对民用多高层建筑防雷装置LPS（外部）部分直击雷措施的几点认识

按照国家防雷标准规范，就防雷工程中多高层建筑物的LPS（防雷装置外部部分）预防直击雷措施中常规、防雷方法中的避雷装置，即接闪器、引下线、接地体三个方面的一些具体问题及注意事项、和施工中遇到的一些问题及经验提出来，和大家共同学习和探讨。     

建筑物避雷装置检测方法论析

避雷装置的检测,要严格按GB50057—94防雷设计规范的要求进行检测,确定建筑物的防雷级别;接闪器、引下线的检查;接地电阻的测量及其避雷针（线）保护范围如何确定是很重要的,本文着重论述接闪器、引下线的检测方法以及用摇表测接地电阻的方法。     

对民用多高层建筑防雷装置LPS(外部)部分直击雷措施的几点认识

按照国家防雷标准规范,就防雷工程中多高层建筑物的LPS(防雷装置外部部分)预防直击雷措施中常规、防雷方法中的避雷装置,即接闪器、引下线、接地体三个方面的一些具体问题及注意事项、和施工中遇到的一些问题及经验提出来,和大家共同学习和探讨。1直击雷的措施种类世界各国采用     

避雷引下线的设计与施工

避雷引下线是连接接闪器与接地装置的金属导体,它是防雷装置设计施工中最关键的组成部分,对建筑物防雷以及电子信息设备的正常工作和安全使用来说,都是非常重要的.引下线设计施工中做得好坏与否,直接关系到人们的生命财产安全,国家标准<建筑物防雷设计规范>GB50057-1994(2000年版)对引下线作了明确规定.理论和实践都证明:避雷引下线数量越多,其分流作用效果就越好,建筑物和电气设备就越安全.     

建(构)筑物防雷电装置的验收性检测

1　查看设计图纸确定检测方案首先查看电气设计说明书、防雷平面图和基础平面图等。通过查看图纸 ,帮助检测人员对建筑物的防雷系统建立切实可行的检测方案。高层建筑物的防雷电措施要求防直击雷、防侧击雷、防雷电电磁脉冲、防雷电感应 ,缺一不可。图纸设计环节有疏忽遗漏的 ,必须明确指出 ,特别警惕。1 .1　电气设计说明书中防雷部分的阅读防雷部分是对图纸必要的文字性解释。通过阅读可帮助检测人员了解图中未注明内容。包括建筑物设计依据标准、防雷类别、接地阻值要求 ,对避雷引下线和接地极的要求 ,避雷接闪器选用的材料、热处理形式…     

浅谈汽车加油站的防雷

1 防直击雷措施 1.l 接闪器 这里所说的接闪器主要是指避雷针或铁塔,并辅以避雷带、避雷网及其他金属屋面等.加油站站房(含加油站)不论其高矮,一定要装设接闪器或在其附近装设独立避雷针(铁塔)来保护站房的安全.也可以在站房天面用针与带结合的形式来布置接闪器,注意一定要按二类防雷建筑物标准来布设避雷网格(即10m×10m或 12m×8m).油罐区如果装设有阻火器且高于油罐,可直接作为接闪器,而无需另外装设接闪器.     

走出钳式接地电阻测试仪的使用误区

根据钳式接地电阻测试仪的工作原理，剖析了在建筑物防雷装置检测中普遍存在的使用误区，进一步明确钳表的使用范围，即钳表在建筑物防雷接地电阻检测中的使用具有很大的局限性，只有在接闪器（辅助导线）、引下线、接地体、两接地休间的土壤四者存在唯一回路的情况下，钳表的测试数据才能视为两引下线间的接地电阻值，更多的是运用其来判断避雷带、引下线、接地体间的电气连接情况。     

赤峰华通黑火药制造公司防雷设计安装

雷电对黑火药制造公司的危害一般有三个途径:直击雷、感应雷、雷电波侵入。针对其特点所涉及的防直击雷方案主要是采用避雷带、引下线、接地体等组成防直击雷系统。防雷电感应措施:建筑物内的设备较大金属物和突出屋面金属物都接到防雷电感应的接地装置上,实现等电位连接。防止雷电波侵入措施:低压线路全线采用电缆直接埋地敷设。     

卫星单收站防雷设计要求

随着卫星单收站陆续投入业务运行,雷击造成相关设备损坏的现象时有发生。为保障其正常业务运行,提出卫星单收站防雷设计要求,供县站在建设单收站时参考。1　直击雷防护　　直击雷防护包括避雷针、避雷带和引下线以及接收天线底座与其等电位连接处理。11　避雷带如果原建筑架设有避雷带,应首先对避雷带进行检测。接地电阻<10Ω,钢筋直径>8,要有两条以上引下线,引下线的间距不应>18ｍ。如果原建筑没有避雷带,应采用Φ10的镀锌钢筋在天面沿建筑物边缘架设避雷带。其架设高度为15,支持卡的距离为15ｍ。引下线采用Φ10镀锌圆钢,引下线应尽量设置…     

兴城古建筑物防雷技术设计探讨

从古建筑物易遭受雷击的结构特点和古建筑物防雷现存缺陷分析入手,探讨了兴城古建筑物防雷类别的确定、古建筑物外部和内部的防雷技术设计方法,提出了接闪器的布设、引下线的布设和接地装置布设等技术参数,对侧击雷和球雷等的防护提出了具体措施,针对兴城古城现状和雷击特性设计出较为完备的解决方案。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...