三亚国家气候观象台气象观测现状及展望

正三亚国家气候观象台的立项建设对南海和太平洋热带气旋、南海秋季暴雨、海岛雷电等灾害性天气有很好的监测预警作用,对改进我国南海地区天气、气候模式和边界层、云物理过程参数化方案等起着重要性作用。三亚国家气候观象台(下称三亚观象台)位于三亚市东南方的六道岭,距市区直线距离约10 km,由5个观测区组成,最高观测区(即地面观测场)海拔高度为419.4 m。六道岭为二级林业保护区,由灌木林和人工种植的桉树覆盖,周边地形从海洋到山地过渡,     

北京市自然雷电与雷电灾害的时空分布

利用1995-2002的LIS/OTD卫星雷电资料(以下称自然雷电)及1995-2005年北京市18个区县的雷电灾害资料,对北京市自然雷电和雷电灾害的时空分布特征进行对比分析.结果表明,北京市雷电灾害的日变化与自然雷电的日变化趋势大体一致,两者不一致处主要与人们的出行生活规律以及电子设备与仪表的启用、关闭等有关.雷电灾害与自然雷电的季节变化大体一致,春、秋、冬三季较少,夏季较为集中.北京市自然雷电与雷电灾害的区域分布很不一致.自然雷电较多的北部偏远郊区雷电灾害并不频繁,相反,自然雷电较少的城区反而是雷电灾害的多发区域.结合北京市各区县的人口和经济资料进一步分析表明:自然雷电只是北京市雷电灾害的致灾因子之一,北京市雷电灾害的发生还受到人口密度及经济特征等因素的制约.     

影响三亚市热带气旋的基本降水特征

统计分析了影响三亚市的热带气旋及其降水特征,结果表明:影响三亚市的热带气旋主要集中在6～10月,其中7月、10月西北太平洋热带气旋占多;6月、8月和9月南海热带气旋略多。     

2007年深圳市雷电灾害气候特征分析

通过对2007年深圳市雷电气候特征、雷电密度分布、重要雷电天气过程分析和雷电灾害情况分析,探讨雷电发生的天气背景以及致灾的成因,为雷电预测预警技术提供科学依据.     

一种新的雷电日及雷电参数统计方法

为更好地应用雷电定位系统的自动监测数据统计雷电日及雷电参数,利用滇中地区1987～2006年49个气象站点雷电观测资料和2005～2006年闪电定位探测资料,在对比分析气象观测雷电资料与闪电定位探测雷电资料的基础上,提出了一种新的适用于自动监测雷电日的统计方法--网格法.网格法划分统计区域详细、合理,其雷电日统计值与传统气象雷电日有可比性.长期气象雷电日资料是选定网格大小的参考标尺,滇中地区取0.175°×0.175°网格统计值为其年平均雷电日,取0.3°×0.3°网格统计值为其最大雷电日.用网格法对雷电参数进行统计结果显示:滇中地区雷电日和雷电密度有显著的局地变化特征,地闪密度与闪电强度成反比关系.此结论为防雷工程设计、雷电灾害评估和雷电成因分析提供了较好的理论基础.     

2005-2015年四川省雷电活动变化特征分析

利用四川省雷电监测网监测近11年雷电资料统计分析,全省雷电活动变化存在的特征以及变化规律,对研究雷电的发生、发展有着重要的指导意义,为雷电预警预报、区域风险评估和雷电灾害分析,打下坚实的基础。     

2012年广东省雷电活动特征与雷电灾害损失浅析

采用计算机技术和GIS技术对广东省雷电监测定位系统雷电资料进行处理分析,研究全省雷电活动特征,结果发现,2012年全省雷电次数比往年多、密度更大、活动更为频繁,具有明显的时间分布、空间分布和电流强度分布特征.同时,根据相关部门提供的2012年全省雷电灾害调查数据,得知雷电灾害事故比往年多,损失更大.对比分析全省雷电活动特征和雷电灾害损失,结果表明两者间有很好的正比例相关特性：雷电次数比往年多对应的雷电灾害损失也大,雷电高发期提前到4、5月份对应的雷电事故也提前在这两个月份达到高峰,这和2012年全省天气异常气候有关.     

法国防雷工作现状及启示

介绍了法国雷电监测预警系统AMEO 340和防雷业务管理工作,并借鉴其经验,从做好雷电灾害调查与评估和雷电灾害区划,规划建设雷电灾害监测预警平台和预报平台,实现全省雷电业务集约化发展,开展雷电科学技术研究,建立雷电灾害应急处置机制等方面,探讨如何做好防雷业务工作.     

法国防雷工作现状及启示

介绍了法国雷电监测预警系统AMEO 340和防雷业务管理工作,并借鉴其经验,从做好雷电灾害调查与评估和雷电灾害区划,规划建设雷电灾害监测预警平台和预报平台,实现全省雷电业务集约化发展,开展雷电科学技术研究,建立雷电灾害应急处置机制等方面,探讨如何做好防雷业务工作。     

雷电灾害事故鉴定方法及其应用初探

针对目前国内雷电灾害事故鉴定还没有相应技术规范标准和统一操作方法的现状,结合近5年十堰市气象部门在辖区内所开展的雷电灾害鉴定工作实际,简述了雷电灾害鉴定前的五项调查内容;从事故定性、雷电类别定性、雷电灾害过程分析、雷电灾害吻合分析等方面,介绍了雷电灾害调查结果分析方法;最后,指出了雷电灾害鉴定符合法定程序必须达到的三个要求。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.