浅谈业务网络安全

1引言随网络技术的发展,人们对业务网络的安全也越加重视。尤其最近暴发的“红色代码”、“蓝色代码”及“尼姆达”等病毒,加深了认识网络安全的重要性。网络的生命在于其安全性。因此,如何在现有的条件下,搞好网络的安全,成了网络管理人员的一项重要任务。下面结合对WINDOWS NT网络管理的一点经验与体会,在技术方面提出对业务网安全的一些看法。     

自动站大风报警程序设计

1引言在自动站投入使用前绝大多数气象站使用的是EL型风向风速计,其瞬间风速是通过风速指示计人工测得的,人为因素大,精度不够,但人工测量给大风重要天气报、大风危险和解除报提供了依据,不会出现大风记录和报文之间的矛盾现象,而自动站的大风记录却不一样,其记录的大风的起止时间,极大风速及出现的时间是非常精确的,要求值班员实时注意查看自动站的大风记录,避免漏报、错报。由于自动站采集控制软件SAWSS在处理大风记录时存在不足,当大风达到不同的发报标准时不能及时报警,以提醒值班人员作出相应的处理,所以极易造成过时报,甚至漏报。     

精细农业研究进展

精细农业是随着全球定位系统、遥感技术和农业新技术、地理信息系统、计算机技术的发展而兴起的现代农业管理方法,它将给农业生产带来深刻的变革.从农业资源的利用现状出发,分析了精细农业概念产生的必然性及其核心指导思想,并阐述了精细农业的技术组成、形成过程、国内外现状、发展趋势和成功应用.     

自动气象站出现故障编发报文的几种方法

1引言伊春自动气象站是国家基本站(现改为一级站),每天担负8次天气报,资料参加全球交换。当计算机出现故障时,天气报是否能在规定的时间内准确的编发出是至关重要的。出现故障时,在短时间内准确的手工编发出报文难度很大,容易出现错情或造成迟报等重大错情。为了避免这种情况的发生,总结了以下几种方法进行编发报,降低了出错的几率。     

关于三次观测站02时地面温度计算的探讨

在气象观测规范107页和新规范111页规定无自记仪器的项目,三次观测站02时地面温度应用(当日地面最低温度 前一日20时地面温度)÷2求得。在以往的工作中,发现在特殊的天气条件下,利用规范规定计算出的02时地面温度低于当日夜间地面最低温度,有些还低的很多,通过对乌伊岭气象站和铁力气象站历年资料的统计,发现这种情况普遍存在。     

不同显式方案模拟对流风暴的不确定性

利用MM5模式选取mixed phase、graupel(gsfc)、graupel(reisner2)和schultz 4种显式方案对理想的对流风暴进行水平分辨率为2 km的全显式数值模拟,分析不同显式方案模拟的对流风暴不确定性.结果表明:不同的显式方案模拟的对流风暴的最大垂直速度、水平结构和降水以及云物理量的演变都有很大的不确定性,说明要对实际降水进行全显式的数值预报可能需要对不同显式方案导致的预报结果的不确定性作出进一步的估计,集合预报中可能要考虑不同显式方案对预报结果不确定性的影响.     

MODIS近红外大气可降水含量与乌鲁木齐地基GPS水汽数据的对比分析

本研究在建立HDF数据图像显示、数据提取和分析平台的基础上,利用乌鲁木齐地基的GPS水汽数据,对比分析了2004年6月2日-8月2日之间37d的MODIS近红外大气可降水含量的精度.发现MODIS反演的近红外PW系统性地比GPS探测的PW偏小,但在变化趋势上是相似的,说明MODIS反演的近红外大气可降水含量还是能够反映水汽的变化趋势.37d中降水出现的日期对应于PW的大值日期,尤其与GPS的大PW日数非常吻合.MODIS近红外大气柱可降水含量能够提供大面积水汽空间分布数据.每天一次的水汽分布数据能够用于研究水汽的时空分布和气候特征.该研究开发的MODIS水汽数据分析处理平台也可应用于其它MODIS反演产品的分析,如地表面温度、气溶胶光学厚度等.     

研究气象学所必需的工具

本篇原名Meteorology for Schools and Colleges,是Sir Napier Shaw应TheRoyal Meteorological Society会长的嘱托而作的。他以为观测,列表,制图,图解,预报等基本工作是一个中学生的能力所能及的,对观测结果的物理原因的探求,则非大学程度不行,所以在这中间划了一道高等气象学(Meteorology forColleges)和初等气象学(Meteorology for Schools)的界线。本篇的内容,注重在指示一个中学生或初等气象学者,须怎样地去修养,才能使他自己成为一个研究高等气象学的学者。依照我们的环境,也许这篇是值得我们读一下的吧。     

秋天

风就那么轻轻地扇了一下,整个荒原就着了火,不停奔忙的救火人却面带微笑。站在垄上,我的心在随着他们的韵律激动地博跳。金黄色玉米,黄金样水稻,所有的稼禾都积极地     

前言——写在中国科学院大气物理研究所80周年华诞之际

我们组织出版这本专刊是为了隆重庆祝中国科学院大气物理研究所成立80周年。在80年的光辉历程中,经过几代人的共同奋斗,大气物理研究所从1928年成立的中央研究院气象研究所已经发展成为我国大气科学研究领域的综合研究机构。80年来,大气物理研究所为我国的社会发展、国防安全和     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;