基于CAN总线的高精度温湿度智能传感器设计

通过分析气象数据采集系统的功能需求,确定了高精度温湿度智能传感系统总体设计方案,介绍了该方案的软硬件设计与实现.该系统以低功耗ARM CORTEX-M3架构的LPC1768为主控芯片,配合低功耗、16位串行A/D转换芯片AD7792以及低功耗、高速CAN收发器SN65HVD230等实现基于CAN总线的高精度测量、自动采集和实时处理等功能,它与现有气象数据采集器相比,具有体积小、功耗低、组网灵活和测量精度高等特点.试验测试结果表明,该高精度智能传感器具自检验、自校准、自适应性能,工作稳定可靠,并具有足够的精度.     

深圳市气象观测梯度塔雷电流测量配置及初步结果

深圳市气象观测梯度塔自然闪电观测平台开展雷电流采集系统、高速摄像系统、大气平均电场测量、磁场测量、快慢电场测量等多要素的观测实验。主要介绍雷电流测量配置及前期测量遇到的问题,并提出了对采集系统进行浮地处理以及针对雷电测量设计的防护隔离解决方案,初步分析了测量结果、具体分析了雷电流C20170504-1的波形特征,指出该次自然雷击电流陡度较大且继后回击强度显著高于IEC62305给出的防雷设计的雷电流参数值。     

论Eppley PIR精密红外辐射仪的测量精度

本文依据红外辐射表(PIR)的结构、性能和工作原理讨论了测量精度及有关影响因素,比较了粗测和精测两种方法的特点,在此基础上提出了各测量方法的适用范围和精度范围以及提高测量精度的措施,同时也给出了一些特定场合下的测量实例及提高测量精度的具体方法。分析表明:精测方法具有很好的测量精度以及很强的环境适应性。粗测在限定的温度范围内具有测量简单、换算方便、易于实现自动化等优点,精度尚能满足一般要求,但在限定的温度范围以外,测量精度急剧恶化。在影响测量精度的各因素中以温度响应中表体热辐射测量的影响最大,在粗测方法中表内电池的性能与测量精度关系重大。强烈日射对测量精度有一定影响,经订正后可基本消除。     

高精度温度采集器软硬件设计

本文介绍了气象温度采集器的软硬件设计。随着气象事业的不断发展,气象传感器的数字化、网络化显得越来越重要,而温度是气象要素的重要组成部分。高精度气象温度传感器数字化网络化系统主要包括气象温度要素的采集、转换、处理、存储以及通信等功能。本文主要介绍了基于PT100高精度气象温度传感器数字化系统设计及实现,重点探讨了高精度温度测量方法及信号调理电路设计。实验结果表明,系统设计可靠、精度高,完全能够满足自动气象台站的要求。     

地面气温观测系统设计与实验研究

为提高大气温度测量的准确度,本文设计了一种新型地面气温观测系统并推导了相应的辐射误差修正方程。首先,利用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法对该测温系统进行结构优化设计以及辐射误差量化计算。然后,利用BP神经网络算法拟合可针对多变量变化的辐射误差修正方程。最后,以076B型强制通风测温仪器的测量值作为温度基准,验证该测温系统的测温精度。实验结果表明,该新型地面气温观测系统的测量值与基准温度的均方根误差（RMSE）和绝对误差（MAE）分别为0.031 ℃和0.041 ℃。     

CD4052失调电流对自动气象站采集器温度测量的影响

温度的高精度测量一直是自动气象站采集器的关键技术.多路选择器CD4052在采集器温度测量电路设计中广泛使用,但其失调电流及其温度特性对采集器温度测量的影响一直缺乏研究.针对多路选择器CD4052存在较大失调电流问题,研究了采集器在实现对温度传感器PT100温度采集时的误差.结果表明:CD4052失调电流对采集器的温度测量误差影响较大,且误差大小与环境温度有很大关系.研究结果对数据采集器的研制及补偿提供了理论依据和工程应用价值.     

基于Pt100铂电阻的无线地温测温系统设计

针对气象观测现有的Pt100铂电阻地温传感器存在线缆复杂,维护和更换不便的问题,设计了1种无线地温测温系统。该系统以恒流源对4线制Pt100铂电阻进行测温,并对测温信号进行滤波和放大,以内部集成A/D转换功能的STC12C5A60S2单片机为控制芯片,以nRF905芯片作为无线收发模块。该测温系统通过无线传输数据的方式,有效的减少了现有自动气象站的地温观测的线缆长度和复杂度,使地温传感器的维护、更换和现场检定工作更加便利。该系统为传感器配置使用了LCD1602液晶显示屏进行温度显示,使测温系统能够进行无线传输的同时,发射端也可作为独立的温度计使用。     

多种下垫面红外遥感地温观测校准系统的设计与实现

介绍了深圳市气象局设计的多种下垫面红外遥感地温观测校准系统的设计和实现。该系统通过铂电阻地温表和红外遥感温度传感器进行相互校验,实现了主从式综合采集系统的同步观测和采集。实验数据表明:红外遥感地温观测校准系统可以对红外遥感传感器进行校准,并实现对下垫面地温的准确测量,同时可获得有效的不同下垫面的发射率系数,该系数对于卫星遥感的地表温度测量很关键。实验还发现对直接地温测量的铂电阻表面进行相同材质覆盖后,测量结果与红外测量结果几乎一致。     

基于M16C单片机的温度测量计

研制了一种模块化设计的瑞萨系列单片机实验系统.系统采用集成度高的温度传感器,运用模块化设计完成了基于16位单片机(M3062LFGPGP)的数字式温度计设计,同时在处理温度数据时运用一种新算法,温度精度通过主控模块软件和温度硬件校正处理得到提高.根据传统设计原理,结合瑞萨单片机M3062LFGPGP特点,系统将A/D转换模块和万年历模块集中于主控模块,实现了用软件编程替代A/D模块、万年历硬件模块的新型设计.设计需要模块仅为主控模块、温度模块和显示模块,能够显示当前环境温度以及年、月、日、星期、时、分、秒.此设计可以大大降低系统功耗,减少硬件设计错误,提高系统的稳定性,计时准确,显示清晰,具有较高的应用价值.     

玻璃温度表的计算机视觉检定系统研究(摘要)

介绍了玻璃温度表的计算机视觉检定系统的任务及软、硬件构成;并具体就温度表图像中刻度线的特征和图像识别作详细分析,以体现系统程序的关键算法思想和编辑特征;最后阐述了系统对温度表的适用范围,指出今后需向减少人工干预读数的数量,增加对温度槽其它参量的控制功能,增加摄像机的垂直移位控制机构以简化人工装表的复杂性,采用性能更优良的照明系统,将图象测量系统与温度槽统一设计形成一体化的自动温度检定设备,采用更好的摄像控制技术提高测量精度,采用数字式标准表提高检定速度等方面进一步提高性能.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.