利用太阳光度计反演渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽总量

利用CE-318型太阳光度计936nm水汽吸收通道的太阳辐射观测值和太阳光度计在该通道的透过率与水汽量关系，采用瞬态法反演了渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽总量。结果表明：利用太阳光度计936nm通道可以反演晴空大气柱水汽总量，其局限性是要在晴空下使用；渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽含量时间分布极不均匀；不同季节晴空日的水汽含量日变化有所不同。     

基于GPS技术的大气可降水反演方法

根据全球定位系统遥感水汽的原理,利用2004年6月哈尔滨GPS跟踪站的观测资料和气象资料,对哈尔滨地区的大气综合水汽含量进行了反演,得到了误差(与控探空资料计算的水汽含量相比)为2.7 mm的反演结果。同时对影响水汽反演的误差进行了分析,给出了各项误差对水汽结果的影响程度,并对反演结果与探空资料结果和实际降水进行了比较,得出了其间变化一致性的结论。     

利用太阳光度计反演大气柱水汽总量方法研究

应用天津大气边界层观测站的CE318型太阳光度计五个波段(440,670,870,936和1020nm)的太阳辐射观测资料,以及MODTRAN3.7辐射传输模式模拟的大气斜程水汽量与CE318太阳光度计936 nm通道水汽透过率的关系函数,研究了反演大气柱水汽总量的方法。结果表明:在大气处于相对不变的状态下,瞬态法和改进的Langley法在反演大气柱水汽总量时其结果的相关系数高于0.97;但在大气状态处于多变时,瞬态法优于改进的Langley法。     

利用太阳光度计反演郑州地区水汽含量

利用CE-318型太阳光度计936 nm波段的太阳辐射观测资料,采用改进的Langley法反演了郑州地区大气柱水汽含量,并分析了大气柱水汽含量与地面水汽压之间的关系。结果表明:郑州地区大气柱水汽含量的季节变化:夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,日变化为早晚低,中午高;郑州地区大气柱水汽含量与地面水汽压之间存在着良好的线性关系。     

利用北京GPS监测网分析夏季暴雨的水汽特征

利用覆盖北京地区的地基GPS水汽监测网数据反演的地基GPS大气柱水汽含量 (precipitable water vapor, PWV),分析了2009年7月3次暴雨天气过程中大气柱水汽含量的水平分布特征;利用高空、地面常规气象资料以及加密气象自动站观测资料计算地面和高空比湿,结合温度、风等物理量分析3次暴雨天气过程中的大尺度水汽输送和中尺度局地辐合作用;对最大降水强度以及降水量的时间变化的分析表明:3次降水落区分布特征与降水前期大气柱水汽含量高值的水平分布较为一致;大气柱水汽含量曲线变化特征与各尺度天气系统造成的水汽输送和水汽辐合密切相关,大气柱水汽含量的大小与水汽来源密切相关;降水前4小时内大气柱水汽含量出现陡增,线性增速大于1.1 mm/h,最大降水强度出现在大气柱水汽含量峰值出现后的1~2 h。     

基于ETM＋遥感影像反演不同土地利用类型地表温度的研究

采用Landsat7 ETM＋为基本数据源,运用3种算法（大气辐射传输方程RTE、Qin等单窗算法和Jimenez—Munoz＆Sobrino普适性单通道算法）定量反演了黄河三角洲部分地区的地表温度（land surface temperature,LST）,并进行了不同算法反演结果的差值比较：以RTE反演结果为标准,在大气水汽含量较低时,Qin等单窗算法和JM＆S普适性单通道算法精度较高,与RTE的反演结果相差均在1K以内;在大气水汽含量较高时,Qin等单窗算法在采用地面气象资料估算水汽含量条件下仍保持较高的精度,比RTE反演结果平均偏小0．95K;而根据估算的大气水汽含量进行反演的JM＆S普适性单通道算法的反演偏差比Qin等单窗算法要大,达到1．94K,但JM＆S普适性单通道算法根据实测的大气水汽含量得到的反演结果要略优于Qin等单窗算法,比RTE结果偏大0．67K。同时计算了经过6s模式校正后归一化植被指数（INDV）,然后利用GIS中的空间分析功能,分析LST、INDV在不同土地利用类型之间的差异以及二者之间的定量关系。发现研究区内,就所有土地利用类型而言,平均LST和INDV之间存在显著的负相关关系;对于各种土地利用类型,这种相关关系也存在．但相关程度不同。     

柴达木盆地冷湖地区天文台选址气象条件特征分析

天文台选址前期必须考虑气象条件的影响。根据1961—2018青海省柴达木盆地冷湖、茫崖和大柴旦3个气象观测站的月数据进行气象条件特征分析，得到冷湖地区云量、气温、风速、水汽压、相对湿度等天文相关气象要素的年、月际变化特征。结果表明：冷湖地区水汽压年平均不超过3 hPa，相对湿度为32%，多年平均风速<4 m/s，平均气温常年偏低且较为稳定。相对湿度、风速、大风日数、浮尘日数以及扬沙日数呈减少趋势，且大风、浮尘日数的减少速度较快。冷湖地区大气整层可降水量也明显低于其他地区，1991—2015年平均大气整层可降水量为0.29 mm，柴达木盆地冷湖地区云量较少、平均风速小、气候较为干燥，与其他天文观测台址的气象条件相比，柴达木盆地冷湖地区有明显优于其他天文观测台址的气象条件，适宜开展天文观测研究。     

地基GPS遥感大气水汽含量及在气象上的应用

简单介绍了地基GPS遥感大气水汽含量的原理以及GPS反演水汽信息的种类，比较了两种GPS数据解算水汽策略，分析了在解算过程中影响GPS水汽精度的因子。最后简述了GPS水汽在气象上应用的进展，并提出了以后需努力的方向。     

基于MonoRTM模型的微波辐射计反演方法研究

基于辐射传输模型MonoRTM计算天空亮温度,使用多元线性统计回归方法和BP神经网络方法分别对大气温度和水汽密度廓线进行了反演,检验并分析了两种方法的反演精度.结果表明,多元线性回归方法反演的温度偏差总体不大于6K,反演的水汽密度偏差小于4 g/m3;神经网络方法反演的温度偏差小于2K,反演的水汽密度误差总体不大于2 g/m3.与探空数据的对比表明,对于大气温度和水汽密度反演,BP神经网络方法的反演结果都要比多元线性回归方法的反演结果更接近探空资料值.     

云南地基GPS水汽解算方案及精度检验

在分析GAMIT水汽解算方案特点的基础上,利用云南6站地基GPS水汽探测资料,进行了不同解算方案计算结果的分析,并与GPS探空资料的PWV值进行比较,结果显示:不同解算方案对云南地基GPS水汽反演结果有显著的影响;在进行本地化后,GAMIT软件包对云南GPS水汽反演的精度有显著提高;不同季节的云南地基GPS反演水汽值与高精度探空水汽值的数值和变化趋势极为一致,二者的均方根差小于2 mm,说明该解算方案的地基GPS水汽反演结果可用.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.