武汉暴雨过程中天气尺度与次天气尺度系统的相互作用

利用动能方程计算天气尺度与次天气尺度系统动能以及非线性动能的作用,以分析1998年7月发生在武汉的1次强降水系统中的主要动力过程。结果表明:在暴雨系统中,存在着天气尺度系统与次天气尺度系统间的相互作用,天气尺度动能减小,次天气尺度动能增加,但天气尺度动能和次天气尺度动能不能直接进行转换,而必须通过不同尺度之间的非线性相互作用来实现。也就是说,对次天气尺度系统而言,天气尺度系统是动能源,通过非线性相互作用,把能量传递给次天气尺度系统。     

热带气旋外围环流中次天气尺度系统及其与天气尺度系统相互作用的诊断分析

本文应用带通滤波的方法,分离出热带气旋外围环流中的天气尺度和次天气尺度系统。发现热带气旋外围强降水与低层次天气尺度系统的辐合关系相当密切。文中还计算了两种尺度系统间的动能和涡度转换。得出:在650hPa以上基本上是天气尺度系统向次天气尺度系统提供动能,在650hPa以下基本上是次天气尺度系统向天气尺度系统提供动能,整层积分的结果是天气尺度系统向次天气尺度系统提供动能。在900hPa和400hPa之间的涡度转换为次天气尺度系统向天气尺度系统转换,即涡度转换的结果是使得次天气尺度系统气旋性减弱,天气尺度系统气旋性增强。900hPa以下和400hPa以上则相反。整层积分的结果是次天气尺度系统向天气尺度系统提供正涡度。      

一次暴雨过程中天气尺度与次天气尺度系统的相互作用

文章利用动能方程计算天气尺度与次天气尺度系统动能以及非线性动能的作用，以分析强降水系统中主要动力过程。结果表明:在暴雨系统中，存在着天气尺度和次天气尺度系统间的相互作用，次天气尺度运动增加天气尺度动能，使暴雨系统得以维持。     

“8.11”暴雨过程中天气尺度与次天气尺度系统的相互作用

采用改进的ｓｈｕｍａｎ－ｓｈａｐｉｒｏ方法,在对形势场、要素场进行尺度分离的基础上,对１９９９年８月１１～１２日发生在山东的一次区域性特大暴雨过程机制进行了诊断分析;计算了天气尺度与次天气尺度系统动能方程以及非线性动量相互作用各项;以分析强降水系统天气尺度和次天气尺度系统之间动能相互作用的主要动力过程,结果表明：在本次暴雨系统中,存在着天气尺度和次天气尺度系统间动勇相互作用,使暴雨系统得以维持,中     

暴雨中两种尺度系统间动能转换的分析

本文利用平滑滤波方法,分离次天气尺度与天气尺度系统。选取同一暴雨过程中两个时次,计算暴雨系统中这两个时次的天气尺度和次天气尺度系统间动能转换量。得出:200hpa以上,次天气尺度系统对天气尺度系统是一个动能源;200hpa以下则相反;整层积分结果是天气尺度系统提供动能给次天气尺度系统,与文献[1]中次天气尺度系统向天气尺度系统转换动能是不同。说明不同暴雨过程中,两种尺度系统间动能转换量((?)·(?))的正负,大小及分布可能是不同的。     

黄、渤海大风的次天气尺度环流特征及其应用

选取2008年12月出现在黄、渤海的一次大风过程,采用常规观测资料和NCEP全球再分析资料,对大风期间的次天气尺度特征及其与天气尺度系统之间的相互作用进行了诊断分析。结果表明,黄、渤海大风区的次天气尺度环流具有明显的波动特征,这种波动结构的维持与否和大风期间的天气尺度背景密切相关。黄、渤海位于高空槽前,波动结构维持,该区域从次天气尺度系统获得正涡度和动能,气旋发展,大风形成。中纬度斜压带东南移至黄、渤海上空,波动结构遭到破坏,消耗次天气尺度系统涡度,气旋减弱,但低层大气仍获得次天气尺度系统动能,大风维持。在与高空槽相互作用的过程中,虽然次天气尺度环流有不同的分布特征,但低层大气若获得次天气尺度动能,则有利于动能输入地区的风速增幅和大风持续,若消耗次天气尺度系统动能,大风停止。次天气尺度动能大值区主要在850hPa以下的低层。     

尺度间动能转换对暴雨的贡献

研究已表明平均尺度均为５００ｋｍ的次天气尺度系统是造成我国暴雨的天气系统，它是发生在适当的大尺度环流形势下，反过来又作用于大尺度系统，本文利用尺度间动能转换方程讨论了１９９４年盛夏３次大暴雨过程，指出黑龙江省暴雨过程中也存在着次天气尺度系统的作用，它将动能转换给天气尺度，促成天气尺度系统发展，形成暴雨。     

冬季一次次天气尺度渤海气旋的动能制造

应用FGGE-Ⅲ_b资料对1979年11月24日—25日一次快速发展并造成渤海二号船翻沉事故的次天气尺度渤海气旋进行了局地动能收支分析。 气旋发展期间通过垂直气柱侧边界的动能、势能净通量是辐散的,气旋发展的能源主要依赖于动能产生项、动能转换项以及网格区域不能分辨的尺度运动作用。气旋控制期间边界层风场的增强,其外部能源主要依赖于通过侧边界的动能、势能净通量辐合,内部主要依赖于动能产生项和动能转换项。 与前人所研究过的天气尺度气旋相比较,这次气旋在发展阶段的动能产生和剩余源项[E]的数值都较大。     

“96.8”暴雨过程中不同尺度系统的相互作用

利用动能方程计算了天气尺度,次天气尺度的动能以及非线性相互作用的动能,分析了“９６．８”暴雨过程强降水时段的主要动力过程,结果表明：在暴雨系统中,存在着天气尺度和次天气尺度系统间的相互作用,天气尺度动能减小,次天气尺度动能增加,即对于次天气尺度系统而言,天气尺度系统是一个动能源,通过非线性相互作用,天气尺度系统把动能传递给次天气尺度系统,使暴雨系统得以发展。     

暴雨中两种尺度之间位势转换的诊断分析

本文应用平滑滤波的方法分离天气尺度和次天气尺度系统。选取同一暴雨过程中的两个时次,计算暴雨系统中这两个时次的天气尺度和次天气尺度系统间的位势转换量。得出:在某一区域,同一暴雨过程中不同时次,不同层次,天气尺度和次天气尺度系统之间的位势转换是不同的;即使是同一时次,水平位势和垂直位势的作用也是不同的。整层积分的结果是天气尺度系统向次天气尺度系统转换位势;次天气尺度系统也可向天气尺度系统转换位势。最大转换层均发生在对流层顶200—100hPa上。     

华东地区台风暴雨的诊断研究

本文利用一个空间滤波器将物理量分解为天气尺度和次天气尺度,以两个路径相似但环流形势不同的台风暴雨作为例子,对不同尺度的环流及其动能平衡进行诊断研究,结果表明:中、低纬环流系统能否进行相互作用是决定台风暴雨强度和范围的一个重要条件。在8209号台风过程中,这种相互作用是明显的,因而,8209号台风暴雨的强度和范围均显著大于8304号台风。同时,8209号台风暴雨的能量过程突出地反映在次天气尺度的动能场上,相反,在8304号台风过程中,以天气尺度的能量过程为主要的能量特征。本文还特别指出,不能简单地认为登陆台风是一个动能的“准封闭系统”,在8209号台风过程中,台风从中、低层向外输出的次天气尺度动能是造成台风环流之外暴雨的一个重要物理过程。     

The Genesis of Tropical Cyclone Bilis (2000) Associated with Cross-equatorial Surges

The purpose of this paper is to explore how a tropical cyclone forms from a pre-existing large-scale depression which has been observed and associated with cross-equatorial surges in the western North Pacific. Tropical cyclone Bilis(2000) was selected as the case to study.The research data used are from the results of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model(MM5),which has successfully simulated the transformation of a pre-existing weak large-scale tropical depression into a strong tropical storm.The scale separation technique is used to separate the synoptic-scale and sub-synoptic-scale fields from the model output fields. The scale-separated fields show that the pre-existing synoptic-scale tropical depression and the subsynoptic scale tropical cyclone formed later were different scale systems from beginning to end.It is also shown that the pre-existing synoptic-scale tropical depression did not contract to become the tropical cyclone. A series of weak,sub-synoptic-scale low and high pressure systems appeared and disappeared in the synopticscale depression,with one of the low systems near the center of the synoptic-scale depression having deepened to become the tropical cyclone. The roles of the synoptic-scale flow and the sub-synoptic scale disturbances in the formation of the tropical cyclone are investigated by diagnoses of the scale-separated vertical vorticity equation.The results show that the early development of the sub-synoptic scale vortex was fundamentally dependent on the strengthening synoptic-scale environmental depression.The depression was strengthened by cross-equatorial surges,which increased the convergence of the synoptic-scale depression at low levels and triggered the formation of the tropical cyclone.     

Dynamics of intensification of the boreal summer monsoon flow during IOD events

The present study focuses on understanding the dynamics of intensification of the boreal summer monsoon cross-equatorial flow generally observed during positive-Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events, by taking 1994 as a case study. In particular, the influence of the anomalous divergent motions during 1994 (i.e., east–west circulation over equatorial Indian Ocean and the monsoon Hadley-type circulation) on the intensification of summer monsoon cross-equatorial flow is investigated. This problem is examined using diagnostic analyses and simulation experiments from a multi-level global atmospheric model forced with observed diabatic heating. The results suggest that the transfer of kinetic energy (KE) from the divergent motions to the rotational flows can be very effective during IOD periods like 1994; and provides a plausible explanation for the increase of KE of the monsoon cross-equatorial flow over Bay-of-Bengal and adjoining areas. The study also investigates the enhanced activity of westward propagating disturbances observed during 1994 over the monsoon region.     

登陆台风动能平衡和转换的诊断

对一次登陆台风及其外围暴雨和环境的动能平衡以及天气尺度动能与中尺度扰动动能的转换进行了诊断分析，指出摩擦消耗和动能的水平输出是台风的主要能汇。台风消亡期间，外围暴雨区动能增大，动能制造项Ｇｋ是暴雨区的主要能源。Ｇｋ的增大可能与天气尺度动能转换成中尺度扰动引起暴雨的发展相联系。     

1979年7月热带地区的动能平衡

应用欧洲中期预报中心的FGGEⅢ-b个客观分析资料计算了1979年7月热带大气的动能平衡。热带环流系统的动能主要集中在定常涡旋部分。对流层下层,105°E和150°E为两半球间瞬变涡旋的通道。对流层上层,瞬变涡旋的通道和洋中槽相联系,位于150°E和30°W附近。 索马里急流是对流层下层制造动能的主要环流系统。对流层上层,南亚东风急流入口区制造动能,出口区破坏动能,其动能收支与中纬度西风急流相似。 非洲-阿拉伯海季风区和孟加拉湾—南海季风区的动能平衡很不相同。动能的垂直输送可能在季风环流中很重要。     

Barotropic interaction between planetary- and synoptic-scale waves during the life cycles of blockings

1. IntroductionIn the mid--high latitudes, l' blocking flow" is an importaht part of the low--frequency variability of the atmospheric circulation. Owing to its longevity and large amplitude, a blocking flow configuration can usually cause prolonged anomalous weather situations over certain extratropical regions. Therefore, it has been a primary interest of many synoptic anddynamical meteorologists. In the past decades, the interaction of planetary waves with migratory, synoptic--scale waves h…     

Interaction between Planetary-Scale Diffluent Flow and Synoptic-Scale Waves During the Life Cycle of Blocking

In this paper, a new transient forced quasi-resonant triad interaction theory in a beta channel is proposed to investigate the interaction between planetary-scale diffluent flow composed of zonal wavenumbers 1--3 and synoptic-scale waves produced continuously by a synoptic-scale vorticity source fixed upstream of an incipient blocking region during the life cycle of blocking. It is shown that the superposition of initial three Rossby waves for zonal wavenumbers 1 (monopole), 2 (dipole), and 3 (monopole), which permit triad quasi-resonance, can represent an incipient blocking event. The synoptic-scale eddies may act to amplify the incipient blocking and to excite a blocking circulation with a strong meander, whose flow pattern depends on the initial amplitudes of the planetary waves and both the intensity and location of preexisting synoptic-scale waves. The onset (decay) of the planetary-scale split-flow blocking is mainly represented by a strong increase (decrease) in the amplitude of the zonal wavenumber 2 component, having a dipole meridional structure related to the preexisting synoptic-scale eddies. The typical persistence time of the model blocking was of about 20 days, consistent with observations of blocking patterns. In our model, isolated asymmetric dipole blocking is formed by synoptic-scale waves. The instantaneous fields of total streamfunctions exhibit a remarkable resemblance to the synoptic maps observed during the life cycle of blocking. During the onset stage, the synoptic-scale waves are enhanced and split into two branches around the blocking region due to the feedback of the amplified blocking, in agreement with the observed changes of synoptic-scale waves in real blocking events. In addition, a diagnostic case study of blocking is presented to confirm the forced quasi-resonant triad interaction theory proposed here.     

The effect of spatial resolution on the simulation of upper-tropospheric frontogenesis using a sigma-coordinate primitive equation model

Summary The effects of varying horizontal and vertical grid resolution on the numerical simulation of upper-tropospheric frontal structures are examined using a, two-dimensional, dry, hydrostatic sigma-coordinate primitive equation model. These effects are illustrated with the results of 72 h model integrations in which frontogenesis is forced solely by confluence. Four different horizontal grid spacings, ranging from 100 km to 12.5 km, and four different vertical, grid resolutions, varying from 10 to 70 layers (90 mb to 13 mb), are considered.The intensity and integrity of the frontogenesis as a function of grid resolution are diagnosed in terms of time histories and spatial distributions of frontal parameters, such as the speed of the along-front jet, maxima of absolute vorticity and potential temperature gradient, and ageostrophic motions. The time histories show that, provided the vertical resolution is sufficient, increasing horizontal resolution leads to better-defined frontal structure due to the decrease in cross-frontal scale. They also indicate that for a given horizontal resolution there exists an optimal vertical resolution beyond which frontal parameters change only slightly. This optimal vertical resolution increases with increasing horizontal resolution, and apparently is related to the horizontal resolution through the slope of the frontal zone.The time histories for simulations combining low vertical resolution with high horizontal resolution exhibit substantial high-frequency variability. Cross sections show that this temporal variability appears to be manifested spatially in the form of gravity waves characterized by wavelengths on the order of 200 km and periods of 12 h, over the range of horizontal and vertical resolution that is considered. Although the source mechanism for these waves cannot be established definitively, it likely involves a grid-induced ageostrophic component of the along-front wind which disrupts thermal wind balance. This results thus demonstrates the potential risk of flawed frontal simulations, when incompatible combinations of horizontal and vertical resolution are used.With 7 Figures     

登陆台风的能量学分析

本文对一个登陆我国的台风以及它与西风带相互作用的过程进行了能量学分析。计算了动能平衡和有效位能。结果表明:(1)台风在登陆后的减弱过程中,与环境大气的动能交换较小,可以把这个台风看作是一个动能的“准封闭系统”。(2)在登陆台风减弱过程的不同阶段,热力和动力作用很不相同。刚登陆时,伴随着大暴雨,积云对流群是台风的重要动能源。对流层上部穿越等压线的运动是台风减弱的重要原因。其中以正压过程为主。台风与西风带系统相互作用后的动能平衡与温带气旋类似。斜压过程的动能产生率增加,摩擦在台风衰减过程中起重要作用。(3)在台风附近有大量的有效位能释放。通过台风系统的边界有大量位能注入环境大气。而在台风倒槽里新生的气旋,则从环境大气中得到位能。这种过程可能是台风与周围环境相互作用的一种主要方式。     

Local foehn effects in the Upper Isar Valley,Part 3: Additional investigations

Summary The present paper is the continuation of two recent studies investigating the foehn-like valley wind system around Mittenwald (Bavarian Isar Valley). We deal with the synoptic/mesoscale conditions causing the local foehn (“Minifoehn”), considering field campaigns from both the mesoscale and the climatological point of view. Furthermore, we describe the structure and further features of the local foehn at smaller scales, using both the results of the VERTIKATOR field campaign and numerical simulations. We obtain as a new result that the foehn-caused local warm air pool around Mittenwald induces slight nocturnal upvalley winds between an adjacent valley basin located some 8 km north of Mittenwald and the basin of Mittenwald. Furthermore, a weak northerly flow may also occur at Mittenwald prior to the onset of the Minifoehn. Numerical simulations indicate that the local pressure gradient responsible for this phenomenon is related to a gravity wave forming over the hill range southwest of Mittenwald. Observations within a five-year period indicate that Minifoehn frequently occurs when ambient winds coming from the southern sector are predominant, but, contrary to deep foehn, weather conditions with northerly synoptic-scale flows do not necessarily exclude the development of the local foehn which comes from the southwest. We also present further evidence that in the presence of southerly synoptic-scale winds, orographic gravity waves interact with the drainage flow. Another new result is that strong synoptic-scale westerly winds are able to suppress the occurrence of Minifoehn. In addition, the possible influence of the Inn Valley wind system as well as dynamical differences between the thermally driven up- and downvalley winds are briefly discussed.