建设中国遥感卫星辐射校正场的构想

该文论述了中国遥感卫星辐射校正场筹建的必要性，辐射校正的基本原理和我国的辐射校正场建设的构想。     

基于遥感影像的大气辐射校正和反射率反演方法

应用1995年7月在法国La Crau辐射校正场进行的遥感实验获得的SPOT HRV数据,在DOS方法的基础上,合理分析假设暗体反射率值,并结合Lowtran-7、6S、Modtran-3大气辐射传输模型进行大气模拟,研究并发展基于遥感影像信息的快速、经济、有效的大气辐射校正和反射率反演方法。通过La Crau场的反射率反演值与实时测量反射率值相比较,分析评价了该研究方法的有效性。     

FY-1C CAVHRR归一化植被指数（NDVI）衰减订正方法研究

利用FY-1C连续3年的CAVHRR资料，以敦煌辐射校正场为分析区，分析了CAVHRR可见光、近红外通道的通道衰减特征，开展了归一化植被指数（NDVI）衰减订正方法研究及衰减订正试验。分析结果表明，FY-1C可见光通道1的衰减使FY-1C全球及区域NDVI的分布特征出现不合理。以敦煌辐射校正场为参考目标，借助敦煌目标区通道反射率长时间变化特征分析，可以建立NDVI的时变订正模型，有效订正通道衰减引起的NDVI的不合理性。利用敦煌NDVI值稳定不变的特性得到的FY-1C扫描辐射计通道1更新定标系数，与2000年9月中国辐射校正场外定标试验结果一致。研究结果有助于提高FY-1C可见光、近红外通道遥感资料在环境遥感监测方面的定量应用精度。     

黑河实验区地表净辐射区域分布及季节变化

利用卫星遥感信息和地面观测资料，分析研究黑河实验区地表净辐射的区域分布及季节变化特征。结果表明，卫星遥感结合地面观测，首先可以得到较为精确的地表反射率和地表温度分布，进而得到较为合理的地表净辐射的区域分布和季节变化特征。     

利用敦煌辐射校正场对FY-2B静止气象卫星进行可见光通道的在轨辐射定标

FY-2B由于杂散光的影响，其可见光通道的发射前定标存在较大误差。利用敦煌戈壁滩辐射校正场可进行FY-2B可见光通道的在轨绝对定标。由于FY-2B对于敦煌场区的卫星天顶角接近50°，需要进行场地的方向特性BRDF修正。2002年7月对FY-2B进行了场地地表反射率、大气消光、探空等项同步测量，并对场地的方向特性进行了测量。资料处理结果表明，FY-2B可见光通道杂散光可影响定标精度达20%。长期监视表明FY-2B可见光通道探测器输出十分稳定。该文将4个可见光通道探测器场地定标得出的定标查找表列出，供用户参考使用。     

光学遥感卫星大气校正研究综述

由于高分辨率遥感应用需求增加的牵引,国内外发射了越来越多的光学遥感卫星载荷.然而,随着传感器分辨率的增加,大气对地表信息干扰的问题也越来越突出,光学遥感图像的大气校正问题,因载荷特点和应用需求的改变面临着一些新的挑战,有必要对其进行总结和分析.本文在介绍大气校正现状和原理的基础上,按照光学遥感卫星大气校正输入信息来源不同,把大气校正方法归纳为基于图像和图形处理方法、基于辐射传输计算、基于图像自身信息反演大气参数、基于大气同步校正仪的大气校正4类进行介绍.最后,结合我国高分辨率光学卫星的发展方向,对当前的大气校正应用方案和未来发展进行了讨论和展望.     

中国遥感卫星辐射校正场气溶胶光学特性观测研究

1999年6月28日~7月19日在敦煌场, 7月25日~7月31日在青海湖水面场进行了一次大规模综合野外测量试验, 其中采用3台先进的法国CIMEL太阳辐射计对两个场地大气光学特性进行了系统全面测量, 获得大量晴空天气条件下的大气光学数据。利用Langley法处理气溶胶通道数据得到气溶胶光学厚度及其光谱变化。测量结果显示550 nm波长平均气溶胶光学厚度分别为0.12、0.18, 由气溶胶光学厚度的波长变化得到气溶胶Junge参数分别为2.6、3.0, 并与几种典型气溶胶类型比较。结果表明两地在晴空天气里, 气溶胶含量较小, 符合遥感卫星传感器辐射定标的大气条件。     

五道梁地区的辐射特征

本文分析了1986年中美联合考察期间五道梁站的地面辐射平衡的气候学特征。五道梁地区夏季直接太阳辐射强,空气洁净,大气透明度好。太阳辐射在大气中的削弱以分子散射和臭氧吸收为主。总辐射中以散射为主。光谱反射率中太阳短波反射率为0.13,太阳红外反射率为0.25,雪面上二者接近;反射率受土壤湿度影响明显,在太阳高度角较小时,各波段反射率有不同的变化趋势。地表比辐射率约为0.90。地表净辐射和地面热源强度大。太阳紫外辐射大,占总辐射的比例也大。     

基于FLAASH模型的FY-3A/MERSI数据大气校正研究

在星载传感器成像获取地表信息过程中,常常会受大气影响而引起影像失真,导致地表真实信息不能被准确表达,对遥感影像进行大气校正可消弱这种影响.本文以粮食主产区 河南省为研究区域,采用FLAASH模型对晴空天气下FY-3A/MERSI数据(分辨率为1 km)进行大气校正.结果表明,大气校正后:(1)短波红外反射率总体变化不大(+4.1％),第6波段反射率以减小为主(-1.5％),第7波段反射率为增加(+9.6％);(2)在可见光各波段,反射率普遍降低,各波段变化均值为-82.7％.其中,红光反射率变化最小(第13、14波段分别变化了-23％和-19％,平均为-21％),绿光反射率变化稍大(第11、12波段分别变化了-75％和-50％,平均为-63％),蓝光反射率变化最大(第8～10波段分别变化了-196％、-122％和-94％,平均为-137％).而且大气校正后,可见光波段的反射率变幅普遍增大,不同地物在可见光波段的对比度也增加.(3)近红外各波段反射率平均增加了46.2％.除第19波段反射率减小(-54％)外,其余各波段反射率均有不同程度的增加.第15～18和第20波段反射率分别增加了28％、4％、41％、252％和6％. (4) NDVI指数平均增大了35％,植被信息凸显;NDWI指数变化不大,仅减小了8.7％.     

晴天地表太阳辐射的参数化

讨论了晴天地表太阳总辐射和地表太阳净辐射瞬时值的参数化方法。首先利用辐射传输模式和中纬度夏季标准大气廓线,分谱带计算晴天各种大气条件下地表反射率取定值时的地表太阳总辐射,并把所得的结果作为标准资料,提出参数化方案。然后将地表反射率的影响作为误差项进行订正,从而得到各种地表反射率条件下的晴天地表太阳净辐射的计算方法。该方法的拟合精度较高,拟合值与辐射模式标准值的平均相对误差在0.3%以下。该参数化公式可以用于大尺度数值模式中地表辐射平衡的计算,以期达到地表辐射平衡计算与模式积分同步进行的目的。     

FY-1C遥感器可见近红外各通道在轨辐射定标

文中通过 1999年 7月利用敦煌辐射定标场和反射率基法对FY -1C气象卫星遥感器可见 -近红外通道进行的第一次在轨辐射定标试验 ,研究和试验了卫星遥感器的在轨辐射定标方法、同步观测方法和辐射传输计算算法及其软件开发 ,有 7个通道的绝对辐射定标系数 (或称为增益和偏离量 )被获得。经过误差分析 ,认为本次定标的不确定度小于 7%。定标获得的 7个通道定标系数与该卫星发射前定标结果比较 ,其中 5个通道 (通道 1,2 ,7,8,10 )结果比较接近 ,另两个通道 (通道 6,9)由于发射前定标误差较大致使二者有一定差别。另外 ,通过 2 0 0 0年 9月份对FY -1C卫星进行的第二次辐射定标试验 ,使该卫星在轨 1a多来的运行状态得到了定量监测 ,本次定标与1999年 7月的定标结果比较 ,发现可见 -近红外各通道性能均有程度不同的衰减 ,尤其是通道 1,7,8性能衰减分别为 35% ,2 8% ,2 2 % ,而通道 2 ,6,9,10性能衰减较小 (为 10 %左右 )。     

VICARIOUS RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF SATELLITE FY-ID SENSORS AT VISIBLE AND NEAR INFRARED CHANNELS

For the problem of in-flight test site radiometric calibration for the FY-1D Meteorological Satellite onboard sensor's visible and near infrared channels,this paper described the calibration method,satellite-ground synchronous observation data acquired at China Dunhuang Calibration Test Site,parameter derivation and radiative transfer computation during the calibration,and the calibration result analysis.At FY-1D seven channels (with central wavelength at Channels 1:630 nm,2:865 nm;6:1610 nm;7:455 nm,8:505 nm;9:555 nm;10:932 nm),calibration coefficients obtained during the ground site calibration were compared with that respectively of prelaunch calibration.It is demonstrated that results of FY-1D onboard two sensors' (A and B) at channels 1,2,6 and 10 were close to pre-calibration,and the absolute difference of Gobi desert reflectance computed using test site and pre-launch calibration coefficients was no more than 2%. At other channels,large pre-launch calibration errors resulted in a poor consistency between the test site and pre-launch calibration.The errors can be corrected by the test site calibration results. Based on a rough estimation,the overall error of the calibration was about 6%. The paper also presented the in-flight vicarious calibration at the visible and near infrared channels of FY-1C sensor A which was launched in 1999 and has been put into operational mode since 2002.The results exhibit that FY-1C sensor's response has 23% attenuation at Channels 7 and 8,while only minor degradation at the other channels was found. During the mission,calibrations were also conducted at NOAA-17's Channels 1 and 2 (1:430-830 nm,2:500-1072 nm).A very good consistency has been achieved between the test site and pre-launched calibration results.     

六枝站旧址与新址观测资料对比分析

对六枝基本气象站新旧两址气象资料进行研究分析,通过统计原台站近30a年平均值及新站逐月平均值并计算各个相关要素与新旧地址的对比差值,从完整性、平均差值标准差比较及显著性检验方面分析新旧站点观测资料的差异与连续可用性。     

Land-Air Interaction over Arid/Semi-arid Areas in China and Its Impact on the East Asian Summer Monsoon. Part I： Calibration of the Land Surface Model （BATS） Using Multicriteria Methods

To improve the land surface simulation in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China, the observational data from two field experiments in Dunhuang and Tongyu are used to optimize the parameters in the land surface model, BATS, through calibration with the multicriteria method. Sensitivity analysis to the parameters in Dunhuang and Tongyu indicates that different parameters need to be calibrated in two sites with different environmental and climate regimes. Comparison of observed sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground surface temperature with the simulated ones shows the simulations with the optimized parameters have been substantially improved. Especially, the holistic simulations with the calibration of the parameter values are much closer to the observations in the arid region (Dunhuang), and the energy partition with the calibrated parameters can also be simulated well in the semi-arid region (Tongyu). Whole results demonstrate that the parameter calibration of the land surface model is important when the model is to be used to investigate the land-air interaction.     

SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS AT THE CHINA RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION TEST SITE FOR THE REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE SENSOR

A comprehensive field experiment was made with the support of the project of ChinaRadiometric Calibration Site (CRCS) during June-July 1999.Ground reflectance spectra weremeasured at Dunhuang Calibration Test Site in the experiment.More than two thousands ofspectral curves were acquired in a 20km×20km area.The spectral coverage is from 350 nm to2500 nm.The measurement values show that reflectance is between 10% and 33% at the VIS-SWIR spectral region.The standard deviation of reflectance is between 1.0% and 2.0% for thespectral range.Optical characteristics and ground reflectance measurements at the Dunhuang testsite,result analysis and error source were described.In addition,a comparison of the reflectanceobtained in 1999 with those measured in 1994 and 1996 was also made.     

机载成像光谱仪的外定标方法

该文描述了基于反射率方法的机载中分辨率成像光谱仪（AMODIS）外定标方法。可见光和近红外波段的17个通道定标结果表明,成像光谱仪两个飞行高度测值的外定标系数是非常吻合的,其相对差为0.19%～3.89%;成像光谱仪关于草地航测的反演值与地面实测值比较,结果也是比较接近的。     

FY-1C可见光通道衰减分析及订正试验

利用FY-1C连续两年的遥感资料，以敦煌辐射校正场为分析区，系统分析了FY-1C可见光、近红外通道的衰减特征，开展了通道衰减订正试验。分析结果表明，FY-1C除可见光通道1衰减强烈外，其它各可见光、近红外通道衰减性能稳定。利用统计分析法，可以建立定标系数衰减订正量随时间的变化关系。订正后的定标系数与2000年辐射校正场外定标实验结果一致性很好。更新后的定标系数可以有效克服通道衰减带来的通道反射率测值误差，提高FY-1C可见光、近红外通道遥感资料定量应用的精度。     

Geometry of the hemispherical radiometric footprint over plant canopies

Radiometric measurements of hemispherical surface reflectance and long-wave irradiance are required to quantify the broadband albedo and the outgoing thermal radiation. These observations are typically integrated with eddy covariance measurements of sensible and latent heat fluxes to characterize the surface energy budget. While the aerodynamic footprint has been widely investigated, the geometry of the hemispherical radiometric footprint over plant canopies has been rarely tackled. In the present work, the size and shape of the hemispherical radiometric footprint are formalized for a bare surface and in presence of a vegetation cover. For this purpose, four idealized canopies are analyzed and the dependency of the radiometric footprint on leaf area index and canopy height is explored. Besides, the radiometric footprint is compared with the aerodynamic footprint in conditions of neutral stability. It was observed that almost 100% of the hemispherical radiometric signal originates within a distance of a few radiometer heights, while only about 50–80% of the cumulative aerodynamic signal is generated within a distance of about 20 sensor heights. In order to achieve comparable extensions of the footprint areas, hemispherical radiometric measurements should therefore be taken about 6–15 times higher than turbulent flux ones, depending on the vegetation type. The analysis also highlights that the size of the radiative footprint decreases at increasing leaf area index, whereas the aerodynamic footprint shows an opposite behavior. For the abovementioned reasons, this work may support the interpretation of energy flux measurements and the optimal design of eddy covariance stations located in heterogeneous sites.