2015/2016年超强El Nio事件背景下我国月预测技巧差异分析

利用中国站点观测降水资料、国家气候中心第2代月动力延伸预报模式(BCC_DERF2.0)的回报和预报数据、NCEP/NACR再分析资料和国家气候中心实时发布的月尺度降水预测评分数据,通过评估和诊断分析发现,在2015/2016年超强El Nio事件背景下,这两年内业务发布的月降水预报能力有明显不同,BCC_DERF2.0对月环流的预测技巧也存在差异:在2015年(El Nio发展位相),降水预报和环流预测技巧较高且稳定,而在2016年(El Nio衰减位相)的预报技巧总体偏低。进一步的研究显示,亚洲—太平洋涛动(Asia-Pacific Oscillation,APO)可能是导致2015年和2016年夏季预测技巧高低的重要影响因素。2015(2016)年夏季为APO低(高)指数年,且2016年具有高指数年的典型环流特征。而APO高指数对应的环流特征与El Nio衰减位相对西北太平洋环流的影响不同,在El Nio和APO的物理影响途径不一致时,将直接影响东亚环流可预报性的高低及动力气候模式的预报技巧,即El Nio在发展和衰减位相与APO型不同组合的影响是2015和2016年月预测技巧有差异的重要原因。     

中国区域月平均温度和降水的模式可预报性分析

基于中国台站降水和温度观测资料、中国气象局国家气候中心月动力延伸预报的回算和预测结果讨论了中国区域月平均温度和降水模式可预报性的时空变化特征。文中以持续性预报来表征中国区域月平均温度和降水受外强迫影响下的可预报性,持续性预报技巧存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征;春末夏初和秋季预报评分相对偏低;在中国区域气候变暖和平均降水强度极值增加的背景下,温度的持续性预报评分有明显提高,降水的持续性预报略有下降。月动力延伸预报对月降水和温度的预报能力也存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征;与持续性预报相比,月动力延伸温度预报总体优于持续性预报,降水预报在初春略差,温度预报在8月相对最低。近20余年,月动力延伸预报相对于持续性预报的温度和降水的均方根误差技巧均大于零,其年际变化表现为模式对降水的预测略有提高。两种预报评估结果的空间分布分析表明月动力延伸预报达到显著性水平的正相关区域总体上比持续性预报的范围大,并基本涵盖了持续性预报的高相关区。原因是可预测信息部分来源于外强迫异常的影响,部分来源于对大气内部动力过程的模拟。     

ENSO hindcast skill of the IAP-DecPreS near-term climate prediction system:comparison of full-field and anomaly initialization

本文使用中国科学院大气物理研究所近期气候预测系统IAP-DecPreS,评估了全场初始化和异常场初始化对ENSO的预测技巧。结果表明:采用异常场初始化方法对典型ENSO和El NioModoki的预报技巧均优于采用全场初始化方法的预报技巧。采用异常场初始化方法的回报结果能超前10个月回报强ENSO事件,超前4-7个月回报相对较弱的ENSO事件。采用异常场初始化方法对El Nio Modoki和典型ENSO的预报技巧相当。此外,采用异常场初始化方法的回报结果能超前1-4个月模拟出典型ENSO和El NioModoki的冬季海表面温度、降水以及大气环流异常的主要空间分布特征。     

月动力延伸预报产品在西北地区月降水预测中的释用

利用西北地区较密的163个气象观测站点逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料500 hPa逐月高度场和月动力延伸集合预报500 hPa高度场资料, 进行了气候预报、持续性预报、实况解释检验和月动力延伸预报产品释用预测试验的比较。结果表明:实况解释检验结果的准确率 (PS) 评分最高, 气候预报平均PS最低, 月动力延伸预报解释应用方法略低于实况解释检验, 高于气候预报和持续性预报。PS的空间分布表明, 月动力延伸预报解释应用结果和实况回报试验的分布非常相似, PS最大值分布在青海南部、陇南和陕西大部等各月降水气候值相对较大的地区, PS较小的地方则在新疆部分地区、甘肃河西西部等各月降水气候值相对较小的地区, 西北其他地区PS值相差不明显。此外, 利用密集站点资料进行解释应用的效果高于利用稀疏站点资料的结果, 表明更多观测信息的应用有利于改善预测技巧。     

月动力延伸预报产品在三峡工程建设服务中的应用

用3种客观评分方法对国家气候中心为三峡库区提供的月动力延伸预报产品（500hPa位势高度场）进行了全面评估，结果表明，延伸预报月平均环流场预报准确率明显高于持续性预报和气候预报，有一定的预报技巧，对三峡工程气象服务有参考价值，从动力统计相结合的角度出发，利用推导的月降水距平与月环流场的关系，建立了三峡库区代表站点月降水距平预报议程，利用月动力延伸预报的500hPa高度场和实际降水场资料反演出月降水距平预报方程的系数，经过1999年降水预报试验，证明效果较好。     

模式预测产品在乌兰察布市的应用检验

利于距平和距平百分率符号一致率,检验分析了国家气候中心第二代月动力延伸预测模式业务系统、美国环境预报中心的第二代气候预报系统和东京气候中心预报系统模式产品对乌兰察布市月气温和月降水趋势预报情况,结果表明,各家模式产品预测能力不稳定,预测水平各有优劣;对气温的预测能力高于对降水的预测。     

月动力延伸预报产品在新疆月尺度降水预测中的应用检验

利用新疆101个气象观测站点逐月降水实况资料和2001~2010年国家动力气候模式产品,进行月动力延伸预报产品的应用预测检验。采用PS评分和同号率对内插预测结果进行效果评估,并与业务评分进行对比。结果表明：月动力延伸预报产品对新疆地区月降水趋势预测Ps评分高于业务评分,而对各月降水距平百分率的同号率差异较大。夏、秋季Ps评分较高,冬、春季PS评分较低,季节转换时预测Ps评分变率较大。     

陕西省短期气候预测业务质量评估

使用《短期气候预测质量评定暂行办法》,对陕西2001-2007年气候预测业务发布产品进行评分和分析评估。结果表明,月预测中,气温评分高于降水,气温预测有明显的正技巧;季预测中,春季降水评分最高,汛期降水评分近3a有明显提高;月预测和季预测评分高于年度预测相应时段的评分,说明月预测和季预测对年度预测的订正是有效的;年度预测中年降水预测成绩较好。10个气候区域预报评分和预测与实况距平一致率降水咸阳最高,气温榆林最高。     

月动力延伸预报产品在甘肃省的释用及评估

把月动力延伸预报产品的释用方法应用在甘肃省 58个气象站点 ,将其实况回报试验结果与持续性预报和近 6～ 1 0年的业务评分进行对比 ,结果表明 ,动力释用方法预报准确率明显高于持续性预报 ,也高于业务评分。同时分析了 1月和 7月预测效果好与差的环流场特征以及甘肃省分片区域的预测评估。     

短期气候预测评估方法和业务初估

根据短期气候预测业务目前的基本现状,提出了短期气候业务预测效果评估的几种参数。使用这些参数对国家气候中心气候预测室近20多年来全国范围月、季、年几种主要预测业务的降水距平百分率和平均气温距平的预测效果进行了初步评估。结果表明,月尺度预报中,温度预报好于降水预报;年度降水预报以对春季预报为最好;汛期降水预报水平有明显提高。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.