偏低。季内,西伯利亚高压强度变化显著,与之相对应,我国气温季内阶段性变化大,前冬冷、后冬暖。进一步研究表明,前秋北极海冰的大幅偏少是造成东亚冬季风偏强的重要原因。2013年冬季至夏季,赤道中东太平洋海温异常偏低而海洋性大陆至西太平洋海温异常偏高,受此影响,夏季西太平洋副热带高压位置明显偏北,导致我国北方夏季多雨。与此同时,受西太平洋副热带高压下沉气流的控制,我国南方大部高温持续。2013年南海夏季风爆发偏早两候,结束偏晚4候,强度偏弱。     

2002年北半球大气环流特征及其对中国气候异常的影响

2002年春末夏初一次新的厄尔尼诺事件形成；1～12月北半球大气环流的主要特征表现为：中纬度地区纬向环流盛行，西太平洋副热带高压持续偏强偏西，我国大部地区气温偏高，降水呈南多北少分布；欧亚地区夏季500hPa位势高度距平场上，中高纬从西到东呈现为“ - ”分布形式，贝加尔湖地区为正距平中心，7月在贝加尔湖地区出现典型阻高；东亚夏季风偏强，南亚夏季风及热带对流指数偏弱；夏季赤道辐合带偏弱等。在上述大气环流的影响下，我国的天气气候发生了异常。     

夏季东亚季风区Hadley环流上升支结构异常及其对长江流域降水的影响

利用ECMWF最新发布的Interim再分析资料,计算了东亚季风区Hadley环流质量流函数,并使用EOF分解、相关分析及合成分析等统计方法,分析了夏季东亚季风区Hadley环流上升支结构的异常特征及其对我国长江流域降水的影响。发现夏季东亚季风区Hadley环流上升支具有独特的双上升中心结构,两上升中心的位置分别对应东亚夏季风系统中的两条辐合带——热带季风槽及梅雨锋。上升支的主要异常模态表现为两个上升中心“跷跷板”型的反相异常。与梅雨锋对应的副热带上升中心强度与长江流域降水呈正相关关系,即当其偏强时,长江流域降水偏多,反之亦然。副热带支偏强时,低层西太平洋副热带高压偏南导致气流在长江流域异常辐合,其异常西南风水汽输送使得长江流域有异常水汽辐合,高层气流在长江流域异常辐散。同时鄂霍次克海附近阻塞活动偏强,东亚沿海地区500 hPa高度场出现“+-+”的经向异常型。这些异常型均有利于长江流域的降水。      

夏季东亚西风急流Rossby波扰动异常与中国降水

利用1958～2003年NCAR/NCEP再分析和中国160 站月降水资料，探讨沿东亚西风急流Rossby波扰动动能异常对东亚夏季风环流和中国夏季（6～8月）降水的影响及其响应机理。研究发现:（1）夏季东亚西风急流Rossby波扰动动能加强（减弱), 东亚西风急流位置偏南（北)、强度偏强（弱）。（2）该扰动动能具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征， 1958～1978年处于年代际偏弱阶段，1979～1998年处于年代际偏强阶段。（3）该扰动动能加强（减弱), 200 hPa 辐合区位于30?N以南（以北）西太平洋地区，此时，500 hPa 西太平洋副热带高压位于30?N以南（以北), 850 hPa 反气旋性距平环流出现在东亚30?N以南（以北）地区，而30?N以北（以南）为气旋性距平环流，东亚热带季风环流加强（减弱), 梅雨锋加强（减弱), 夏季中国东部降水中间多、南北少（中间少、南北多）。（4）东亚高、中、低层大气环流对高层东亚西风急流Rossby波扰动动能强弱响应由对流层上层散度场及垂直速度场变化完成。     

2005年北半球大气环流特征及其对中国气候异常的影响

2005年北半球主要环流特征为，500hPa西太平洋副热带高压较常年明显偏强，位置总体偏西偏北，春季副高位置异常偏西；东亚地区夏季500hPa位势高度距平场上大部地区为正距平分布，贝加尔湖南部为正距平中心。亚洲中纬度经、纬向环流交替出现，冬季经向环流异常发展，造成我国东部地区气温异常偏低；夏李纬向环流发展，同时东亚夏季风偏强，汛期主要雨带位置位于淮河流域。冬、春李热带对流活动减弱，入夏以后迅速加强，台风活动活跃。热带海洋为暖水位相。在海洋和大气环流的共同影响下我国天气气候发生了明显异常。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences