四川省太阳能资源分布特征及其开发利用建议

本文利用四川省1971～2000年日照、水汽及太阳辐射观测资料,分别模拟计算了四川省高原和盆地太阳辐射值,分析了全省日照、太阳辐射及太阳能的分布特征.结果表明:四川省日照分布的基本特征是高原多、盆地少,高原冬春日照多于夏秋,盆地春夏日照多于秋冬;太阳辐射年总量呈经向分布,其东西差异达一倍以上;盆地南部及西南部是四川省乃至全国太阳能资源贫乏区;川西高原是四川省太阳能资源最为丰富的地区,也是全国太阳能资源三级分布区之一,有很大的开发利用价值,对四川省能源的可持续发展有重要意义.     

陕西太阳总辐射的计算及分布特征

文章利用了陕西省延安、西安、安康三站逐月太阳总辐射和98站的1971-2005年月日照百分率资料,建立回归分析方程,推算并分析了全省各地逐月的太阳总辐射分布,进而分析了陕西月、季、年太阳总辐射的空间分布特征为陕北5月或6月最大,关中和陕南7月份最大,并指出了省内太阳能资源的富集区,在陕北长城沿线,渭北高原次之;为陕西省太阳能资源的开发利用及太阳辐射对陕西省气候影响的研究提供了科学依据.     

新疆太阳能资源利用区划

就全国来说,新疆的太阳能资源得天独厚,极为丰富,有可观的利用发展前景。为便于新疆太阳能资源的开发利用,我们对新疆100个站点的太阳辐射和60个站的1961—1985年日照等资料作了统计,按新疆太阳能的时空分布特征,分布规律和可利用性等问题进行了分析,并按本文提出的太阳能利用     

紫云气象站太阳能资源评估

太阳能资源作为可再生清洁能源,在我国积极应对气候变化,落实国家节能减排要求,推进新能源使用中发挥了重要作用,光伏发电作为新能源在我国得到不断开发利用。该文利用紫云气象站1961—2014年的日照观测资料及2011—2014年太阳辐射观测资料。通过对日照资料及辐射资料变化情况的分析,以及采用气候学方法估算1981年以来的太阳辐射值,对紫云气象站的太阳能资源进行评估。     

鹤岗地区太阳能资源状况分析

本文利用宝泉岭中心气象台2008-2012年太阳总辐射及日照资料,鹤岗气象站紫外线辐射及日照资料对鹤岗地区太阳能资源进行评估分析,结果表明,鹤岗太阳能资源分布在全国属于资源丰富地区,而且近几年来总辐射值无明显变化。鹤岗市的太阳能可作为资源利用,以缓解当今能源短缺。     

攀枝花太阳能资源评价

为了有效地开发和利用攀枝花太阳能资源,本文在广泛搜集国内相关地区太阳辐射资料的基础上,整理了攀枝花几十年的太阳能相关气象数据,通过天文辐射量、日照百分率、经纬度、水汽压等因子建立相关辐射量计算模式,系统地分析和研究了攀枝花地区太阳能辐射量的主要分布特征和优势,对大力开发利用攀枝花太阳能资源提供了科学依据,并就如何发展特色农业和旅游业等综合开发利用方面提出了具体可行的对策建议。      

吉林省太阳能资源及其利用区划的探讨

本文利用1961-2006年长春和延吉两站逐月的太阳辐射资料、全省各个气象站同期的日照百分率和水汽压资料,以及吉林省各地的海拔高度和经纬度资料,计算了全省各地各月及年的太阳总辐射值。利用太阳总辐射计算值分析了全省太阳总辐射的时空分布特征,并对太阳能资源进行区划。分析得出,吉林省月、年平均太阳总辐射呈逐年减少的变化趋势;年太阳总辐射基本呈东少西多的空间分布特征;在太阳能资源区划中,白城市、松原市、四平市、长春市西部、通化市西北部以及白山市大部太阳能资源属于三级,长春市北部和东部、辽源市大部、吉林市、通化市大部、白山市北部和延边州大部属于四级。     

和静县太阳总辐射计算及太阳能资源评估

基于焉耆国家基准气候站1993-2012年逐月太阳总辐射和日照观测资料以及和静、巴音布鲁克1961-2012年月日照百分率资料,建立回归分析方程,推算和静县山区及平原地区逐月的太阳总辐射,对比分析了和静县山区及平原地区太阳总辐射变化特征,从太阳能资源丰富度、资源稳定性及可利用价值等方面对和静县太阳能资源状况进行评估。结果表明：1961-2012年和静县平原及山区太阳总辐射均呈减少的趋势,平原地区7月太阳总辐射最多,山区5月最多,最少值均出现在1月;平原地区属太阳能资源很丰富区,山区为丰富区;平原地区及山区太阳能资源均较稳定;平原地区年平均可利用太阳辐射的天数为286 d,山区为267 d;平原和山区一天中上午和中午是最有利的利用时段。     

辽宁省太阳能资源分布及区划初探

根据1971—2006年沈阳、大连和朝阳太阳辐射观测站历年逐月太阳总辐射和日照百分率实测资料,应用统计方法计算辽宁无辐射观测地区的太阳总辐射量,进而了解辽宁省太阳能资源分布情况。结果表明:辽西和沿海地区及长山群岛太阳能资源较好,辽北次之,东部山区较差;春夏季较好,秋冬季较差,5月最好,12月最差。太阳能资源历年变化相对平稳,各年代呈小幅度波动,其中20世纪80年代偏小、90年代偏大,近几年回落。根据各地太阳总辐射年总量,将太阳能资源定为4级评估指标,并将辽宁省太阳能资源划分为丰富、较丰富、一般和贫乏4个区域。     

攀枝花太阳能资源评价

为了有效地开发和利用攀枝花太阳能资源,本文在广泛搜集国内相关地区太阳辐射资料的基础上,整理了攀枝花几十年的太阳能相关气象数据,通过天文辐射量、日照百分率、经纬度、水汽压等因子建立相关辐射量计算模式,系统地分析和研究了攀枝花地区太阳能辐射量的主要分布特征和优势,对大力开发利用攀枝花太阳能资源提供了科学依据,并就如何发展特色农业和旅游业等综合开发利用方面提出了具体可行的对策建议。     

The contribution of energy law to the energy transition and energy research

This article focuses on energy law’s contribution to the energy transition and to research on that transition. It is well known that law plays a pivotal role in governing the energy sector and has fundamental implications for the pursuit of the low-carbon transition. Despite this fact, law often remains confined within its silo, inaccessible to non-lawyers due to its distinctive methodological characteristics and internal jargon. This article aims to initiate an accessible dialogue between energy law and other energy-focused disciplines. It first explains how energy law, as a legal discipline, should be understood in this context and what that implies for energy law as a system of governance. It then explores the interface between energy law and other disciplines in which research into the energy transition is carried out. The article identifies and evaluates the roles of energy law in the energy transition, concluding with a summary of the implications of the role of energy law for the energy transition and for energy research.     

全球大气能量演变及其与太阳活动的关系

利用1979—2010年间的JRA-25再分析资料、太阳常数观测资料,重现了1979—2010年间的各能量的时间序列,并对整层大气、对流层大气和平流层大气这3个大气层能量的演变规律及其与太阳活动的关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)整层大气的总能量和对流层大气的总能量,两者都存在一个显著的3.7 a的周期;而平流层大气的总能量具有一个显著的11~22 a的振荡周期;平流层大气对太阳活动的响应,与对流层大气对太阳活动的响应有所不同:平流层大气的总能量的变化略落后于太阳常数的变化,但是整层大气和对流层大气的总能量的变化均是超前于太阳常数的变化。(2)整层大气、对流层大气和平流层大气这3个层次的总能量和太阳常数分别具有显著的4~11 a的共振周期、5.5~7.3 a的共振周期和3.7~11 a的共振周期。     

Available energy and energy balance closure at four coniferous forest sites across Europe

The available energy (AE), driving the turbulent fluxes of sensible heat and latent heat at the earth surface, was estimated at four partly complex coniferous forest sites across Europe (Tharandt, Germany; Ritten/Renon, Italy; Wetzstein, Germany; Norunda, Sweden). Existing data of net radiation were used as well as storage change rates calculated from temperature and humidity measurements to finally calculate the AE of all forest sites with uncertainty bounds. Data of the advection experiments MORE II (Tharandt) and ADVEX (Renon, Wetzstein, Norunda) served as the main basis. On-site data for referencing and cross-checking of the available energy were limited. Applied cross checks for net radiation (modelling, referencing to nearby stations and ratio of net radiation to global radiation) did not reveal relevant uncertainties. Heat storage of sensible heat J _H, latent heat J _E, heat storage of biomass J _veg and heat storage due to photosynthesis J _C were of minor importance during day but of some importance during night, where J _veg turned out to be the most important one. Comparisons of calculated storage terms (J _E, J _H) at different towers of one site showed good agreement indicating that storage change calculated at a single point is representative for the whole canopy at sites with moderate heterogeneity. The uncertainty in AE was assessed on the basis of literature values and the results of the applied cross checks for net radiation. The absolute mean uncertainty of AE was estimated to be between 41 and 52 W m^?2 (10–11 W m^?2 for the sum of the storage terms J and soil heat flux G) during mid-day (approximately 12% of AE). At night, the absolute mean uncertainty of AE varied from 20 to about 30 W m^?2 (approximately 6 W m^?2 for J plus G) resulting in large relative uncertainties as AE itself is small. An inspection of the energy balance showed an improvement of closure when storage terms were included and that the imbalance cannot be attributed to the uncertainties in AE alone.     

Connection between atmospheric latent energy and energy fluxes simulated by nine CMIP5 models

The atmospheric latent energy and incoming energy fluxes of the atmosphere are analyzed here based on the historical simulations of nine coupled models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5)and two reanalysis datasets.The globally averaged atmospheric latent energy is found to be highly correlated with several types of energy flux,particularly the surface latent heat flux,atmosphere absorbed solar radiation flux,and surface net radiation flux.On the basis of these connections,a hydrological cycle controlled feedback(HCCF)is hypothesized.Through this feedback,the atmosphere absorbed solar radiation is enhanced and causes intensification of the surface latent heat flux when the atmospheric latent energy is abnormally strong.The representativeness of the HCCF during different periods and over different latitudinal zones is also discussed.Although such a feedback cannot be confirmed by reanalysis,it proves to be a common mechanism for all the models studied.     

Seasonal temperature variations and energy demand

This paper presents an empirical study of the relationship between residential energy demand and temperature. Unlike previous studies in this field, the data sample has a global coverage and special emphasis is given to the heterogeneous response of different regions and to the contrasting effects on energy demand for cooling and heating purposes. To account for this we distinguish between different regions, seasons, and energy sources. Short- and long-run temperature demand elasticities are estimated. These features make the model results especially valuable in the analysis of climate change impacts as they provide an empirical basis for the study of the impact of climate change on energy demand. To illustrate the potential of the results as a basis for the study of climate change impacts, the estimates are used in a simple exercise that projects changes in energy demand due to temperatures increase in 2085.     

Computed rotational energy spectra of two energy and enstrophy conserving schemes on semi-staggered grids

Summary Rotational energy spectra are examined in experiments with two energy and enstrophy conserving schemes defined on the semi-staggered grid. One of the schemes conserved enstrophy as defined on an equivalent staggered grid, and the other conserved enstrophy as defined on the semi-staggered grid.As predicted by the theory (Janji, 1984), the rotational energy corresponding to the scheme conserving enstrophy as defined on an equivalent staggered grid decreases faster with increasing intensity of the wave number vector than that of the scheme conserving enstrophy as defined on the semistaggered grid. Moreover, the spectrum obtained with the scheme conserving the equivalent staggered grid enstrophy resembles the observed atmospheric spectra in a large part of the admissible wave number range.With 2 Figures     

Measuring income and projecting energy use

Energy is a key requirement for a healthy, productive life and a major driver of the emissions leading to an increasingly warm planet. The implications of a doubling and redoubling of per capita incomes over the remainder of this century for energy use are a critical input into understanding the magnitude of the carbon management problem. A substantial controversy about how the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) measured income and the potential implications of how income was measured for long term levels of energy use is revisited again in the McKibbin, Pearce and Stegman article appearing elsewhere in this issue. The recent release of a new set of purchasing power estimates of national income, and the preparations for creating new scenarios to support the IPCC’s fifth assessment highlight the importance of the issues which have arisen surrounding income and energy use. Comparing the 1993 and 2005 ICP results on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) based measures of income reveals that not only do the 2005 ICP estimates share the same issue of common growth rates for real income as measured by PPP and US $, but the lack of coherence in the estimates of PPP incomes, especially for developing countries raises yet another obstacle to resolving the best way to measure income. Further, the common use of an income term to mediate energy demand (as in the Kaya identity) obscures an underlying reality about per capita energy demands, leading to unreasonable estimates of the impact of changing income measures and of the recent high GDP growth rates in India and China. Significant new research is required to create both a reasonable set of GDP growth rates and long term levels of energy use.