青藏高原零度层亮带的识别订正方法及在雷达估测降水中的应用

零度层亮带是指雪花或冰晶降落到零度层附近,表面发生融化而使雷达反射率突然增大的现象.它是影响雷达资料质量的重要因素,常会导致雷达估测降水的高估.青藏高原海拔高、零度层低,零度层以下的降水范围非常有限,亮带对青藏高原地区的雷达估测降水的影响更加显著.因此,对亮带进行自动识别订正,对提高青藏高原雷达降水估测的精度有重要意义.本文在考虑青藏高原遮挡严重的情况下,通过计算反射率垂直廓线来识别零度层亮带,对亮带区域进行订正,并将亮带订正前后的混合扫描反射率分别估测降水,分析亮带订正对降水估测误差的影响.结果表明:雷达识别的亮带高度在探空资料零度层以下几百米内;亮带订正前,反射率垂直廓线在零度层附近有显著弯曲,雷达对降水的估测明显偏高;亮带订正后,反射率垂直廓线在零度层附近的显著弯曲消失,雷达估测的降水量与雨量计的观测值较一致,降水估测误差比订正前明显减小.     

回波强度垂直廓线与雷达定量估测降水的关系

为了分析不同高度回波强度与地面降水的关系,提高雷达定量估测降水的能力,本文对石家庄2006~2008年5~9月共77次降水过程的反射率因子垂直廓线(VPR)进行了统计分析。对比降水实况和VPR发现,各个高度层的反射率因子波峰(谷)同降水波峰(谷)相一致,而且降水强度越大,反射率因子核心高度越低。同时,还比较了距离雷达站不同的水平距离和不同海拔高度的反射率因子特征,发现海拔高度对5 mm/h以下降水率和垂直高度在4 km以下各层的反射率因子会造成一定的影响,而对强降水和高层反射率因子影响较小。另外,零度层亮带在VPR上表现出反射率因子增大的特征,影响降水估测效果。为了消除零度层亮带的影响,选取1.5~3.5 km为估测降水的最佳高度范围,各站具体选取高度则取决于其距雷达站的水平距离和海拔高度。     

利用雷达垂直廓线对广州地区降水估测订正的初步分析

利用雷达反射率因子垂直廓线技术,对2010年4月29日广州地区一次较大范围内混合型降水过程进行了平均垂直廓线特征分析,并在此基础上对雷达定量降水估测进行了订正.结果表明,选定区域内雷达回波稳定少动,不同时段的垂直廓线的高低空变化均不大;在反射率因子垂直廓线中有一个极大值区为零度层亮带;在零度层亮带以上,反射率因子随高度增加迅速减小.进一步结合降水站点评估表明,直接利用雷达最低仰角估测的降水量偏低,而利用反射率因子垂直廓线技术订正后的降水估测的准确度提高,绝对误差率由订正前的28.9％下降到13.7％.     

C波段双线偏振天气雷达零度层亮带识别和订正

利用2013年8月北京C波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达体扫数据、探空资料和地面雨量站资料,获得反射率因子垂直廓线（vertical profile of reflectivity,VPR）识别零度层亮带,比较平均反射率因子垂直廓线（mean VPR,MVPR）、显著反射率因子垂直廓线（apparent VPR,AVPR）和显著相关系数垂直廓线（apparent vertical profile of correlation coefficient,AVPCC）3种零度层亮带订正方法的效果,并利用地面雨量站资料进行定量降水估计（quantity precipitation estimation,QPE）验证订正效果。结果表明:采用MVPR和0℃层高度能有效识别零度层亮带,零度层亮带厚度为0.8~1.5 km;经3种方法订正后,零度层亮带影响区得到了不同程度的抑制,其中MVPR法订正效果最差,基本未能减弱零度层亮带的影响,AVPR法和AVPCC法的订正效果较好,明显减弱了零度层亮带影响区的回波强度,订正后回波更均匀。利用地面雨量站数据进行QPE验证表明:经零度层亮带订正后雷达估测的降水与地面雨量站实测降水更接近,也表明AVPR法和AVPCC法效果更好。     

杭州“12·05”降雪天气过程的偏振雷达观测分析

国内利用新一代多普勒天气雷达已经开展了较多冬季天气过程的分析研究,但随着国内雷达网逐渐升级到双线偏振雷达,如何将偏振参量应用于冬季业务预报成为了目前需要解决的问题。利用杭州临安C波段双线偏振雷达观测的2015年12月5日一次降雪过程资料及地面和探空资料,通过提出的基于零度层亮带识别的降雪相态识别方法和降雪累计时间统计方法,分析了雷达参量、零度层亮带的时空演变及统计的降雪累计时间分布特征,并与地面和探空资料对比,探索了双线偏振雷达在冬季降雪预报中的优势。结果表明:(1)冬季降水相比夏季连续性降水回波强度偏弱;雨、雪的差分反射率因子、相关系数差别不大。(2)零度层亮带在某些方位并不是水平的,大多数情况下为偏离雷达站的不规则环状或者线状,且某些时刻还有垂直零度层亮带存在。(3)降雪累计时间分布与实际降雪厚度分布基本一致,统计方法为地区降雪厚度的估测提供了可能。(4)零度层亮带的演变与地面和探空温度的空间、时间变化一致,相比单极化雷达使用双线偏振雷达观测零度层亮带更加可靠。     

石家庄地区反射率因子垂直廓线特征分析

利用自动雨量计数据整理成的10 min一次的雨量资料和s波段多普勒天气雷达体积扫描强度数据,对石家庄地区2004～2007年4次天气过程的实时雷达反射率因子垂直廓线的特征进行了分析.结果表明:层状云和混合性降水反射率因子垂直廓线有明显的零度层亮带;短时强降水过程的反射率因子垂直廓线不存在零度层亮带.冰雹过程中反射率凼子垂直廓线变化较大,降雹前反射率因子的极大值在中上层,降雹发生时反射率因子的极大值高度下降,降雹后反射率因子的极大值减弱.降雪过程的反射率因子垂直廓线零度层亮带不明显.在石家庄西部山区,由于零度层亮带的影响.对层状云和混合性降水回波强度和降水量估计偏高.对短时强降水过程的地面降水估计用反射率因子垂直廓线的方法比最低仰角法更加准确,在均匀性降水中可较好地改善地面雨量估算结果,有利于在山区和无雨量计的地区判断强对流天气的发生、发展和估算降水量的大小.     

风廓线雷达探测零度层亮带的试验研究

L波段风廓线雷达采用相干累积技术提高雷达探测灵敏度,用于对降水云体垂直探测,能获取高分辨率的云体返回信号的全谱信息。应用它对2009年5月14日层状云降水过程中出现的零度层亮带进行了连续探测研究,得到零度层亮带附近区域中返回信号的谱参数（功率、平均多普勒速度、速度谱宽）和回波功率谱密度分布随高度的变化和演变特征。在零度...     

雷达反射率因子数据中的亮带自动识别和抑制

为了减轻雷达反射率因子数据中的亮带污染对雷达降水估计的影响,一种基于新一代天气雷达体扫资料自动识别零度层亮带平均高度、厚度和区域以及对亮带进行抑制的算法被提出。该算法首先利用近距离分层平均方法建立视反射率因子垂直廓线,然后基于亮带VPR曲线在融化层高度的显著弯曲特征来识别和抑制亮带。比较该方法识别的零度层亮带的平均高度和实测0℃等温层高度表明,前者比后者平均低0.5km。亮带的厚度大多在1～1.25km。亮带区域识别算法能合理地识别亮带反射率因子高值区,用经过亮带抑制后的体扫资料得到的组合反射率因子和反射率因子垂直剖面上的高值区被抑制掉,用经过抑制后的亮带区的所有反射率因子库建立的平均VPR在融化层高度的显著弯曲消失。通过亮带抑制后的雷达体扫资料将用于雷达降水估计。     

3836C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达及其在一次降水过程中的应用研究

该文介绍了2004年完成的在北京市气象局升级改造后的3836C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达的技术状况, 并通过对2004年11月9日北京地区一次大范围层状云降水观测资料的分析, 讨论了其探测资料的质量情况和对降水粒子的探测性能, 同时还根据零度层亮带内不同相态降水粒子的散射和空间取向等特征建立了一种利用双线偏振雷达观测资料识别零度层亮带的方法, 并利用该雷达的观测资料对识别结果做分析检验, 最后讨论了零度层亮带内各种降水粒子相态的变化规律。研究结果表明:除线性退极化比L_DR未作分析外, 3836雷达探测到的这次降雨过程的分析结果与国外双线偏振雷达的研究结果相似, 其对降水粒子相态结构的反映比较有效合理。建立的零度层亮带识别模式合理, 识别得到的结果能反映零度层亮带的特征。通过对零度层亮带内各偏振参数的变化特点分析, 从双偏振雷达测量参数的角度解释了“零度层亮带”现象的形成是由于在零度层以下的冰相粒子融化成大雨滴然后再裂碎为小雨滴, 从而造成在该层内水平偏振反射率因子Z_H、差分反射率因子Z_DR先增大后减小、水平/垂直偏振波零延迟相关系数ρ_hv (0) 先减小后增大的规律。     

多普勒天气雷达在低纬高原地区建立高分辨率降水资料场中的应用

利用昆明多普勒天气雷达资料、自动雨量站的降水资料以及TRMM/PR资料,对多普勒天气雷达在低纬高原地区建立高分辨率降水资料场中的应用进行了研究。结果表明：（1） 在低纬高原地区的降水云层的零度亮带的高度值变化较大,其最高值与最低值的差达到3 787.8 m,这在建立高分辨率降水资料场时是需要考虑的,选择雷达体扫复合仰角的PPI反射因子来进行雷达降水估测是比较合适的;（2） 在强降水和大面积中等强度降水的情况下,还需要考虑降水衰减的影响。通过试验发现：对于低纬高原地区雷达测量降水,使用迭代法对雷达衰减订正的效果比较好,其订正后的雷达反射因子明显高于雷达直接探测的反射因子,最大的订正差值超过了9 dBz;（3） 在雷达-自动雨量站联合校准中采用卡尔曼滤波方法对雷达测量降水的误差修正有明显的改进作用。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.