一种粒子——烟团扩散模型的应用研究

本文运用随机游动模拟方法改进建立一种粒子－－烟团模式，成功地模拟了对流边界层条件下污染物扩散，粒子－－烟团模式的模拟结果与水槽试验的结果吻合较好。数值模拟试验结果表明粒子－－烟团模式能在旋放粒子数较少，从而运行时间很短的情况下，得到优于一般随机游动模式的模拟性能。用ＫＮＲＣ的资料对模拟性能作一验证，表明模式也能很好地模拟实际大气中不同稳定度情况下的扩散。     

对流边界层中粒子随机扩散模式和高斯模式的比较

用粒子随机扩散模式和高斯模式模拟的对应３种源高的横风向各分浓度的结果与水槽试验的结果进行比较，发现粒子随机扩散模式能较好地模拟出水槽试验结果，说明该模式能用来模拟对流边界层的扩散，而高斯模式不能完全反映对流边界层的扩散。比较两种模式的模拟结果，发现粒子随机扩散模式由于考虑了对流边界中由卷流和热泡引起的垂直方向上湍流的非均一性，比高斯模式能较好的模拟出污染物在垂直方向上充分混合较快、水平方向上扩散范     

中尺度熏烟扩散的数值研究

本文针对熏烟扩散过程建立了粒子烟团轨迹模式，利用该模式成功地模拟日出后逆温层破坏的熏烟扩散过程和TIBL下的熏烟扩散过程，证实了所建模式在模拟熏烟扩散方面的可行性和适用性，揭示了两种熏烟扩散过程中的熏烟扩散特征及其随时间的变化。将粒子烟团轨迹模式和提供平均场和湍流场输入的三维非静力能量团合模式相联接，可以较好地预测城市逆温层破坏条件下和沿岸陆上TIBL中的熏烟扩散特征及其随时间的变化。     

深凹地形边界层风场与湍流场结构及扩散规律的数值研究

建立了一个模拟小尺度复杂地形边界层平均流场和湍流场结构分布特征的三维非静力细网格高阶矩湍流闭合模式,并将此模式与一个拉格朗日粒子随机游动大气扩散数值模式相联结,以边界层气象模式的输出作为扩散模式的输入,构成了一个大气扩和模拟系统,成功地模拟了某地实际深凹露天矿区和理想凹坑地形两种情况下的平均流场、雷诺应力和湍流通量场,分析了其分布特征,并模拟了矿坑内污染物的散布规律     

三维大气扩散粒子分裂(ADPS)模式

本文描述了基于PIC方法的三维大气扩散粒子分裂(ADPS)模式,并用解析解和1988年的广州地区现场观测资料验证了本模式.模式根据局地均匀和定常假设引入大粒子概念、烟团扩散原理和大粒子分裂技术,并运用了嵌套网格.ADPS模式用于模拟气态污染物在大气中的散布,同时也具备模拟TSP扩散的效能.     

层状云播云线源非均匀、非定常输送扩散数值模拟

大多数层状云播云线源输送扩散模式常采用一些不合理的假设，使得输送扩散过程中起重要作用的一些物理过程被忽略。烟团轨迹模式能够处理源参数和气象要素的时空变化，适用于各种尺度和各类源的输送扩散模拟。因此，本文建立了一个模拟层状云播云线源输送扩散的三维时变烟团轨迹模式，并考虑了地形，垂直风切变作用，播云参数的时空变化和线源的湿清除效应。增雨作业实例我的数值模拟研究结果表明：模拟的播云线源输送扩散特征与输送扩散的基本理论和一般规律相吻合，并且再现了非垂直（与风向上）多条播云线源非均匀非定常的输送扩散特点。浓度等值线水平，垂直分布均不规则，比均匀定常点源更为复杂，整体不满足高斯浓度分布，表明在这种情况下均匀定常模式已不适用。另外，模式能够精确地模拟出播云线间的精细结构。     

SCIPUFF模式的简化及验证

将SCIPUFF（Second-order Closure Integrated PUFF)模式中烟团分解和合并的思想予以保留，而对其与二阶矩有关的扩散参数则予以简化，用Briggs公式给出扩散参数。开发出合并与分解的烟团模式（Splitting-Merging Puff)，简称SMP模式，通过与SCIPUFF模式结果相比较，SMP模式对计算精度影响不大，与Monte-Carlo方法相比较，两者模拟结果较接近，但计算效率至少可以提高一个数量级，SMP模式在预报的准确性和时效性方面都能满足开展空气质量预报的要求。     

西宁市大气环境风险模拟研究

利用中尺度气象模式模拟了特殊地形下的气象变化特征,通过CALPUFF模拟了大气环境风险事件的精细化扩散特征。结果表明：西宁市地面风特征与河谷地形走向基本一致,典型风场表现为湟水河谷盛行西北和东南风,北川河谷则多为偏北风。由于青藏高原昼间强烈的山坡辐射增热和致使低空出现逆温层频率高,强度大,不利于污染物在垂直方向的扩散,河谷剖面模拟温度场的结果显示等高度山坡附近比河谷中心的温度大约高1.5℃。CALPUFF烟团轨迹模式能较好地应用于西宁市大气环境风险事件的模拟研究,模拟结果能清楚描绘出污染物沿河谷输送与扩散的初始状况和细致分布,同时在复杂地形和气象条件影响下出现山体对烟团的阻碍效应、烟团因流场在山脊处出现形变以及山谷风环流影响等非定常扩散现象,扩散轨迹符合复杂地形和气象条件影响的特征和规律,模拟结果对准确预估大气环境风险事件在复杂地形和气象条件下城市中的扩散特征、影响范围和程度具有重要意义。     

复杂气流系统中的空气污染物输送与扩散的烟团轨迹模式研究Ⅱ:参数化及实例模拟

建立了一个三维时变、考虑风切变的烟团轨迹模式,模拟复杂气流系统中污染物散布的特征,对污染物散布的日变化进行了实例模拟。结果表明：模式能较好地反映了气象场日变化对污染物扩散的影响,揭示地面浓度分布规律,模拟结果与一些观测事实合理地一致。     

一个预测沿岸陆中熏烟扩散的随机游动模式

本文建立了一个对流边界层中的随机游动扩散模式，并用ＫＮＲＣ试验Ｎｏ：６４的资料作了难，然后考虑混合层顶不规则夹卷界面的作用，应用于楠克沿岸陆上熏烟扩散问题，将模拟的地面轴线浓度与观测资料以及三个烟扩散预测模式的结果作了比较，结果表明：模式的模拟效能良好，所有数值计算均可在微机上实现，便于推广应用，更具实用性。     

一个预测沿岸陆上熏烟扩散的随机游动模式

本文建立了一个对流边界层中的随机游动扩散模式,并用KNRC试验No.64的资料作了验证.然后考虑混合层顶不规则夹卷界面的作用,应用于楠蒂科克沿岸陆上熏烟扩散问题,将模拟的地面轴线浓度与观测资料以及三个熏烟扩散预测模式的结果作了比较.结果表明:模式的模拟效能良好.所有数值计算均可在微机上实现,便于推广应用,更具实用性.     

A Homogeneous Langevin Equation Model, Part ii: Simulation of Dispersion in the Convective Boundary Layer

We present a Lagrangian stochastic model of vertical dispersion in the convective boundary layer (CBL). This model is based on a generalized Langevin equation that uses the simplifying assumption that the skewed vertical velocity probability distribution is spatially homogeneous. This approach has been shown to account for two key properties of CBL turbulence associated with large-scale coherent turbulent structures: skewed vertical velocity distributions and long velocity correlation time. A 'linear-skewed' form of the generalized Langevin equation is used, which has a linear (in velocity) deterministic acceleration and a skewed random acceleration. 'Reflection' boundary conditions for selecting a new velocity for a particle that encounters a boundary were investigated, including alternatives to the standard assumption that the magnitudes of the particle incident and reflected velocities are positively correlated. Model simulations were tested using cases for which exact, analytic statistical properties of particle velocity and position are known, i.e., well-mixed spatial and velocity distributions. Simulations of laboratory experiments of CBL dispersion show that (1) the homogeneous linear-skewed Langevin equation model (as well as an alternative 'nonlinear-Gaussian' Langevin equation model) can simulate the important aspects of dispersion in the CBL, and (2) a negatively-correlated-speed reflection boundary condition simulates the observed dispersion of material near the surface in the CBL significantly better than alternative reflection boundary conditions. The homogeneous linear-skewed Langevin equation model has the advantage that it is computationally more efficient than the homogeneous nonlinear-Gaussian Langevin equation model, and considerably more efficient than inhomogeneous Langevin equation models.     

ON THE PDF MODELS FOR ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION IN BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper, taking its turbulent exchange coefficient as a function of the Lagrangian timescale and standard variance of the turbulence in atmosphere, the atmospheric dispersion PDFmodels are obtained on the basis of atmospheric diffusion K-theory. In the model the statistics ofwind speed are directly used as its parameters instead of classic dispersion parameters. The bi-Gaussian PDF is derived in convective boundary layer (CBL), from the statistics of verticalvelocity in both of the downdraft and updraft regions that are investigated theoretically in the otherpart of this paper. Giving the driven parameters of the CBL (including the convective velocity scalew* and the mixing depth h_i) and the time-averaged wind speed at release level, the PDF model isable to simulate the distribution of concentration released at any levels in the CBL. The PDF'ssimulations are fairly consistent with the measurements in CONDORS experiment or the resultsbrought out by some numerical simulations.     

A Large-Eddy Simulation and Lagrangian Stochastic Study of Heavy Particle Dispersion in the Convective Boundary Layer

Large-eddy simulation and Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models were used to study heavy particle dispersion in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The effects of various geostrophic winds, particle diameters, and subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence were investigated. Results showed an obvious depression in the vertical dispersion of heavy particles in the CBL and major vertical stratification in the distribution of particle concentrations, relative to the passive dispersion. Stronger geostrophic winds tended to increase the dispersion of heavy particles in the lower CBL. The SGS turbulence, particularly near the surface, markedly influenced the dispersion of heavy particles in the CBL. For reference, simulations using passive particles were also conducted; these simulation results agreed well with results from previous convective tank experiments and numerical simulations.     

一个对流边界层中的随机扩散模式

通过对对流边界层(CBL)湍流结构的分析,首次提出用两种不同尺度的湍流模拟CBL中的铅直扩散.在此基础上发展了一个随机扩散模式,并用它模拟了典型对流条件下两种高架连续点源的扩散.与Willis水槽模拟和Lamb等人数值模拟以及CONDORS计划外场试验的结果的比较表明,本模式能成功地模拟CBL中的横向积分浓度.与其它数值模式相比,还具有输入参数少、计算量极小和更加简单实用的优点.     

Footprints in Homogeneously and Heterogeneously Driven Boundary Layers Derived from a Lagrangian Stochastic Particle Model Embedded into Large-Eddy Simulation

A Lagrangian stochastic (LS) model, which is embedded into a parallelised large-eddy simulation (LES) model, is used for dispersion and footprint evaluations. For the first time an online coupling between LES and LS models is applied. The new model reproduces concentration patterns, which were obtained in prior studies, provided that subgrid-scale turbulence is included in the LS model. Comparisons with prior studies show that the model evaluates footprints successfully. Streamwise dispersion leads to footprint maxima that are situated less far upstream than previously reported. Negative flux footprints are detected in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The wide range of applicability of the model is shown by applying it under neutral and stable stratification. It is pointed out that the turning of the wind direction with height leads to a considerable dependency of source areas on height. First results of an application to a heterogeneously heated CBL are presented, which emphasize that footprints are severely affected by the inhomogeneity.     

凹坑地形风流结构对污染物散布的模拟研究

利用建立的三维非静力高分辨率高阶湍流闭合模式与随机游动扩散模式研究了一个深凹露天矿区污染物散布的规律,同时在风洞中进行了示踪实验。结果表明,由于凹坑内复环流结构的存在,使得坑内污染物浓度较大,且浓度最大值出现在源的上风侧。数值试验与风洞试验结果吻合较好。     

A Comparison Of Aerosol-Layer And Convective Boundary-Layer Structure Over A Mountain Range During Staaarte '97

The temporal evolution and spatial structure of the aerosol layer (AL) height as observed with an airborne downlooking lidar over the Swiss Alps were investigated with a three-dimensional mesoscale numerical model and a particle dispersion model. Convective boundary-layer (CBL) heights were derived from the mesoscale model output, and the behaviour of surface-released particles was investigated with the particle dispersion model. While a previous investigation, using data from the same field study, equated the observed AL height with the CBL height, the results of the current investigation indicate that there is a considerable difference between AL and CBL heights caused by mixing and transport processes between the CBL and the free atmosphere. CBL heights show a more terrain-following behaviour and are lower than AL heights. We argue that processes causing the difference between AL and CBL heights are common over mountainous terrain and that the AL height is a length scale that needs to be considered in air pollution studies in mountainous terrain.     

热浮升烟流扩散的拉格朗日粒子模拟

本文建立了一个处理对流边界层热浮升烟流扩散的拉格朗日粒子模式。模式既考虑了对流边界层的特殊气流结构，并作了均匀湍流参数化的简化；同时提出了在拉格朗日模式中合理计入热浮升烟流抬升影响的近似方法。模拟计算结果表明:烟流热浮力的影响使得地面最大浓度值远比被动烟流的低，而且出现位置离源更远。模式计算与外场试验结果合理地一致。模式物理概念明确合理，输入参数少，计算量小，具有简单实用的优点，适合日常环境应用需要。