关于非均匀下垫面大气边界层研究的讨论

本文是该会议关于非均匀下垫面大气边界层研究的讨论总结,涉及大气边界层观测试验、M-O相似理论的适用范、非均匀陆面边界层参数化、非均匀下垫面能量平衡、城市边界层,以及大气边界层湍流结构与特征等方面。希望这些讨论能为今后非均匀陆面过程研究提供有益的启示。     

地表热力非均匀性对近地层相似理论适用性影响的大涡模拟

利用非均匀地表加热的大涡模拟试验,研究了不稳定条件下地表热力非均匀性对近地层相似理论适用性的影响。结果发现,边界层的平均廓线基本不受地表热力非均匀性的影响。进一步分析发现,较大尺度的地表非均匀加热可以激发出有组织的大尺度次级环流,冷暖斑块的通量直到边界层上部才混合均匀;而当地表非均匀尺度较小时,次级环流难以形成有组织的结构,冷暖斑块的通量很快就可以混合均匀。然而,不管是哪种尺度的非均匀地表,非均匀斑块间的平流都对各斑块近地层结构产生重要影响,进而斑块近地层通量—梯度关系与相似理论产生偏差,其中风速梯度关系的偏差更为明显。最后,对目前大气模式中常用的基于相似理论的次网格非均匀地表通量参数化方法——Mosaic方法提出了改进思路。     

二阶闭合模式在污染气象学中的某些应用

本文采用二阶闭合的湍流边界层模式,进行一系列数值试验以模拟边界层中连续线源的扩散状况。试验表明:无论在稳定的或不稳定的边界层中,高源的扩散能力都低于低源;在稳定层中,粗糙地表上的大气扩散能力高于光滑表面;在相同风速和地表净辐射情况下,粗糙表面上的大气扩散能力反而低于光滑表面;对流边界层中存在反梯度输送,因而K理论的应用受到限制。试验还表明,修正的Kazanski-Monin参数可能比Monin-Obukhov长度更能反映大气的扩散能力。     

非均匀网格的过渡湍流理论及其在大气边界层数值模拟中的应用

本文将Stull提出的均匀网格下的过渡湍流理论推广到非均匀网格情形，推广的非均匀网格的过渡湍流理论满足Stull提出的对过渡矩阵系数的要求并具有清晰的物理意义。然后，将非均匀网格的过渡湍流理论应用于一维大气边界层数值模式中，对Wangara资料进行了模拟，并与均匀网格情形进行了对比。计算表明，非均匀网格的过渡湍流模式能很好地模拟Wangara大气边界层平均量与湍流量的变化；本文非均匀网格的过渡湍流理论的推广是可行的，它可能会在大气边界层数值模拟及其他方面（如：中尺度模式）得到应用。     

边界层局地相似理论在草原下垫面的适用性检验

利用锡林浩特草原平坦下垫面塔层湍流资料,对常值通量层的高度进行了估计,检验了局地相似理论在均匀草原下垫面的适用性,对Monin-Obukhov相似理论和局地相似理论在常值通量层以上的大气边界层的适用性进行了比较。结果表明:(1)对于锡林浩特草原来说,常值通量层厚度在50m左右;(2)通过分析无量纲风速和温度梯度、无量纲风速方差、无量纲标量(温度T、水汽q、CO2浓度C)方差与稳定度z/L之间的关系,验证了局地相似理论在均匀草原下垫面70m以下大气边界层的适用性;(3)感热通量尺度与浮力长度尺度之间存在线性关系;(4)从经典Monin-Obukhov长度、局地Monin-Obukhov尺度和浮力长度尺度的对比分析来看,局地尺度更适用于50m以上的大气边界层,而浮力长度尺度不适用于50m以上的大气边界层。     

黑河绿洲区不均匀下垫面大气边界层结构的大涡模拟研究

采用RAMS模式中大涡模拟的方法,加入高分辨率的植被和土壤资料,模拟了黑河（张掖地区）不均匀下垫面条件下大气边界层演变过程。分析了模拟的地表通量、边界层的平均结构和湍流二阶量,并用黑河试验的观测资料检验了模式的模拟性能。结果表明,模拟的平均结构较好地展现了不均匀下垫面条件下边界层内从稳定层结到混合层发展,夹卷层形成,底层逆温层出现,混合层过渡到残留层等的演变过程,呈现出了从初始的稳定边界层发展到对流边界层,最后又形成夜问稳定边界层的日变化规律。湍流二阶量的分析显示,在非均匀下垫面条件下边界层内湍流二阶量的垂直分布与边界层的发展相对应,白天湍流二阶量出现两个峰值,分别位于近地层和混合层顶。与观测资料和现有研究的对比表明,RAMS中陆面模块（LEAF）地表参数不能较好地反映黑河地区的植被特征,模拟的白天地表感热和潜热通量偏小,气温白天偏低、夜间偏高,相对湿度也有偏差。     

边界层湍流输送的若干问题和大气线性热力学

总结了大气线性热力学基本理论,讨论了大气边界层的能量和物质输送交叉耦合效应,还讨论了大气系统动力过程和热力过程的交叉耦合效应。分析指出：由于动力过程和热力过程的交叉耦合效应,导致大气边界层能量和物质输送过程除了湍流输送外,还应包括大气辐散和辐合运动对能量和物质的输送。非均匀下垫面大气边界层和对流边界层辐散和辐合运动对能量和物质输送是重要的。在这个基础上,讨论了非均匀下垫面和对流边界层地表能量的平衡问题,非均匀下垫面和对流边界层陆面过程边界层参数化等问题。这些研究不仅丰富了大气边界层物理理论,而且为克服当前大气边界层物理应用中所遇到的困难提供了理论依据。     

非均匀下垫面大气边界层研究进展

总结了水平非均匀下垫面的大气边界层研究,指出干旱区的绿洲具有明显的“冷湿岛效应”,并可形成边缘逆湿和区域环流,而植被和水域的分布则显著改变了大气边界层结构．阐述了复杂地形下垫面对局地风场和小尺度环流产生的影响、城市热岛效应的产生及特点和城市中绿地和水体的微气候效应．比较分析了不同陆面参数化方案以及边界层气候模式,提出未来在热力与动力非均匀的结合、湿地下垫面的数值模拟、城市复杂下垫面参数化以及气候模式的耦合等方面尚需进行深入的研究．     

关于边界层阻力定律在非定常均匀条件下的推广

用自由大气实际风速取代地转风,得到了非定常均匀条件下阻力定律和边界层内参数的一些性质及相似性函数Ａ、Ｂ的特性。该方法和结果可应用于大气模式中的边界层参数化以及与相似性函数有关的一些研究。     

非均匀对流边界层的地转强迫流动和动量输送

用大涡模拟方法研究地转强迫下的对流边界层流动和地表热力非均匀性影响.模拟重现了典型对流边界层的平均风廓线和动量通量垂直分布.地表热力非均匀性对区域平均风速和动量通量分布无明显影响,但边界层内的局地流动性状和湍流动量输送情况有系统性的改变.下风较热区近地面风速增强而高空流动受到阻塞,上风较冷区之上情况则正好相反.对应于平均流动场的畸变,地表较热区之上边界层大部可以出现动量向上输送的情况,较冷区成为大气动量下传的主要通道.地面应力在较热区增强、较冷区减弱的趋势明显.     

Parameterization of the surface-layer exchange coefficients for atmospheric models

A new surface-flux parameterization is presented and its impact on climate simulations with the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCMA) general circulation model (GCM) is discussed. The parameterization is based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory using well established flux-profile relationships for the unstable conditions. However, recently proposed new relationships are used in stable conditions. The new formulation allows different roughness lengths for heat and momentum, and gives transfer coefficients that are in agreement with Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. It also includes a parameterization for the free-convective boundary layer, which often occurs over warm surfaces within light winds. In circumstances where the surface layer is not neutrally stratified the proposed flux parameterization yields surface transfer coefficients that are different from those resulting from the standard surface flux formulation used in the GCM. The most marked effects of implementing the new formulation in the GCM are found over land and adjacent oceanic regions in winter where significant differences are found in the surface heat and moisture fluxes and surface temperatures.     

Monin-Obukhov Functions for Standard Deviations of Velocity

The origins of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) are briefly reviewed, as a context for the analysis of signals from sonic anemometers operating in the surface layer over a Utah salt flat. At this site (over the interval of these measurements) the neutral limit for the normalized vertical velocity standard deviation (σ _w /u _*) deviates markedly from what has generally been regarded as the standard value (i.e. about 1.3), suggesting (since others have also reported such deviations) that this Monin-Obukhov constant is not, in fact, universal. New (but tentative) formulae are suggested for σ _w and for the longitudinal standard deviation σ _u .     

内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面湍流输送特征初步研究

分析了2000年7月21日～8月10日在内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面取得的近地面层湍流及辐射观测资料,讨论了无量纲湍流方差与稳定度参数z/L的关系,发现无量纲速度分量方差及无量纲温度、湿度脉动方差在不稳定层结下,均满足莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论;同时还讨论近地面层能量的收支.发现流动沙丘下垫面感热通量与地表热通量最大值分别为170 W m-2及100 W m-2;潜热通量通常小于50 W m-2;流动沙丘净辐射最大值为400 W m-2左右.(Hs+Hl),与(Rn-G)的比值在晴天白天平均值为0.78左右,流动沙丘下垫面近地面层能量不平衡现象存在,其原因有待进一步研究.     

The stability functions in the bulk similarity formulation for the unstable boundary layer

An update is presented for the functionC in the heat transfer equation and for the functionB _w in the momentum transfer equation of the bulk similarity approach for the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Motives for this update are recent developments in the formulation of Monin-Obukhov functions for the surface layer, and the availability of the new data set of FIFE-89, the 1989 phase of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment, which took place over the same hilly prairie terrain in north-eastern Kansas as the 1987 phase, i.e., FIFE-87. Functional forms developed in earlier studies are considered. In addition, a new form is derived based on a simple dual structure of the ABL. The functions are calibrated with the data set obtained during FIFE-87; the results are then verified with the independent data set acquired during FIFE-89.Formerly at Cornell University.     

局地相似性在近地面层大气中的一个应用

利用Ｕ．Ｈｏｇｓｔｒｏｍ教授提供的瑞典Ｕｐｐｓａｌａ大学气象系于１９８６年夏季在Ｕｐｐｓａｌａ市郊农田中观察到的近地面层大气资料，对近地面层大气的局地相似性进行了论证，并给出了一套相似性函数的经验常数。结果表明，局地相似性比Ｍｏｎｉｎ－Ｏｂｕｋｈｏｖ相似性更适合于描述复杂下垫面近地面层大气。     

TRAC98: Detection of Coherent Structures in a Convective Boundary Layer using Airborne Measurements

The TRAC98 experimental campaign (Turbulence Radar Aircraft Cells) devoted to coherent structures analysis took place over the Beauce plain (France) during summer 1998. It allowed us to collect a large dataset of airborne measurements in addition to various ground measurements. This study aims at diagnosing the occurrence of coherent structures within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) through airborne measurements. The statistical analysis performed as a first step from turbulent parameters underlined the homogeneity of the ABL over the Beauce plain. However mixed-layer scaling failed at the top of the ABL, even when taking into account the entrainment rate. Coherent structures were detected through the analysis of ABL isotropy, using the opportunity of sampling with two perpendicular crossing planes, one of them being aligned with the wind. This approach allowed us to determine an organization scheme of the ABL for three of the five flights (ARAT30, MIV30 and MIV27). For the ARAT30 flight, the analysis was pursued by focusing on measurements of fluctuations in the inner flight legs. In this way, the low-level cloud cover has been investigated from the downward visible radiation (VISD). The results indicated an anisotropy of the horizontal cloud size. Secondly, the variations of some parameters were analysed through lagged correlation functions. This allowed us to infer relationships between the vertical velocity, VISD, mixing ratio and lifting condensation level. Length scales have also been extracted, and confirmed the ABL organization during the ARAT30 flight. Finally, the anisotropy observed in various flights has been investigated with respect to the underestimation of the latent heat fluxes revealed by the imbalance of the surface energy budget.     

Stability functions based upon shear functions

The stability functions for momentum and heat under a Richardson number formulation are derived from the nondimensional shear functions under a Monin-Obukhov formulation. The Prandtl number is also derived as a function of the Richardson number. Previously, this has been done only in a limited sense. Because the Richardson number formulation is expressed in closed form, iterative techniques are no longer needed in numerical models that use Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. This time-saving approach is made possible by deriving expressions for the friction velocity and temperature in terms of the Richardson-number-dependent stability functions. In addition, the Richardson number approximation in the lowest layer is made to depend explicitly upon the surface roughness.     

A bulk similarity approach in the atmospheric boundary layer using radiometric skin temperature to determine regional surface fluxes

Profiles of wind velocity and temperature in the outer region of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) were used together with surface temperature measurements, to determine regional shear stress and sensible heat flux by means of transfer parameterizations on the basis of bulk similarity. The profiles were measured by means of radiosondes and the surface temperatures by infrared radiation thermometry over hilly prairie terrain in northeastern Kansas during the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE). In the analysis, the needed similarity functions were determined and tested; the main scaling variables used for the ABL were h _i , the height of the convectively mixed layer, and V _a and _a, the wind speed and potential temperature averaged over the mixed layer. Good agreement (r = 0.80) was obtained between values of friction velocity u _* determined by this ABL bulk similarity approach and those obtained by Monin-Obukhov similarity in the surface sublayer. Similarly, values of surface flux of sensible heat H determined by this method compared well (r = 0.90) with the regional means measured at six ground stations. The corresponding regional evaporation values, determined with the energy budget equation, also compared favorably (r = 0.94).     

Surface-layer gusts for aircraft operation

We use Monin-Obukhov similarity theory to extend the Kristensen et al. (1991) aviation gust estimation technique from the neutral to the diabatic surface layer. Example calculations demonstrate the importance of this correction. Simple stability class methods using only standard aviation surface observations are shown to be useful although less accurate and less precise than methods which make full use of Monin-Obukhov similarity results.