与数值模式预报结合的冬季延伸期强降温过程预测方法及业务化应用

首先对NCEP-CFSv2模式预报的2017年1-3月和10-12月1～30天700 hPa 8个关键区低频波效果做了定量评估,然后,在此基础上将模式1～30天低频波预报结果和低频波预测模型相结合,在2018年1-4月和2018年11月至2019年1月对上海地区做了15次延伸期强降温过程业务预测,结果显示：（1）模式预报的关键区低频波位相和演变趋势与实况高度吻合,预报的延伸期（11～30天）关键区低频波与实况相关系数达0.839;预报的延伸期（3～6候）关键区低频波趋势平均准确率达83.3%,准确率为100%的比例高达45.8%。（2）15次延伸期强降温过程业务预测的平均准确率、 Cs评分和Zs评分分别为61.2%, 0.149和0.158,并准确给出2018年年初和年末两次最强降温过程发生时段,预报时效分别为18天和16天,显示出一定的预测技巧;评分结果显著高于未应用CFSVv2模式结果的2015年和2016-2017年1月同期业务预测。     

江苏省汛期强降水过程的延伸期预报试验

针对汛期延伸期降水预报问题,根据大气低频振荡特性,运用低频天气图预报方法,通过分析关键区低频天气系统(低频气旋和低频反气旋)的活动特征,建立低频系统与强降水过程间的对应关系,通过低频系统的活动特征来预报降水过程。在2011年7—9月江苏省延伸期强降水过程预报试验中,低频天气图预报方法的预报效果较好,且预报时效为10~30 d,可以在延伸期业务预报中加以应用。此外,还运用模式统计降尺度方法预报降水落区,为强降水过程的发生提供背景依据和参考信息,具有一定的实用意义。     

江苏省汛期强降水过程的延伸期预报试验

针对汛期延伸期降水预报问题,根据大气低频振荡特性,运用低频天气图预报方法,通过分析关键区低频天气系统(低频气旋和低频反气旋)的活动特征,建立低频系统与强降水过程间的对应关系,通过低频系统的活动特征来预报降水过程.在2011年7-9月江苏省延伸期强降水过程预报试验中,低频天气图预报方法的预报效果较好,且预报时效为10 ～30 d,可以在延伸期业务预报中加以应用.此外,还运用模式统计降尺度方法预报降水落区,为强降水过程的发生提供背景依据和参考信息,具有一定的实用意义.     

2011年长江中下游梅雨期强降水延伸期集合预报性能初探

针对2011年长江中下游旱涝转换时期的环流形势、强降雨期间的四次强降雨过程对欧洲中心集合预报进行了预报性能初步分析。结果表明：集合平均预报对延伸期预报时效内的大尺度环流调整具有较好的预报性能,预报提前时效可达10~15 d。对强降水过程期间主要影响系统的预报在不同预报时效具有较好的稳定性。随着预报时效的临近,集合预报各个成员对天气系统预报的发散度逐渐减小。长江中下游强降水的发生与低层850 hPa较大的风速有密切关联,集合预报给出的延伸期预报时效内大风速出现的小概率预报信息是有意义的,可以为延伸期强降雨过程预报提供参考。     

延伸期天气过程预报的一种新方法——低频天气图

本文主要介绍低频天气图延伸期预报方法。低频天气图是一种不同于统计学预报方法、数值预报方法和天气学预报方法的延伸期天气过程预报的新方法,可以用于延伸期(10～30 天)天气过程预报。低频天气图的技术要点是大气低频系统(低频气旋和低频反气旋)及其相应的低频气流。低频天气图的天气学意义是能反映造成天气过程的天气系统的生消、维持和移动及其大气环流演变过程。其优越性在于其特性:时间上的周期性(30～50 天)、持续性和空间上的连续性、相似性以及地域上的准定常性,预报天气系统相对容易且时效长。2008～2012 年在上海市气候中心业务应用的结果表明,可以提前15～45 天预报上海地区的强降水过程。     

低频天气图方法在湖南省雨季强降水过程预报中的应用

利用2006—2010年4—6月NCEP/NCAR 500 hPa高度场和700 hPa风场逐日格点资料及湖南省97个地面气象观测站逐日降水观测资料,运用低频天气图方法,确定影响湖南强降水过程天气关键区,分析影响湖南强降水过程的低频天气系统活动周期、变化路径及低频天气系统与强降水过程的配置的基础上,建立了湖南省4—6月延伸期强降水过程预报模型,回报拟合率以4月最高,平均为64.4%;5月次之,平均为54.9%;6月最低,平均为50.7%;10、15、20、25和30 d等不同预报时效的准确率以提前30 d的回报准确率最高。应用于2011年4—6月强降水过程预报,准确率为70%,其中报对7次强降水过程,空报3次,无漏报。     

库车一次寒潮天气分析

2003年4月15—18日出现寒潮天气过程，库车县出现了强降水、强降温，从单站预报角度对这次寒潮天气进行天气学、动力学诊断分析，得到一些新的启示。     

大气低频振荡与延伸期预报

为了能从大气低频振荡角度研究延伸期降水过程预报问题,引入了一种新的预报方法—低频天气图,并且分析了低频天气图的技术要点和技术方法。在低频天气图上,低频天气系统(低频气旋和低频反气旋),以及它们的活动特性可以被用来定性地确定南、北气流(暖、冷空气)的汇合,引起降水过程。2009年6~10月利用该方法进行上海地区延伸期降水过程预报表明,强降水过程预报效果较好,且预报时效为15~45天,可以在延伸期业务预报中应用。     

海河下游延伸期降水过程的低频预测方法

本文对海河下游地区强降水过程与大气低频信号进行了诊断分析,结果表明雨日的低频涡度场在我国存在显著的偶极子型异常分布。根据这一异常分布特征构造了一对低频预报指数Dcurl35和Dcurl12以及相应的延伸期强降水过程的低频预报方法。进一步使用该低频预报方法进行了历史降水过程的回报检验和2014年强降水过程的预报试验,结果证明该方法对海河下游延伸期强降水过程有较好的预报能力,可以实际应用于海河下游延伸期强降水过程预报业务。      

延伸期过程预报预测技术及应用

对自主研发的低频图方法和低频波方法、延伸期过程预测客观检验指标(Zs和Cs评分)、月内重要过程与趋势预测系统(MAPFS 2.1)及其推广应用情况做了介绍。对近4年(2013—2016年)上海地区汛期延伸期强降水过程业务预测和近2年(2015—2016年)冬季延伸期强降温过程业务预测进行了客观检验。结果显示,汛期强降水过程、冬半年强降温过程(强冷空气过程)预测准确率分别为67.3%和43.2%,Zs/Cs评分分别为0.153/0.130、0.139/0.09。低频图方法对各年汛期最强降水过程均给出了较好的预测,说明预测方法具有一定的预测潜力。基于MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)活动的上海汛期逐候降水趋势预测方法2年(2014—2015年)的预测结果Ps评分平均达到58分,为汛期延伸期强降水过程预测和入梅、出梅延伸期预测提供了较有价值的预测背景信息。     

关于发展人工影响天气数值模式的一些问题

人工影响天气的学科基础是中小尺度天气动力学与云降水物理学,需要将天气-动力-云降水物理耦合为一体。考虑到目前将天气动力学性质的基础数值模式用于人工影响天气中的问题,从数值模式动力方程、模式分辨率、云物理过程、数值求解方案、初边值条件等方面系统地探索了发展人工影响天气数值模式中一些需要重点解决、且不可忽视的特色问题,并举例对相关问题提出了解决思路和方法。期望提出的问题有助于构思更适合于人工影响天气数值模式,使数值模式功能真正向满足人工影响天气的要求靠近一步。     

Comparative Analysis of the Mechanisms of Intensified Summer Warming over Europe-West Asia and Northeast Asia since the Mid-1990s through a Process-based Decomposition Method

Previous studies have found amplified warming over Europe-West Asia and Northeast Asia in summer since the mid-1990s relative to elsewhere on the Eurasian continent, but the cause of the amplification in these two regions remains unclear. In this study, we compared the individual contributions of influential factors for amplified warming over these two regions through a quantitative diagnostic analysis based on CFRAM (climate feedback-response analysis method). The changes in surface air temperature are decomposed into the partial changes due to radiative processes (including CO2concentration, incident solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere, surface albedo, water vapor content, ozone concentration, and clouds) and non-radiative processes (including surface sensible heat flux, surface latent heat flux, and dynamical processes). Our results suggest that the enhanced warming over these two regions is primarily attributable to changes in the radiative processes, which contributed 0.62 and 0.98 K to the region-averaged warming over Europe-West Asia (1.00 K) and Northeast Asia (1.02 K), respectively. Among the radiative processes, the main drivers were clouds, CO2concentration, and water vapor content. The cloud term alone contributed to the mean amplitude of warming by 0.40 and0.85 K in Europe-West Asia and Northeast Asia, respectively. In comparison, the non-radiative processes made a much weaker contribution due to the combined impact of surface sensible heat flux, surface latent heat flux, and dynamical processes, accounting for only 0.38 K for the warming in Europe-West Asia and 0.05 K for the warming in Northeast Asia.The resemblance between the influential factors for the amplified warming in these two separate regions implies a common dynamical origin. Thus, this validates the possibility that they originate from the Silk Road pattern.     

The wavenumber-frequency characteristics of the tropical waves in an aqua-planet GCM

Based on the aqua-planet experiments, the wavenumber-frequency characteristics of tropical waves and their influencing factors in SST distribution and the convective parameterization scheme are investigated using the spectral atmospheric general circulation model （SAMIL）. Space-time spectral analysis is used to obtain the variance of convectively coupled tropical waves. In the Control experiment with maximum SST located at the equator the simulated tropical-wave behaviors are in agreement with those in observations and theoretical solutions. When the maximum SST is located at 5°N, the symmetric and antisymmetric waves are much weaker than those in the control experiment, suggesting that tropical wave activities are very sensitive to the SST distributions. Importantly, the variance maximum of Madden-Julian oscillation （MJO） is found to occur around 5°N, which suggests that the development of the MJO depends largely on the latitude of maximum SST. Furthermore, the seasonal variations of MJO may be mainly caused by the seasonal variations of the maximum SST. The experiment results with two different cumulus schemes the Manabe moist convective adjustment and Zhang-McFarlane （ZM） convective scheme, were also compared to examine the impacts of convective parameterization. Weakened variances of each individual tropical wave when the ZM scheme is used suggest that the ZM scheme is not favorable for the tropical wave activities. However, the wave characteristics are different when the ZM scheme is used in different models, which may imply that the simulated basic state is important to the meridional distributions of the waves. The MJO signals suggest that the parameterization scheme may have great influence on the strength, but have less direct impact on the MJO distribution. The frequency of the tropical waves may be associated with the moisture control of convection and the large-scale condensation scheme used in the model.     

数字滤波方法在月尺度数值预报中的应用：II.保留不同低频过程的效果比较

用数字滤波方法对观测资料序列进行处理，得到初始场用于Ｔ４２Ｌ９全球谱模式的月预报，以去除误差增长较快的高频扰动对低频过程的影响，并且利用多时刻的观测资料提取低频过程的信息。对冬季和夏季两个不同个例进行了实例，并比较了取不同长度的观测序列，截取不同周期的过程作为初值对预报效果的影响。结果说明，经过滤波后对低频分量和平均场的预报都有显著的改进。而且对于较长时效的预报，应保留更低频的过程（比如１０ｄ以上     

Partitioning Between Chlorine Reservoir Species Deduced from Observations in the Arctic Winter Stratosphere

Simultaneous observations of several chlorine source gases, as well asHCl and ClO, have been performed in the Arctic stratosphere on 1 and 9February 1994, using balloon-borne instrumentation as a contribution toSESAME (Second European Stratospheric Arctic and Mid latitude Experiment).The observed mixing ratios of HCl and N₂O show a clearanticorrelation. No severe loss of HCl was observed inside the vortex duringour measurement. These measurements showed that during this period at 20 kmand above, HCl was either in excess, or at least as abundant, asClONO₂ and comprised between 50 and 70% of theavailable chlorine, Cl_y. On 1 February, measurements were madeinside the polar vortex. The air mass sampled on this day showed a clearsignature of diabatic descent, and also enhanced levels of ClO with amaximum of 230 pptv at 22.5 km. A 10 day backward trajectory analysis showedthat these air masses had passed a large region of low temperatures a fewhours prior to the measurement. Temperatures along the back trajectory atthe 475 K and 550 K levels (20.1 and 23.7 km respectively) were cold enoughfor heterogeneous chlorine activation to occur, in agreement with theobserved elevated ClO mixing ratios.     

Actinic Radiation and Photolysis Processes in the Lower Troposphere: Effect of Clouds and Aerosols

Within the German Tropospheric Research Program (TFS) a series of projects were performed focussing on aspects of radiation transfer and the effects of UV-radiation on air chemistry. The individual projects covered laboratory investigations, instrument development for photolysis processes as well as field studies of actinic radiation and comparison to model calculations. One and three-dimensional models were tested against field campaign data. The results confirm the improvement of measurement technology achieved through deployment of new techniques like spectroradiometry that offer a wider range of investigations than was previously attainable using chemical actinometry or fixed wavelength filter radiometry. Reasonable agreement was also found between measurements and models for a few selected and well defined cloudy conditions. On the other hand, using simple stratiform geometry models yielded significant deviations between measurement and model in both directions particularly in the case of high zenith angles and with high aerosol load. Further tools both for experimental investigations and for model calculations were developed within the framework of the Troposphere Research Program (TFS) and deficiencies were identified demanding further investigations when broken clouds and more complex cloud layers prevail.     

1981-2015年中国95°E以东区域性暴雨过程时、空分布特征

基于1981-2015年中国逐日降水量加密观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用主、客观相结合的方法,以天气过程为单元建立了中国95°E以东地区及其6个子区的区域性暴雨过程个例谱,进一步使用小波功率谱、9点二项式平滑及离差平方和聚类等方法剖析了中国95°E以东区域性暴雨过程的时、空分布统计特征。结果表明:（1）中国95°E以东区域性暴雨过程平均年总次数接近30次;其中,江淮流域是出现区域性暴雨过程最多的子区,平均为19次/a;其次为华南和西南地区东部,平均为10.5和5.8次/a;东北地区、华北和西北地区东部平均仅为1-3次/a。（2）中国95°E以东及各子区区域性暴雨过程次数的年及年代际变化主要表现为波动特征,各子区中江淮流域与中国95°E以东地区的年及年代际波动变化最为一致;华南与西南地区、东北地区与华北的波动变化互为显著的正相关。中国95°E以东及各子区区域性暴雨过程年总次数都表现出2-4 a的周期变化,此外,江淮流域、华南和西北地区东部还表现出6-10 a的周期变化,华北表现出13-17 a的周期变化。（3）中国95°E以东区域性暴雨过程总体呈夏季最多、冬季最少、春季多于秋季的分布特征,其中以7月出现次数最多。各子区中,江淮流域和西南地区东部区域性暴雨过程以6、7月最多,华南以5、6月最多;东北地区、华北、西北地区东部集中出现在7、8月。（4）中国95°E以东地区的极端区域性暴雨过程可划分为7种分布类型。第Ⅰ-Ⅳ型强降雨区从江南南部和华南呈阶梯状逐步北抬至黄淮和四川盆地东部一带,第Ⅴ-Ⅶ型除在东南沿海均有强降雨区外,第Ⅴ型在华南东部至江淮、第Ⅵ型在黄淮北部至东北地区中南部、第Ⅶ型在黄淮西部和华北中南部还分布有强降雨区。      

区域气候模拟研究

区域气候模拟是近几年发展起来的研究有限区域气候及气候变化的方法。由于区域气候模式较好地表示了地形和地表状况，同时包含较详细的陆地过程方案，因而能捕获许多大气环流模式难以分辨的区域尺度温度、降水分布和土壤水分变化特征。此外，区域气候模拟对于了解温室气体强迫可能导致的全球增暖在区域尺度上的特征及生态、环境效应也具有重要的意义。该文总结区域气候模式和模拟试验结果，并指出存在问题及今后研究的重点。     

Chemical reactions and transport of alkanes and their products in the troposphere

The product distributions have been calculated for more abundant alkanes contributing most of the carbon atoms in the alkane fraction of an ambient air hydrocarbon mixture reasonably representative of U.S. emissions. The effects of ambient temperatures on product yields has been calculated for a range of temperatures from 250 to 330 K. The sensitivity of product yields to uncertainties in alkoxy radical process rate constants has been examined with emphasis on uncertainties in decomposition reactions. Chemical lifetimes are estimated at 300 K under summertime conditions for hydrocarbons and for products of alkane photooxidation in the atmosphere. The atmospheric distribution of alkanes and products is evaluated in terms of the extent to which reaction processes are likely to occur in the planetary boundary layer compared to the free troposphere.The calculations predict a substantial effect of temperature on product yields. A large decrease in alkyl nitrate yields and a smaller decrease in ketone yields occur with increasing temperature. The yields of the short-lived, more reactive aldehydes undergo substantial increases with increasing temperature. Lower yields of ketones and higher yields of aldehydes are associated with the use of higher compared to lower decomposition process rate constants. For the type of U.S. hydrocarbon mixture available from measurements, 16 oxygenated products account for more than 60% of the total alkane carbon atoms converted to products, with most of these carbon atoms accounted for by four products. The effects of increased temperature on product reactivity and radical production may also influence O₃ production.     

Large-scale transport of a CO-enhanced air mass from Europe to the Middle East

On 14 November 1981, the shuttle-borne Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) experiment observed a carbon monoxide (CO) enhanced air mass in the middle troposphere over the Middle East. The primary source of this polluted air was estimated by constructing adiabatic isentropic trajectories backwards from the MAPS measurement location over a 36 h period. The isentropic diagnostics indicate that CO-enhanced air was transported southeastward over the Mediterranean from an organized synoptic-scale weather regime, albeit of moderate intensity, influencing central Europe on 12 November. Examination of the evolving synoptic scale vertical velocity and precipitation patterns during this period, in conjunction with METEOSAT visible, infrared, and water vapor imagery, suggests that the presence of this disturbed weather system over Europe may have created upward transport of CO-enhanced air between the boundary-layer and midtropospheric levels, and subsequent entrainment in the large-scale northwesterly jet stream flow over Europe and the Mediterranean.