CMIP5多模式对东亚地区地面气温年际变率的回报研究

对CMIP5全球气候模式中年代际回报试验的气温资料及其简单集合平均(Multi-model ensemble mean,EMN)和贝叶斯模式平均的结果(Bayesian Model Averaging,BMA)进行经验正交函数(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)分解和Morlet小波分析,检验评估各个模式及其EMN和BMA对东亚地面气温的方差、气温时空分布特征及周期变化的回报能力。结果表明,10个模式、EMN、BMA都能很好地回报出1981—2010年东亚地面气温的方差分布,其中BMA回报效果最好。EOF分析表明,BMA能较好地回报出东亚地面气温第一模态的时空分布。MIROC5能较好地回报出第二模态的趋势变化,但却不能回报出气温的年际变率。绝大多数模式和EMN、BMA虽然能回报出东亚地面气温的变化趋势,但是对气温年际变率的回报仍然是比较困难的。CMCC-CM对气温变化主模态的3~5 a的周期变化特征回报效果最好,和NCEP资料的结果最为接近。     

基于CMIP5多模式回报资料的地面气温超级集合研究

利用CMIP5的15个全球气候系统模式对东亚及周边地区(70~150°E,0°~60°N)地面气温的回报结果进行超级集合(简称SUP)试验,以欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA逐月气温资料作为观测值,并采用均方根误差(RMSE)、距平相关系数(ACC)、绝对误差(MAE)对多模式集合平均(EMN)以及超级集合(SUP)的回报结果进行检验和评估。结果表明,超级集合回报结果一定程度上取决于训练期的长度。随训练期长度的增加,距平相关系数呈增大的趋势,均方根误差呈减小的趋势,但训练期达到一定长度后,误差不再有明显的减小,甚至出现误差增长。15个全球气候系统模式对东亚及周边地区的地面气温具有一定的回报能力,可以较好地回报出地面气温的年际变化和空间分布,海洋上回报的均方根误差小于陆地。但不同模式回报的结果不尽相同,在单模式中CCSM4对地面气温的回报效果最好。多模式集成的回报效果优于单模式的回报效果,SUP的回报效果优于EMN,其区域平均的均方根误差比多模式集合平均小0.43℃,超级集合极大地改善了地面气温的回报效果。     

基于CMIP5资料的东亚夏季环流的BMA预测研究

利用CMIP5的17个全球气候系统模式对500 hPa位势高度场的年代际回报结果,采用距平相关系数、均方根误差、平均绝对误差及连续等级概率评分4种指标,评估了贝叶斯模式平均(Bayesian model average,BMA)预报方法对东亚夏季环流的回报能力,并与最优单模式MIROC5和多模式简单集合平均结果进行了比较。结果表明,BMA方法对东亚夏季500 hPa位势高度场的回报效果是最好的,优于最优单模式MIROC5和简单集合平均的回报结果。BMA模型能产生高集中度的概率密度函数,并包含了多模式集成回报不确定性的定量估计。此外,BMA方法对西太平洋副热带高压的年际变率也有较好的回报效果,对西太平洋副热带高压的预报,选取60~70%概率下的结果更为合理。     

BCC_CSM1.1模式对我国气温的模拟和预估

利用我国541个测站1960—2010年气温资料以及国家气候中心参加第5次耦合模式比较计划 (CMIP5) 的气候系统模式BCC_CSM1.1的历史试验和年代际试验结果,评估了该模式对我国近50年气温变化特征的模拟能力, 对模式的年代际试验结果进行了误差订正,并给出未来10~20年我国气温变化的预估。结果表明:历史试验和年代际试验均模拟出了与观测较为一致的增暖趋势,但均没有观测资料的增暖幅度大。其中,历史试验比年代际试验更接近于观测。年代际尺度上,模式对我国东部的模拟要好于西部;年际尺度上,模式的高预报技巧区在我国西北地区西南部和东部、西南地区北部。历史试验和年代际试验对我国气温空间场整体分布模拟较好,误差订正后的年代际试验结果对空间气温场的模拟有更好把握。相对于观测资料得到的1960—2010年0.27℃/10 a的增温速率,模式预估我国2011—2030年平均气温变化速率达到0.48℃/10 a, 上升趋势更加明显。     

基于IPCC A1B情景的中国未来气候变化预估:多模式集合结果及其不确定性

利用耦合模式比较计划(CMIP3)提供的20世纪气候模拟试验(20C3M)及A1B情景预估试验,讨论了全球增暖情景下21世纪中期中国气候的可能变化。结果表明,A1B情景下,中国夏季降水变化在-0.1～1.1mm/d,冬季降水变化在-0.2～0.2mm/d。模式对降水变化的预估存在较大不确定性。无论冬夏,预估的全国表面气温都将升高,升温幅度在1.2～2.8℃;随纬度升高,增暖幅度相应增大。模式对表面气温变化的预估能力强于对降水变化的预估能力。在A1B情景下,东亚夏季风增强,而冬季风则略为减弱,东亚夏季风雨带到达最北后南撤的时间较之20C3M滞后约一个月。     

基于机器学习的华北气温多模式集合预报的订正方法

模式预报的订正是决定局地天气预报结果的一个重要步骤,基于机器学习的后处理模型近年来开始崭露头角。本文发展了基于岭回归（Ridge）、随机森林（Random Forest,RF）和深度学习（Deep Learning,DL）的3种后处理模型,基于中国气象局（CMA）的BABJ模式、欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的ECMF模式、日本气象厅（JMA）的RJTD模式和NCEP的KWBC模式这4个数值天气预报模式2014年2月至2016年9月（训练期）近地面2 m气温预报和实况资料确定各模型参数,进而对2016年10月至2017年9月（预报期）华北地区（38°N~43°N,113°E~119°E）的逐日地面2 m气温预报进行了多模式集合预报分析。采用均方根误差对预报效果进行评估,这3种后处理模型的预报效果和4个数值天气预报模式以及通常的多模式集合平均（Ensemble Mean,EMN）的预报效果的对比表明:1）随着预报时长增加,4个数值预报模式及各种后处理模型的均方根误差均呈上升趋势;但区域平均而言,Ridge、RF和DL的预报效果在任何预报时长上都明显优于EMN和单个天气预报模式;特别是前几天的短期预报DL的预报效果更好,中后期预报Ridge的预报效果略好。2）华北地区的东南部均方根误差较小,其余格点上均方根误差较高,从空间分布而言,DL的订正预报效果最好,3种机器学习模型的误差在1.24~1.26℃之间,而EMN的误差达1.69℃。3）夏季各种方法的预报效果都较好,冬季预报效果都较差;但是Ridge、RF和DL的预报效果明显优于EMN,这3种模型预报的平均均方根误差在2.15~2.18℃之间,而EMN的平均均方根误差达2.45℃。     

中国东北地区气温变化的模拟评估与未来情景预估

基于RegCM4区域气候模式、CMIP5全球气候模式数据集和中国东北地区162个气象站气温观测资料,采用偏差分析和相关分析评估了RegCM4和CMIP5对东北地区气温的模拟能力,预估了RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5排放情景下东北地区未来气温的变化。结果表明：区域模式和全球模式均能较好地再现气温时空变化特征,模式对冬季和夏季的模拟效果优于秋季和春季;在区域尺度信息上,区域模式和全球模式的模拟值均较观测值偏小,RegCM4模式的模拟结果明显优于CMIP5模式,且对模拟的冷偏差有改善。未来东北地区年及四季气温均呈升高趋势,RCP2.6情景下增温相对较小,RCP4.5次之,RCP8.5情景下增温最显著;冬季和秋季气温增幅较大,夏季气温增幅最小;与CMIP5模式相比,RegCM4模式的增温幅度更大,且年际振荡特征更加明显。空间上,区域模式和全球模式预估的近期、中期、末期增温分布格局比较一致,均呈自北向南逐渐减小的纬向分布特征,辽宁地区增温幅度最小,增幅高值区位于黑龙江省大兴安岭地区,虽然北部升温幅度较南部明显,但是升温后未来东北地区的气温分布特征仍是南部气温高于北部。     

基于贝叶斯模型的中国未来气温变化预估及不确定性分析

利用第5次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中35个全球气候模式历史模拟与RCP4.5预估结果,通过贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian Model Averaging,BMA)对中国气温进行多模式集合研究,给出了中国未来气温变化预估及其不确定性的时空分布。结果表明,中国21世纪冬夏将持续升温,且升温具有冬季高于夏季,北方高于南方的特点。初期(2016—2035年)北方有很大可能(80%)升温超过0.7℃,南方升温相同幅度的概率则超过50%;中期(2046—2065年)北方和南方升温超过1.5℃的概率分别为80%和50%;末期(2081—2100年),北方(南方)有80%(50%)的可能的升温超过2℃。气温预估的不确定性研究发现,无论冬夏,21世纪不同时期升温相对较弱的塔里木盆地、青藏高原南侧和中国东南地区为不确定性低值区,基本低于0.6℃,对应可信度较高,如21世纪初期信噪比超过4;而不确定性的高值区则主要分布在新疆北部、东北平原北部和青藏高原东南侧等升温相对较大的地区,普遍高于1℃,对应可信度较低,如初期信噪比低于2.5。此外,基于信噪比对比发现除青藏高原东部外,其他区域夏季预估的可信度均高于冬季,21世纪末期高于初期,且空间分布特征一致。     

CMIP5模式对21世纪全球和中国年平均地表气温变化和2℃升温阈值的预估

基于参加国际耦合模式比较计划第5阶段（CMIP5）的29个全球气候模式开展的历史气候模拟和3种典型浓度路径（RCP2.6、RCP4.5、 RCP8.5）下21世纪气候预估的结果,分析了单个模式和多模式集合平均（MME）的21世纪全球与中国年平均地表气温（ASAT）变化特征及2℃升温阈值的出现时间。多模式集合平均的结果显示：全球和中国年平均地表气温均将继续升高,21世纪末的升温幅度随着辐射强迫的增大而增大。RCP2.6情景下,年平均地表气温增幅先升高后降低,全球（中国）年平均地表气温在2056年（2049年）达到升温峰值,21世纪末升温1.74℃（2.12℃）;RCP4.5情景下,年平均地表气温在21世纪前半叶逐渐升高,之后升温趋势减缓,21世纪后期趋于平稳,21世纪末全球（中国）年平均地表气温增幅为2.60℃（3.39℃）;RCP8.5情景下,21世纪年平均地表气温快速升高,21世纪末全球（中国）年平均地表气温增幅为4.75℃（6.55℃）。全球平均的年平均地表气温增幅,在RCP2.6情景下没有超过2℃,RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下分别在2047和2038年达到2℃。RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下中国年平均地表气温增幅连续5 a不低于2℃的时间分别在2032、2033和2027年,明显早于全球平均。任一典型浓度路径情景下,达到2℃升温的时间,北半球同纬度地区早于南半球,同半球高纬度地区早于低纬度地区,同纬度地区陆地早于海洋。3种不同典型浓度路径情景下21世纪全球和中国年平均地表气温将继续升高这一结果是可信的,RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下全球和中国年平均地表气温增幅超过2℃的结果模式之间有较高的一致性。多模式预估的全球和中国年平均地表气温升幅和不同幅度升温的出现时间均存在一定的不确定性,预估结果的不确定性随预估时间的延长而增大;相同情景下,中国年平均地表气温预估的不确定性大于全球。     

CMIP5模式对长江流域气温模拟与预估

利用长江流域147个气象观测站1961—2000年观测数据,对两个多模式集合CMIP3和CMIP5在长江流域气温模拟效果进行了评估,并进一步利用CMIP5输出结果预估2011—2050年长江流域气温时空变化。结果表明:两个多模式集合对长江流域气温具有一定的模拟能力,相对于CMIP3,CMIP5对实验期后20 a的年均气温变化的模拟效果更好,对年均气温变化倾向率的空间分布更加接近实测。预估表明:长江流域年均气温在3种RCPs情景下呈显著增加趋势,长江中下游变暖幅度要高于长江上游,到2050年,全流域气温都增加1.0℃以上。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.