柴达木盆地灌木林地和高寒草甸蒸散发特征研究

柴达木盆地属于高寒干旱内陆盆地,水资源短缺,生态环境十分脆弱,蒸散发是生态系统水分耗散的主要方式,研究其变化特征对区域水资源合理开发与生态环境保护具有重要意义。本研究以柴达木盆地灌木林地和高寒草甸为观测点,采用涡动相关仪观测的2020年通量资料计算实际蒸散发量,分析不同下垫面实际蒸散发量在不同时间尺度的变化特征,并探究了气象因子与实际蒸散发量的相关性。结果表明：（1）灌木林地和高寒草甸蒸散发过程主要集中在生长季,呈正态分布,但变化范围有一定差异,高寒草甸实际日蒸散发量和实际月蒸散发量大于灌木林地。其中,灌木林地日平均蒸散发量为0.48 mm,高寒草甸日平均蒸散发量为1.28 mm;灌木林地蒸散发量8月达到峰值,为40.47 mm,高寒草甸蒸散发量7月达到峰值,为88.92 mm。（2）对于不同下垫面,气温和土壤温度变化趋势大致相同,饱和水汽压差和风速有一定差异,实际日蒸散发量与气温、土壤温度、饱和水汽压差显著相关,但是与风速相关性不大,各季节蒸散发量对各气象因子敏感程度不同,此外高寒草甸蒸散发量与土壤含水量呈显著相关。（3）不同下垫面水分消耗变化特征表明灌木林地各月水汽交换以下垫面水分...     

黄河源高寒湿地-大气间水热和碳交换通量日变化特征的观测分析

黄河源区高寒湿地-大气间的水分和热量及碳交换过程是影响青藏高原气候变化的主要因素之一。本文从2013年7月16日至10月19日期间黄河源区麻多湿地下垫面湍流通量涡动相关系统和气象站观测资料中,每月选取3~4天晴天条件下的观测数据,分析了黄河源麻多湿地-大气间感热通量、潜热通量和CO_2通量的日变化特征,并探讨了近地面能量平衡闭合度。结果表明:黄河源高寒湿地下垫面潜热通量和感热通量有日变化过程,日出后水分和热量交换通量逐渐增高,峰值均出现在12:00—16:00(北京时,下同)。在2013年夏季,黄河源湿地下垫面感热通量的最高值出现在9月15:30,达到了150.0 W·m~(-2),潜热通量的最高值出现在7月16:00,达到了300.0 W·m~(-2)。黄河源高寒湿地生态系统的能量消耗主要以潜热为主,近地面能量的闭合度较差,达到了48.8%。湿地净生态系统的CO_2交换通量日变化特征呈"U"型曲线,在整个植被生长季节的日变化过程中,日出后湿地系统吸收大气中的CO_2,净生态系统CO_2交换量NEE(Net Ecosystem Exchange)为负,中午达负极值,极值为-0.55 mg·m~(-2)·s~(-1),出现在7月21日12:30;夜间下垫面释放CO_2,NEE为正。进一步分析结果表明:CO_2交换通量的变化动态范围受空气温度、太阳辐射和植被冠层的影响明显。     

黄河源高寒湿地-大气间暖季水热交换特征及关键影响参数研究

湿地是由陆地和水体形成的自然综合体,具有重要的生态、水文和生物地球化学功能,黄河源高寒湿地作为黄河重要的水源涵养区,对其下垫面水热交换特征及关键影响参数的研究具有非常重要的意义。本文利用中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院麻多黄河源气候与环境变化观测站2014年6~8月观测资料,分析了黄河源区高寒湿地-大气间暖季水热交换特征,并利用公用陆面模式（Community Land Model,简称CLM）模拟了热通量变化,提出针对高寒湿地的粗糙度优化方案。主要结果如下:（1）暖季向上、向下短波与净辐射的平均日变化规律一致,向上、向下长波平均日变化平缓,地表温度升高相对于向下短波具有滞后性,潜热通量始终为正值并大于感热通量;（2）温度变化显著层结为20 cm以上土壤浅层,存在明显的日循环规律,土壤中热量09:00（北京时,下同）下传至5 cm深度,温度升高,11:00至10 cm深度,13:00至20 cm深度,18:00后开始上传,温度降低,40 cm及以下深度受此影响较小,热量在土壤中整体由浅层向深层输送;（3）土壤湿度平均日变化小,5 cm深度为土壤湿度最小层,10 cm深度为最大层;（4）麻多高寒湿地动力学粗糙度Z_0m在暖季变化稳定,可作为常数,Z_0m=0.0143 m;（5）提出更加适合高寒湿地下垫面暖季附加阻尼kB-1参数化方案,使得热通量模拟效果较CLM原始方案有所提高。以上结果对于研究湿地下垫面陆面过程具有重要意义。     

那曲高寒草地长时间地面热源特征及其气候影响因子分析

利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站2002—2015年自动气象塔(AWS_Tower)和2011—2014年涡动相关系统(EC)的观测资料,基于地表能量平衡组合法和涡动相关法计算那曲高寒草地下垫面湍流通量。利用涡动相关法对地表能量平衡组合法计算的感热通量、潜热通量进行校正,并将校正规律外推得到一个长时间连续的地表通量序列,分析那曲高寒草地下垫面感热通量、潜热通量的长时间变化特征以及地面热源与气候影响因子的关系。结果表明,该序列地表能量闭合度在春、夏、秋以及全年接近1,而冬季辐射观测值偏小导致能量闭合度正偏差较大为1. 34。近14年中,感热通量在年际变化上呈上升趋势;潜热通量呈显著减弱趋势,造成地面热源呈减弱趋势。地面热源与风速、地表温度、土壤湿度以及净辐射通量资料的关系显著。其中地面热源全年对净辐射通量响应显著,对地表温度在春、秋以及冬季响应显著,与土壤湿度在春、夏以及秋季响应明显,与风速在春季响应特征较为突出。季节变化上,感热通量在4月达到全年最大值,在7月为最小值;潜热通量在7月为全年最大值,在1月为最小值。     

玛曲高寒草甸地表辐射与能量收支的季节变化

利用中国科学院黄河源区气候与环境综合观测研究站2010年观测资料,分析了玛曲高寒草甸地表辐射与能量收支的季节特征。结果表明:玛曲高寒草甸入射太阳辐射与净辐射年累积量分别为6482.2和2577.2MJ.m-2.a-1;年平均地表反照率为0.25,生长期平均地表反照率为0.22;全年入射太阳辐射的38%转换为地表长波辐射,明显高于低海拔地区的草地;净辐射占入射太阳辐射的38%,低于全球以及低海拔地区的草地;在冻结期,感热通量占净辐射的93%,在生长期,潜热通量占净辐射的62%。     

2008年7—9月中国北方不同下垫面晴空陆面过程特征差异

采用2008年7—9月观测的中国干旱/半干旱区实验观测协同与集成研究资料,选取了9个下垫面(包括裸地、草地、森林和农田),分析了中国北方不同下垫面以及不同地区同类下垫面的晴空陆面辐射平衡和热量平衡日变化特征差异。结果表明,不同下垫面以及不同地区同类下垫面的地表辐射和能量过程特征差异明显,而这种差异主要源于下垫面的光学特性、水热特性以及局地陆-气系统中可利用水分的不同。在辐射平衡的比较方面,荒漠沙地发射的长波辐射最大,高寒森林的长波辐射最低,农田下垫面发射的长波辐射总体低于草地;荒漠沙地、草地、农田和高寒森林的反射率依次减弱;荒漠沙地、草地、农田、森林下垫面的净辐射依次增大。在能量平衡方面,荒漠区沙地可利用能量大部分(约80%)用于加热大气,约20%消耗于蒸发和加热土壤;草地下垫面可利用能量中用于加热大气的能量比蒸发水分消耗的能量高,但高寒草甸例外;农田下垫面可利用能量的大部分消耗于蒸发,消耗于加热大气的能量不到20%。水含量越高,潜热通量越大,能量闭合率越低,能量过程也更复杂。     

非参数化蒸散发估算方法在黑河流域的适用性分析

陆面蒸散发是水循环过程中的重要组成部分,直接关系到地表的能量和水量平衡。基于哈密顿原理的非参数化蒸散发估算方法能够避免复杂的参数化过程,降低计算过程的不确定性。首先,利用非参数化方法估算了黑河流域不同下垫面的蒸散发,并利用地面观测数据进行了验证,分析了非参数化方法在不同下垫面和不同季节的适用性。对不同下垫面的验证结果表明,在湿润下垫面该方法会低估实际蒸散发,在干旱下垫面会高估实际蒸散发;对不同季节的验证结果表明,夏季蒸散发估算精度明显优于冬季。其次,进一步对非参数化方法进行了敏感性分析:在湿润下垫面,地表净辐射通量对估算结果影响较大;在干旱下垫面,地表净辐射通量和地表温度对非参数化估算方法结果影响较大。最后,利用非参数化方法结合遥感数据和大气驱动数据估算了黑河流域中上游的区域蒸散发,并利用地面观测数据结合足迹模型进行了验证,分析了非参数化方法估算区域蒸散发的适用性,估算结果能够反映该区域地表通量的分布特征,但是与地面观测数据相比存在一定的误差,不同下垫面的均方根误差在50~100W·m~(-2)之间。     

高寒草甸生态系统陆地生物圈模式研究及应用

改进了适合于高寒草甸生态系统的陆地生物圈模式，分析了模式中温度变化与水分运动分层的物理原因，说明了气候状况对地表面能量交换的影响，给出了净辐射和蒸散量新的计算方法，提出了有限差分计算中具有二阶精度的Euler隐式格式，介绍了中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态站的气候概况和野外观测情况。最后利用本模式对高寒草甸生态站地区的土壤－－植被－－大气间水热交换过程进行了数值模拟，模拟值与实测值吻合较好。     

高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤水热特征比较

利用青藏高原玛多地区高寒草甸和玉树隆宝地区高寒湿地的观测资料,比较分析了土壤水分、地表反照率和土壤热通量在土壤完全融化期、土壤逐渐冻结期、土壤完全冻结期和土壤逐渐融化期的变化情况,并计算了各月份的感热通量和潜热通量。结果表明:在10~50 cm深处,土壤完全融化期高寒湿地土壤含水量为0.66~0.82 m3·m-3,高寒草甸土壤含水量为0.15~0.18 m3·m-3,土壤完全冻结期高寒湿地土壤含水量为0.13~0.21 m3·m-3,高寒草甸土壤含水量为0.01~0.04 m3·m-3。高寒草甸和高寒湿地地表反照率在土壤冻结期间较高,融化期间较低。高寒草甸土壤热通量年变化幅度小,高寒湿地土壤热通量年变化幅度大。高寒草甸月平均感热通量均高于高寒湿地,高寒湿地月平均潜热通量均高于高寒草甸。     

围栏封育下藏北高寒湿地和高寒草原水热通量特征研究

围栏封育作为直接有效的退化草地恢复治理模式,广泛应用于青藏高原退化草地恢复。围栏封育显著提升植被覆盖并改变地表与大气之间的水热交换,然而当前对其如何影响高寒生态系统水热通量的定量研究不足,缺乏对影响机制的认识。本研究以藏北腹地典型高寒湿地和高寒草原为研究对象,采用涡度相关技术开展禁牧-放牧配对观测,并基于围栏内外2019年7月至2021年6月连续两年的观测数据,探究围栏封育后的地表水热平衡变化,以提升对围栏封育改变地表水热通量机制的认知。结果显示：高寒草原和高寒湿地生态系统水热通量均表现出明显的单峰型日变化特征,且分别以感热作用(波文比为1.60)、潜热作用(波文比为0.31)为主导向大气传输能量。围栏封育降低了高寒草原地表通量值,感热通量减小5.99 W·m^-2,潜热通量减小4.84 W·m^-2;围栏封育提升了高寒湿地的地表通量值,感热通量增加3.04 W·m^-2,潜热通量增加30.95 W·m^-2,围栏封育后高寒草原感热通量和潜热通量日均值均下降,高寒湿地则增加。围栏封育对地表能量通量影响强度集...     

On looming during Alpine foehn

The note deals with looming during foehn north of the Alps. The results show that there is a weak effect in stretching optically the orography. However, the increase in view angle is probably not detectable by human observers looking south from Munich towards the Alps. The impression that the orography seems to be stretched during a foehn is also due to psychological effects which might be a factor of greater importance.     

Heating of a small Alpine valley

Summary Two- and three-dimensional fields of meteorological variables are constructed from measurements in a small Alpine end valley during daytime of two fine weather days. These are fields of the surface energy balance, of temperature and wind. With these data the energy budget of the valley atmosphere is calculated. In the morning, the sensible heat which is released on the valley surface is used to heat the valley atmosphere. The advection terms are rather small. In the afternoon, the energy gain is nearly completely exported out of the valley region. The transport is managed by advection with the valley wind and the related upward motion, which are branches of the valley wind system which overlap into the next larger valley. The role of a small valley in the interplay of the thermal circulation systems in the heating of the mountainous boundary layer is discussed.

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Erwärmung eines kleinen Alpentals

Zusammenfassung Messungen in einem kleinen alpinen Endtal gestatten die Berechnung zwei- und dreidimensionaler Felder meteorologischer Größen tagsüber an zwei Schönwettertagen. Dies sind Felder der Terme der Energiebilanz am Untergrund, der Temperatur und des Windes. Daraus läßt sich der Energiehaushalt der Talatmosphäre berechnen. Am Vormittag wird die am Untergrund freigesetzte fühlbare Wärme zur Erwärmung des Tals genutzt, die Advektionsterme sind ziemlich klein. Am Nachmittag wird dieser Wärmegewinn nahezu vollständig aus dem Talbereich exportiert. Dieser Transport wird durch die Advektion mit dem Talwind und dem resultierenden Aufwind bewerkstelligt, die Zweige eines ins nächste Tal übergreifenden Talwindsystems sind. Die Rolle eines kleinen Alpentals im Zusammenspiel der verschiedenen thermischen Zirkulationssysteme bei der Erwärmung der Gebirgsgrenzschicht wird diskutiert.

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With 6 Figures     

Predictability Issues of Heavy Alpine South-Side Precipitation

Summary  Rainstorms on the Alpine south-side that occur during the equinoctial seasons are usually accompanied by a single elongated, north-south oriented filament of intruded stratospheric air – high potential vorticity air. It was shown that for these events the predicted precipitation pattern can depend on the filaments’ sub-structure. Based on forecasts for five October months, we examine the synoptic situations where the model performed particularly poorly in predicting these precipitation events. Furthermore precursor flow structures are objectively defined via a statistical analysis of the forecasts. It is shown that an accurate prediction of the precipitation on the Alpine south-side can statistically be linked to the southern part of the high potential vorticity anomalies that approach the European continent. Received March 2, 1999/Revised May 28, 1999     

Similarity Scaling Over a Steep Alpine Slope

In this study, we investigate the validity of similarity scaling over a steep mountain slope (30–41 $^\circ $ ). The results are based on eddy-covariance data collected during the Slope Experiment near La Fouly (SELF-2010); a field campaign conducted in a narrow valley of the Swiss Alps during summer 2010. The turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum are found to vary significantly with height in the first few metres above the inclined surface. These variations exceed by an order of magnitude the well-accepted maximum 10 % required for the applicability of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory in the surface layer. This could be due to a surface layer that is too thin to be detected or to the presence of advective fluxes. It is shown that local scaling can be a useful tool in these cases when surface-layer theory breaks down. Under convective conditions and after removing the effects of self-correlation, the normalized standard deviations of slope-normal wind velocity, temperature and humidity scale relatively well with $z/\varLambda $ , where $z$ is the measurement height and $\varLambda (z)$ the local Obukhov length. However, the horizontal velocity fluctuations are not correlated with $z/\varLambda $ under all stability regimes. The non-dimensional gradients of wind velocity and temperature are also investigated. For those, the local scaling appears inappropriate, particularly at night when shallow drainage flows prevail and lead to negative wind-speed gradients close to the surface.     

Alpine cloud climatology using long-term NOAA-AVHRR satellite data

Summary  Three different climates have been identified by our evaluation of AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data using APOLLO (AVHRR Processing scheme Over Land, Clouds and Ocean) for a five-years cloud climatology of the Alpine region. The cloud cover data from four layers were spatially averaged in boxes of 15 km by 14 km. The study area only covers 540 km by 560 km, but contains regions with moderate, Alpine and Mediterranean climate. Data from the period July 1989 until December 1996 have been considered. The temporal resolution is one scene per day, the early afternoon pass, yielding monthly means of satellite derived cloud coverages 5% to 10% above the daily mean compared to conventional surface observation. At non-vegetated sites the cloudiness is sometimes significantly overestimated. Averaging high resolution cloud data seems to be superior to low resolution measurements of cloud properties and averaging is favourable in topographical homogeneous regions only. The annual course of cloud cover reveals typical regional features as foehn or temporal singularities as the so-called Christmas thaw. The cloud cover maps in spatially high resolution show local luff/lee features which outline the orography. Less cloud cover is found over the Alps than over the forelands in winter, an accumulation of thick cirrus is found over the High Alps and an accumulation of thin cirrus north of the Alps. Received December 17, 1999 Revised July 18, 2000     

An Alpine orography resolving major valleys and massifs

Summary A model orographiy is constructed for a large portion of the Alpine region with nearly equidistant zonal and meridional resolution (3.3 km). Major valleys and massifs, which tend to be smeared out by averaging a high resolution database, are manually reconstructed. A comparison along a crosssection over the crest line of the Eastern Alps in both physical and Fourier space reveals the characteristics of different model resolutions.With 3 Figures     

Gap flow measurements during the Mesoscale Alpine Programme

Summary The lowest pass through the Alpine crest, the Brenner Pass, was heavily instrumented with ground-based and air-borne in-situ and remote sensors during the Special Observation Period (SOP) of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) in the fall of 1999 to study gap flow. The main objectives were to study the combined effects of changes of terrain height and changes of width in altering the flow characteristics, to investigate the coupling of the gap flow to the flow aloft, and to provide high-density measurements in the along- and cross-gap directions.Gap flows occurred during one third of the 70-day SOP, a frequency above the long term average. Gap flows took place with and without accompanying cross-barrier flow and with and without a capping inversion. A case study demonstrates the hydraulic jump-like features that occurred in gap flow on 30 October 1999 and illustrates the types of data available for further analyses.     

Modeling of Diffusion in a Wide Alpine Valley

Summary  A K-type diffusion model coupled with a massconsistent wind model is applied for one of the rural biological waste disposal sites in Austrian Alps. The site is situated in the P?ls valley in the eastern Alps, 250 km south-west of Vienna in Austria Aim of the study is to demonstrate dispersion of H₂S from the site to near by village. Model simulations are carried out each for an evening and a morning transition case characterized by flow reversals. The role of locally generated wind in changing the pollutant distribution over nearby residential area is investigated. Surface observations at two stations toward the open boundaries of the main valley are used to derive the turbulence parameters and then to obtain initial inputs of wind profiles. The turbulence parameters behave analogous to that over a plane terrain after the establishment of the valley wind. The model simulations are done for eight hours during the evening transition and eighteen hours for the morning transition by incorporating the wind field from a mass consistent wind model. The results are compared with SF₆ tracer experiments conducted during those periods. The model outputs and the observations at various points inside the valley are in good correlation except for NW part of the valley after the reversal of valley wind. The results also reveal the potential of a simple approach with minimized inputs. Received August 15, 1997 Revised August 15, 1998