中国区域温度和降水不同空间插值方法精度对比

利用国家气象信息中心基于最优插值法(Optimal Interpolation,OI)、ANUSPLIN插值法(AV 2.0)、普通克里格法(Ordinary Kriging,OK)的1.0°×1.0°与0.5°×0.5°格点化的1961—2004年中国区域月温度和月降水资料及1961—2004年美国NCDC的GHCN 5.0°×5.0°月降水资料,对中国大陆地区温度和降水不同插值方法空间插值数据的精度及时间序列进行了对比研究。结果表明:在1961—2004年平均气候态下,中国区域不同插值法插值后的降水和温度空间分布型较一致,年循环变化也较一致。在中国区域、东部区域和西部区域,OI与AV 2.0方法插值的降水场绝对误差分别为2.15 mm、1.28 mm和0.00 mm,OK与AV 2.0方法插值的温度场绝对误差分别为0.20℃、0.05℃和0.45℃。对于中国区域降水场时间序列,AV 2.0和OI方法插值的降水与GHCN不同季节的降水变化趋势较一致,且不同插值方法插值的夏季降水量差异较大,冬季降水量差异较小。1961—2004年AV 2.0与OI方法插值的降水场相关系数在0.22—0.98之间变化,冬季和春季降水场相关性较高,夏季和秋季降水场相关性较低;个别年份秋季和冬季插值后降水量的偏差稍大,最大偏差达3.08 mm,1961—2004年平均降水量偏差为0.64 mm。AV 2.0与OK方法插值的年平均温度差值小于0.54℃,且多年时间序列变化趋势较一致。     

中国地面均一化相对湿度月值格点数据集的建立

基于1951—2014年2400余个中国国家级地面气象站均一化相对湿度资料,采用薄盘样条法,进行空间内插,得到了中国地面均一化相对湿度月值0.5°×0.5°格点数据集(CR数据集)。数据集的质量评估结果表明:冬季插值误差相对夏季偏高。冬、春、夏、秋季分析值与站点实测值的插值偏差空间区域特征不显著,平均偏差分别为0.002%/月、0.013%/月、0.008%/月和0.007%/月。冬、春、夏、秋季平均相对误差分别为0.431%/月、0.439%/月、0.286%/月和0.382%/月。分析值与站点实测值间的平均相关系数达0.89。整体来看,插值后的格点化相对湿度资料能够比较准确、细致地描述我国年平均相对湿度场的东南湿、西北干的主要空间特征。能够较好地展现长江以南地区、黄河以南长江以北地区、西北地区、天山南北麓、塔里木盆地等大地形的相对湿度变化特征。由于青藏高原台站稀少,格点数据集对该地区空气相对湿度特征的刻画是否合理很难给出定性、定量的判断。通过对CR数据集进行长时间序列气候变化趋势分析,表明60年来全国平均相对湿度呈减小趋势。     

用Kriging方法对中国历史气温数据插值可行性讨论

使用 Kriging 插值方法对已经过质量控制和均一化的1951年1月-2004年12月中国全部基本、基准站气温资料逐月进行空间插值.通过站点的实际序列与插值后格点序列进行比较,针对相关系数和线性趋势等多个量来检验 Kriging 方法对气候资料插值的效果.结果表明:插值前、后的气温空间分布、气温变化趋势都非常一致,从年际变化来看,插值序列与实际站点序列的相关性也非常高.对比分析还发现用距平序列的插值效果要明显优于原始气温序列插值,但不同的球面模型半径插值在站点稀疏地区的插值结果差别较大,需要先对气候要素进行空间代表性进行分析,以合适的球面半径进行插值.对于气候变化比较特殊的地区,如中国西南部分地区,插值序列很难反映更小尺度的气候变化规律.     

陕西夏季不同等级降水时空变化特征分析

利用1961—2015年中国地面降水日值05°×05°格点数据集（V20）（下称V20格点资料）及同期陕西省内55站逐日降水资料,评估了V20格点资料在陕西地区的适用性,并分析了近年来不同等级降水事件在陕西地区的时空变化特征。结果表明：V20格点降水资料在陕北地区的误差较小,在关中大部较实况降水偏大,在陕南地区较实况偏小;各等级降水在全省呈现出南多北少的分布特征,V20中雨和大雨等级降水空间分布与实况较为一致,V20小雨雨量及雨日大于实况,V20暴雨事件较实况显著偏少;观察不同等级降水的时空变化特征发现,小雨在全省大部呈下降趋势,中雨在陕北北部、关中大部及陕南东部呈增加趋势,在陕北南部及陕南西部等地减少,大雨和暴雨在全省大部增加,V20各等级降水变化幅度小于实况变幅,暴雨事件变化趋势差异最大。     

近50a中国降水格点数据集的建立及质量评估

基于2012年6月更新的高质量2 400个台站降水资料,采用薄盘样条法,制定了采用3个自变量(经度、纬度、海拔高度)、降水量开平方预处理、3次样条的插值方案,并引入数字高程资料,以减弱中国独特地形条件下高程对降水空间插值精度的影响,并对1961—2010年中国区域地面降水站点资料进行了空间内插,得到了中国地面降水0.5°×0.5°格点数据集。经数据集的质量评估结果表明:分析值与站点观测值均方根误差平均为0.49 mm,相关系数平均达0.93(通过0.01的显著性检验),夏季插值误差高于冬季,东南地区误差普遍高于其他地区。冬、春、夏、秋季绝大多数台站绝对误差在±10 mm/月以内。冬、春、夏、秋季分别有60%、82%、54%、77%的台站相对误差在±10%之间。插值后的格点化降水资料能够比较细致、准确地描述中国大陆年平均降水场的东南多、西北少的主要空间特征,但也平滑掉了范围很小的降水极值中心。台站分布越密集的地方,插值效果越好,并且最近距离小于40 km的台站插值精度较高,大于40 km插值精度衰减较快。     

站点气温格点化方法在贵州区域的研究与应用

利用2019年1—12月国家气象信息中心实况格点资料、贵州地面观测站资料以及ECMWF 2m气温0场资料,讨论了相同插值方案下站点数对空间分布的反演效果以及相同测站数下不同插值方案的表现,同时对国家气象信息中心实况格点场进行了检验,并对本地建立的气温格点分析场进行初步评估。结果表明：相同的插值方案下,站数越多越能反映要素场的实际分布状态;基于贵州特殊地形,在相同站数下双线性插值法优于邻域法;通过对国家气象信息中心实况格点分析场评估,日最高、低气温在贵州区域均存在明显误差,其平均绝对误差分别为1.6 ℃与1.1 ℃左右, 平均RMSE分别达2.2 ℃与1.6 ℃。采用Cressman方案对离散观测资料重建的本地化气温格点分析场,其最高、最低气温平均绝对误差降至0.2 ℃与0.1 ℃左右,大幅度降低了与测站观测值的差异,基本可以代替国家气象信息中心下发气温格点分析场,并将为今后我省业务或研究工作中格点预报的客观订正提供新的更符合实际的参考。     

沙尘预报客观检验中最优实况资料和圆插值半径选择研究

使用2012～2014年每年3～5月CUACE（China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment）模式地面沙尘浓度格点预报产品,预报员预报等级产品、实况地面观测沙尘等级和特征站观测PM10（空气动力学当量直径小于等于10 μm的颗粒物,即可吸入颗粒物）资料,并针对CUACE模式格点产品,选取不同半径对格点产品进行圆插值,从而对2012～2014年共25次沙尘过程值,采取3年总样本计算TS（Threat Score）评分,对格点产品适合的圆插值半径和预报产品适合的检验实况资料进行研究,结论如下:（1）如实况采用沙尘等级,模式插值半径与TS评分在浮尘或扬沙等级成近似线性下降关系,而在沙尘暴以上等级TS评分与插值半径关系几乎不大,最优插值半径可选为最小插值半径0.5°（经度/纬度）;如实况采用PM10资料,TS评分在浮尘或扬沙等级根据半径不同变化较为剧烈,沙尘暴以上等级TS评分与插值半径关系不大,可以采用浮尘或扬沙平均线3.5°为平均最优插值半径。如果沙尘过程较弱,插值半径可适当减小,以1°最合适;（2）对CUACE模式预报产品,沙尘等级观测TS评分可用性要优于PM10资料,但两者在沙尘暴以上等级评分差别不大,总体上CUACE模式最优检验实况资料可选为沙尘等级观测资料。对预报员沙尘预报产品,观测沙尘等级TS评分要远高于PM10,预报员沙尘预报产品最优检验实况资料为观测沙尘等级资料。     

西藏地区旱涝等级划分及时空分布特征

利用西藏22个站点1969-1998年逐日降水资料，采用d指数旱涝等级方法。按夏季（5-9月），初夏（5-6月），盛夏（7-8月）时段进行了旱涝等级划分。采用EOF分析方法对全区22个站点旱涝等级展开分解，得出西藏地区的旱涝时空分布特征，主要类型和周期，而且对西藏地区夏季（5-9月）的旱涝做了预测。     

近百年中国降水的测站资料和格点化资料对比

将Hulme的全球陆地格点化降水资料在中国陆地区域内同测站值进行了对比分析。结果表明,格点化资料能较好地描述降水场的大尺度特征,40多个格点值序列代表了全国近200个测站记录,并具有较高的时空覆盖率。当仅对中国区域内的降水进行分析时,为使资料的代表性更好,需对位于国界附近和沿海地区格点的序列值进行必要的修正。     

卫星云图资料在降水量客观分析中的应用试验

利用葵花8号卫星资料和地面降水观测资料,采用Spark GBT(Gradient Boosted Trees Regression)学习算法对中国西部地区进行定量降水估计(QPE),采用三维Barnes插值方法得到逐时降水格点场。试验结果表明,引入卫星资料估计降水,可以有效地改进站点密度小的区域的降水格点场的客观分析精度。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.