新疆喀什一次秋季罕见强沙尘暴天气成因分析

利用NCEP资料、区域自动站观测资料、FY-2E卫星云图资料,对2010年9月5—6日发生在喀什地区的一次强沙尘暴天气的成因进行了分析,结果表明:造成喀什地区强沙尘暴天气的主要原因是喀什地区受乌拉尔山至中亚高压脊控制,强冷空气从新疆东部进入塔里木盆地,在盆地东部产生偏东大风,卷起塔克拉玛干沙漠及戈壁沙尘西进,由于喀什地区特殊的地理位置,沙尘在喀什地区堆积造成沙尘暴天气;前期新疆天山以南地区高温少雨,干土层增厚土质疏松,为沙尘天气的加强提供了有利的物质条件;塔里木盆地东西部高低空显著的热力差异,利于低层冷空气由东向西移动而产生偏东急流;前期塔里木盆地东西部测站明显的温压差异为沙尘暴的发生提供了有利的热力和动力条件。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地盛夏沙尘暴天气卫星云图分析

1996年7月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中四气象站出现沙尘暴天气多达16d,同期沙漠边缘肖塘气象站出现的沙尘暴天气为10d。本文收集了NOAA－12、NOAA－14遥感图象资料,运用三个通道合成国家和遥感亮温资料进行综合分析,初步归纳出盛夏沙漠腹地沙尘暴天气的四种云图类型：①北部冷空气翻越天山、南支暖湿气流爬坡进入盆地型;②盆地热低压与系统性天气触发相互作用型;③热带暖湿气流翻越青藏高原与盆地冷气团结合型;④锢囚云系瞬时锋生云带尾部甩入盆地型。     

新疆喀什一次秋季罕见强沙尘暴

利用NCEP资料、区域自动站观测资料、FY-2E卫星云图资料,对2010年9月5—6日发生在喀什地区的一次强沙尘暴天气的成因进行了分析,结果表明:造成喀什地区强沙尘暴天气的主要原因是喀什地区受乌拉尔山至中亚高压脊控制,强冷空气从新疆东部进入塔里木盆地,在盆地东部产生偏东大风,卷起塔克拉玛干沙漠及戈壁沙尘西进,由于喀什地区特殊的地理位置,沙尘在喀什地区堆积造成沙尘暴天气;前期新疆天山以南地区高温少雨,干土层增厚土质疏松,为沙尘天气的加强提供了有利的物质条件;塔里木盆地东西部高低空显著的热力差异,利于低层冷空气由东向西移动而产生偏东急流;前期塔里木盆地东西部测站明显的温压差异为沙尘暴的发生提供了有利的热力和动力条件。

     

近年来强沙尘暴天气气候特征的分析研究

2000～2002年春季(3～5月)中国北方有12次强沙尘暴天气过程发生,其中11次与蒙古气旋有关.作者从干旱气候背景、环流状况、沙尘源、沙尘路径及天气系统等方面进行了分析,并集中对引发强沙尘暴的蒙古气旋进行了诊断分析.结果表明:在这3年中,春季我国北方强沙尘暴天气主要与蒙古气旋的发展移动有关,气旋冷锋后的大风是强沙尘暴天气发生的主要动力因子;蒙古国南部、巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠、乌兰布和沙漠和毛乌素沙地是强沙尘暴过程的主要沙尘源地;影响我国的强沙尘暴的沙尘路径至少可分为3种类型,即偏西路径、西北路径和南疆盆地型,以西北路径居多;我国北方春季的连续干旱、气温偏高及冷空气活跃是强沙尘暴天气形成的重要气候背景.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地盛夏沙尘暴天气卫星云图分析

１９９６年７月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中四气象站出现沙尘暴天气多达１６ｄ,同期沙漠边缘肖塘气象站出现的沙尘暴天气为１０ｄ。本文收集了ＮＯＡＡ－１２、ＮＯＡＡ－１４遥感图象资料,运用三个通道合成图象和遥感亮温资料进行综合分析,初步归纳出盛夏沙漠腹地沙尘暴天气的四种云图类型：①北部冷空气翻越天山、南支暖湿气流爬坡进入盆地型;②盆地热低压与系统性天气触发相互作用型;③热带暖湿气流翻越青藏高原与盆地冷气团结合     

一次快速发展气旋导致的沙尘暴天气过程的初步分析

文章概述了我国北方地区春季沙尘天气的特征,并对影响沙尘暴的天气气候背景、单站地面气象要素、环流形势、冷空气的强度及影响路径、沙尘暴的起沙源地、影响时间和范围等进行了分析。结果表明:此过程是蒙古气旋强烈发展所致。巴丹吉林沙漠和浑善达克沙地是沙尘暴的主要沙尘源区;蒙古气旋的爆发性发展和冷锋后大风是起沙的主要动力;在高空急流出口区左侧,气流辐散强迫形成干对流上升气流,该上升气流与湍流输送是沙尘向高空输送的动力机制。     

蒙古气旋爆发性发展导致的强沙尘暴个例研究

对2001年4月6～7日发生在中国北方的一次强沙尘暴过程,从沙尘源、干旱气候背景、天气系统及起沙和扬沙的动力机制进行了初步研究,揭示了强沙尘暴与蒙古气旋和高空急流活动的关系.得出:位于内蒙古西部的巴丹吉林沙漠和中部的浑善达克沙地,是沙尘暴的主要沙尘源区;持续两年的干旱是强沙尘暴形成的气候背景;蒙古气旋的爆发性发展和冷锋后大风是起沙的主要动力;湍流输送和高空急流出口区左侧气流辐散强迫形成的干对流上升气流是沙尘向高空输送的动力机制等结论.作者认为强沙尘暴是挟带大量沙尘的强干对流风暴.     

基于FY-2F资料的新疆区域云系特征研究

利用2014年1—12月FY-2F/CTA、FY-2F/CLC小时产品,采用平均值合成法,监测分析了新疆各区域的云系特征。结果表明:(1)新疆区域总云量年平均值为37.7%,其中,阿尔泰山山区云资源最为充沛,其次是昆仑山山区、准噶尔盆地、天山山区,而塔里木盆地最匮乏,各区域总云量年平均值依次为45.7%,40.0%,38.2%,37.9%及26.1%;天山以北区域(含天山山区)的云资源冬春季较为丰富,天山以南区域则春季较为丰富;新疆各区域总云量均白天较少,夜间相对较多,但塔里木盆地与之相反。(2)天山以北区域总云量呈北高南低、西高东低分布,天山以南区域则呈南高北低、西高东低分布。(3)三大山区主要以高层云或雨层云、卷层云为主,其中昆仑山山区的密卷云也较多,两大盆地则以层积云或高积云为主。新疆区域尤其是三大山区云的时空分布具有一定的地域性和稳定性,有利于开展人工增雨。     

2009年4月下旬蒙古气旋型大范围沙尘暴天气过程的诊断分析

本文利用卫星资料、加密实况观测资料、NCEP再分析资料分析了2009年4月下旬我国北方地区大范围沙尘天气过程的成因,并对热力、动力及不稳定层结等条件作了物理量诊断,得到了以下主要结论：贝加尔湖阻塞高压、高空冷涡及蒙古气旋是造成此次大范围沙尘天气的有利环流形势,其中蒙古气旋是关键影响系统;干暖舌位置对于沙尘落区有一定指示意义,沙尘暴落区与干暖舌的位置及移动方向一致;高空急流的发展演变与此次沙尘天气密切相关,沙尘天气主要发生在高空急流入口右侧,高空急流加强东移南压对应着沙尘天气东扩南压加强;螺旋度反映出沙尘暴过程中气旋区旋转上升明显,且螺旋度大值区后倾;理查逊数下降并维持低值、风垂直切变增大,大气层结不稳定,易激发沙尘暴发生和向下游传输。     

一次天山翻山大风天气的诊断分析及预报

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 2.5°×2.5°网格再分析资料,对2009年4月16日天山翻山大风的物理机制进行了诊断分析.结果表明:高空急流、垂直环流共同作用是高空动量下传的重要动力机制,500～850 hPa较深厚的强冷平流输送是翻山大风形成的热力因子.同时得到天山翻山大风一些有益的预报指标.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;