X波段移动天气雷达产品在人工增雨中的应用

2020年5月19日四川省绵阳地区实施了一次人工增雨作业,利用X波段移动天气雷达产品,对作业前后雷达回波和地面降水资料进行了对比分析。结果表明：反射率因子大于20dBz、垂直累计液态水含量（VIL）达到 0.3kg/m² 以上时,云层具备较好的降水条件,有利于实施人工增雨作业;增雨作业后,反射率因子最大强度、平均强度和降水回波面积都明显增大,回波中心 VIL 显著上升;利用对比区和影响区降水资料分析得到相对增雨率为 18.9%,绝对增雨量达 6.2mm,作业催化取得较好效果。     

一次火箭人工增雨作业雷达回波响应探讨

2014年9月28日山东地面人工增雨试验区使用WR-98火箭成功进行一次增雨作业。采用新一代多普勒雷达、探空和自动站10min雨量资料,利用选取对比云和雷达跟踪目标云的方法,探讨了这次人工增雨作业后的雷达响应和地面雨量的关系。结果表明:火箭催化13min后目标云顶开始升高,19min后目标云回波增强了3dBz,25min后目标云VIL从2.5kg/m~2增加到3kg/m~2。目标云所经过的3个雨量站10min雨量具有同样的增大趋势,从时间和地理位置分析这些变化与火箭人工增雨有关。     

武汉一次对流云火箭人工增雨作业的综合观测分析

为了收集整理对流云人工增雨效果的相关证据,利用雨滴谱、GPS/MET水汽、多普勒雷达和地面分钟雨量观测资料,对2014年9月28~29日武汉一次对流云火箭人工增雨作业过程进行效果分析检验。结果表明:(1)对流层中低层上干下湿结构有利于对流发生,作业前水汽向武汉附近集中,雷达回波顶高为10 km左右,且作业目标云处于新生或发展阶段,具有较好的作业条件;(2)通过催化目标云与对比云的对比分析发现,催化后对流单体的最大反射率因子、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量和强回波面积等物理参量均出现不同程度增长,整个生命史延长30 min以上,其中F1对流单体经催化后在00:33~00:51经过武汉观测站,形成的降水粒子在1.85 mm粒径处出现峰值,且粒径和数浓度快速增长至最大;(3)3个目标云此次催化后的增雨率均超过36%。     

对流云人工增雨雷达效果分析软件的应用

根据雷达回波参量自动选取对比云并进行效果分析的方法,研制了对流云人工增雨雷达效果分析软件.在此基础上,对2008年湖北省12次对流云增雨试验进行了效果检验:发现其中10个个例催化效果良好,具体表现为增雨作业催化后,目标云的物理参数发生了比较明显的变化,回波强度、回波顶高、液态含水量、强回波面积等均增大,约半小时内达到峰值,而相应的对比云回波参量增长幅度比目标云小,或者没有继续发展,大部分对比云的生命史比目标云短.最后,通过综合分析,提出基层作业站点适宜开展人工增雨的催化指标,在实际应用中取得了良好的效果.     

火箭增雨效果雷达回波分析

利用2004年6月12日甘肃省永登县雷达观测对流云的加密资料,选取了2次相似对流云过程分别作为目标云和对比云,探讨了目标云作业前后较对比云雷达回波有关参数的显著变化,并结合地面雨量点观测资料对地面人工增雨作业效果进行了初步分析,结果表明:目标云在降水、生命期特征、回波垂直特征参数变化方面,表现出作业前后较对比云存在明显差异,目标云作业40 m in后地面产生0.6 mm降水,而对比云则从新生发展到减弱消散阶段经历较短的时间(30 m in),地面并无降水产生,从而推断本次人工增雨达到了一定的预计效果。     

火箭人工增雨作业的个例分析

2005年6月27日甘肃永昌实施了火箭人工增雨作业,XDR数字化天气雷达对这次增雨过程进行了跟踪探测。通过分析这次人工增雨前后天气学背景和雷达回波演变情况,证明在有利的天气形势下,通过火箭人工增雨作业后,雷达回波强度增强、回波范围和地面降水频率增大,作业后24 h地面雨量的分布情况也佐证了这一结果。     

西安新一代天气雷达产品在一次人工增雨中的应用分析

在常规天气形势分析的基础上,应用西安新一代天气雷达(C INRAD/CB)产品,结合地面降水,对渭南今年初夏一次人工增雨作业,以及雷达回波图上目标云系作业前后反射率因子、垂直累计液水含量、回波顶高等进行对比分析,表明增雨效果明显。因此,用新一代天气雷达产品指挥人工增雨作业是有效的,回波要素变化为人工增雨效果评估提供了直接物理证据。     

夏季对流云人工增雨效果评价方法初探

由于对流云尺度小、生消快,降水时空分布不均匀等特点,对其进行人工增雨效果评价是十分困难的事.本文利用2003年在"江淮地区对流云人工增雨外场试验"试验区获取的对流云人工增雨监测资料,采用成对对流云试验方案,开展对对流云人工增雨效果进行评估.通过对催化云催化前后雷达特征量和地面雨量变化分析,以及催化云与非催化云自身对比分析和双比分析,初步得出:人工催化后10～20 min增雨效果不明显,人工催化30 min后才能产生明显的增雨效果,其效果在100%以上.     

多普勒雷达数据在海南省人工增雨效果评估中的应用

采用地面降水资料、多普勒雷达数据、探空资料等,利用自主开发的系统软件对实测资料进行增雨效果统计检验,通过目标区作业前后雷达参量的演变或目标区与对比区的回波参量的差异,来完整的分析2010年8月11日海南西部多点作业情况的催化效果。物理统计分析结果显示,催化一般在作业后半小时内起到效果并达到最强,目标区的最大强度、强回波区面积、液态水含量、回波顶高的增大率大于对比区的值,催化作业确实延长了目标云的寿命。     

一类三阶微分方程组边值问题特殊正解的存在性

采用地面降水资料、多普勒雷达数据、探空资料等,利用自主开发的系统软件对实测资料进行增雨效果统计检验,通过目标区作业前后雷达参量的演变或目标区与对比区的回波参量的差异,来完整的分析2010年8月11日海南西部多点作业情况的催化效果。物理统计分析结果显示,催化一般在作业后半小时内起到效果并达到最强,目标区的最大强度、强回波区面积、液态水含量、回波顶高的增大率大于对比区的值,催化作业确实延长了目标云的寿命。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences