Simulation of the influence of aerosol particle characteristics on clouds and precipitation with LM-SPECS: Model description and first results

The novel model system LM-SPECS is presented combining a spectral bin microphysics scheme and the three-dimensional Lokalmodell (LM, today called COSMO) of the German Weather Service (“Deutscher Wetterdienst”). The model is designed to investigate in detail the interaction of atmospheric aerosol particles, clouds and precipitation. The microphysics scheme includes a combined spectrum of wetted aerosols, cloud droplets and rain drops. As a first application of the model, sensitivity studies on an artificial deep convective cloud were done. The results produced by LM-SPECS are satisfying. The studies show, e.g., that a diminished initial particle number leads to larger cloud droplets and thus to a higher efficiency of coalescence. This results in a larger amount of precipitation. Furthermore, studies on mixed phase clouds show the influence of varying ice nuclei, such as bacteria, kaolinite and soot, on cloud properties. Here, a more effective freezing leads to an increased number of ice particles with smaller radii. The results point to the importance of a detailed knowledge of the underlying microphysical processes in order to understand the formation of clouds and precipitation more accurately. Though to date the model was applied to artificial cases only, the use of the mesoscale weather model allows for more complex realistic cases which are subject to further studies.     

2014年春季华北两次降水过程的人工增雨催化数值模拟研究

在WRF中尺度模式中耦合了中国气象科学研究院发展的CAMS（Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences）云微物理方案,并在CAMS方案中增加了直接播撒冰晶（S1方案）和播撒碘化银催化剂（S2方案）两种云催化方案。利用此模式,对2014年我国华北干旱期间开展飞机增雨作业的两次降水过程（个例1:5月9～10日;个例2:5月10～11日）进行了云催化数值模拟研究,分析了催化对降水和云物理量场影响,对比了S1和S2方案催化效果的异同。结果表明,在云层适当部位播撒催化剂,两种催化方案均会达到增雨效果,催化会引起云中各水凝物的明显变化,并导致催化区域温度、垂直速度的变化。个例1中,S2方案的催化影响范围要大于S1方案,在播撒区下游地区,S2方案催化效果要强于S1方案;而个例2中两方案催化效果没有表现出显著差异。S1和S2方案的催化效果在不同个例中表现不同,其重要原因在于两种催化方案的催化机制差异以及云系动力条件、水汽条件的不同。通过采用适当的催化剂量,在其他催化设置条件相同的情况下,S1和S2方案可以取得相似的催化效果,但需注意由于二者催化机制的差异,在一些具体云系条件下,二者的催化效果会有一定差异。当实际人工增雨作业采用碘化银催化剂时,相应的催化模拟研究使用S2方案更为适合。     

A Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics Coupled with a Mesoscale Model WRF: Model Description and First Results

The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) two-moment bulk microphysics scheme was adopted in this study to investigate the representation of cloud and precipitation processes under different environmental conditions.The scheme predicts the mixing ratio of water vapor as well as the mixing ratios and number concentrations of cloud droplets,rain,ice,snow,and graupel.A new parameterization approach to simulate heterogeneous droplet activation was developed in this scheme.Furthermore,the improved CAMS scheme was coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF v3.1),which made it possible to simulate the microphysics of clouds and precipitation as well as the cloud-aerosol interactions in selected atmospheric condition.The rain event occurring on 27-28 December 2008 in eastern China was simulated using the CAMS scheme and three sophisticated microphysics schemes in the WRF model.Results showed that the simulated 36-h accumulated precipitations were generally agreed with observation data,and the CAMS scheme performed well in the southern area of the nested domain.The radar reflectivity,the averaged precipitation intensity,and the hydrometeor mixing ratios simulated by the CAMS scheme were generally consistent with those from other microphysics schemes.The hydrometeor number concentrations simulated by the CAMS scheme were also close to the experiential values in stratus clouds.The model results suggest that the CAMS scheme performs reasonably well in describing the microphysics of clouds and precipitation in the mesoscale WRF model.     

沙尘气溶胶对大气冰相过程发展的敏感性试验

利用分档云动力学模式,研究了沙尘气溶胶输送过程中在不同大气背景环境条件下对云内冰相粒子形成、发展和降水过程的影响.通过敏感性试验发现:在背景气溶胶浓度不断增加的情况下,冰相降水率以及冰相降水在总降水量中的比例逐渐减小;只有在大陆性云和污染严重的地区,含有一定比例可溶性物质的沙尘粒子提高了大气中的巨核浓度,使云中冰相降水质粒提前出现,有利于降水的形成.另一方面,当把不可溶矿物气溶胶粒子作为有效的大气冰核参与云降水形成的物理过程时,由矿物气溶胶引起的大气冰核浓度增加在一定程度上抑制云中冰相降水质粒的发展,部分抵消巨核对降水的促进作用.     

Vertical Structures of Convective and Stratiform Clouds in Boreal Summer over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Neighboring Regions

Cloud is essential in the atmosphere, condensing water vapor and generating strong convective or large-scale persistent precipitation. In this work, the relationships between cloud vertical macro- or microphysical properties, radiative heating rate, and precipitation for convective and stratiform clouds in boreal summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed and compared with its neighboring land and tropical oceans based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite measurements and TRMM precipitation data. The precipitation intensity caused by convective clouds is twofold stronger than that by stratiform clouds. The vertical macrophysics of both cloud types show similar features over the TP, with the region weakening the precipitation intensity and compressing the cloud vertical expansion and variation in cloud top height, but having an uplift effect on the average cloud top height. The vertical microphysics of both cloud types under conditions of no rain over the TP are characterized by lower-level ice water, ice particles with a relatively larger range of sizes, and a relatively lower occurrence of denser ice particles. The features are similar to other regions when precipitation enhances, but convective clouds gather denser and larger ice particles than stratiform clouds over the TP. The atmospheric shortwave (longwave) heating (cooling) rate strengthens with increased precipitation for both cloud types. The longwave cooling layer is thicker when the rainfall rate is less than 100 mm d^?1, but the net heating layer is typically compressed for the profiles of both cloud types over the TP. This study provides insights into the associations between clouds and precipitation, and an observational basis for improving the simulation of convective and stratiform clouds over the TP in climate models.     

高分辨率GRAPES模式中云微物理方案对强降水的模拟和诊断研究

利用高分辨率GRAPES—Meso中双参数云微物理方案,对我国两次强降水过程进行数值模拟,并与模式中WSM6和NCEP5方案进行对比分析,结合多种观测资料,诊断评估方案的预报性能.同时研究伴随强对流性降水中的关键云物理过程。个例研究表明,对流发展旺盛的云团中,冰相粒子尤其是霰粒子对对流的发展与降水起着主导作用,霰的融化是强降水的主要来源,而周围的层状云区域霰粒子的分布极少,主要受雪的融化与暖云降水的影n向。双参数方案模拟的雨带走向、范围和降水强度与实况拟合较好,同时在对流单体的最大回波高度与强度、冰晶的分布与云砧结构等方面也具有一定优势,但冰晶含量和回波顶高度略低于观测,这都为双参数方案的优化与业务应用提供重要的支持。     

基于飞机真实轨迹的一次层状云催化的增雨效果及其作用机制的模拟研究

层状云降水效率通常较低,但却具有较高的云水资源开发潜力,是人工增雨作业的重要对象。随着中国南方地区生态改善、水库增蓄、抗旱等社会需求的增加,针对这些地区降水云系的人工增雨研究显得愈发重要。使用三维中尺度冷云催化模式,对2018年10月21日湖北省一次层状云飞机人工增雨作业过程进行了数值模拟研究,并将模拟结果与卫星、降水和机载云物理观测数据进行了对比。模式合理地模拟出了云和降水的主要宏、微观特征,观测和模拟结果均显示作业云区具有较好的冷云催化条件,在此基础上,按照实际作业中的飞机播撒轨迹,完整地模拟了此次催化作业过程。对数值模拟结果的分析表明:凝结冻结核化和凝华核化是碘化银催化剂的主要核化方式;90%以上碘化银粒子的局地活化比为0.01%—2%,平均活化比为0.07%—0.27%;云系降水是由冷云降水和暖云降水两种机制共同作用的结果,催化作业使两种降水机制均有增强,增雨效果明显;催化后4 h,整个评估区内的累计净增雨量为2.12×108 kg,局地增雨率为?51.1%—306.7%,区域平均增雨率为8.1%;催化作业也使部分地区出现减雨,主要是由于催化过程中的潜热释放引起过冷层动力场扰动,一部分云区的上升气流减弱,从而导致降水粒子的成长减弱,地面出现减雨;在过冷云区,碘化银核化使冰晶浓度升高,导致冰晶-雪、雪-霰的转化过程增强,雪、霰粒子总量增加,更多的雪、霰粒子从冷区落入暖区,在暖区上层产生更多的大雨滴,从而使暖区的云雨粒子碰并过程增强,最终地面降水增加,这是此次催化作业导致增雨的主要微物理链条。      

对流云对大气气溶胶和相对湿度变化响应的数值模拟

利用二维面对称分档云模式研究了气溶胶颗粒物浓度和尺度谱分布对混合相对流云微物理过程和降水的影响, 并重点讨论了气溶胶效应随环境相对湿度的变化。结果表明, 在初始热力和动力条件相同的情况下, 相对清洁的海洋性云在发展和成熟阶段能更有效地产生雨滴、 冰晶和霰粒, 形成更强的雷达反射率。随着气溶胶浓度增加, 比如在本文模拟的污染大陆性云中, 气溶胶粒子数浓度的增加限制云滴增长, 不利于降水粒子的形成。模拟结果也发现, 环境相对湿度对气溶胶效应有显著影响, 即当地面相对湿度从50%增大到70%时, 所模拟的云从浅对流泡发展为深对流云; 气溶胶对云微物理特性和降水的影响在干空气中较小, 但在湿空气中表现非常显著, 这与前人结果一致。随着相对湿度的增加, 冰相粒子出现的时间提前, 增长加快, 云砧范围扩大, 但相对来说, 降水起始时间对相对湿度的变化比气溶胶更敏感。     

对流云中冰相过程的三维数值模拟——Ⅱ:繁生过程作用

在可压缩三维冷云数值模式里对冰晶繁生过程进行了参数化,显式考虑了过冷滴冻结破裂和Hallett-Mossop两个繁生机制,并对冰晶浓度进行了订正。对暖底孤立积云的模拟实例表明繁生作用对对流系统宏观特征没有显著改变,地面总降水略有增加,最大雨强增大且时间提前。繁生过程的主要作用是改变了云的微物理结构特征,使云中冰化时间提早,冰化程度大大加强,引起云上部增暖并抬高云顶。在所考虑的两个繁生机制中,冻结破裂繁生机制是引起微物理结构发生变化的主要过程。还对各冰相微物理过程的相对作用进行了分析。     

The Role of Initial Cloud Condensation Nuclei Concentration in Hail Using the WRF NSSL 2-moment Microphysics Scheme

The effects of the initial cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) concentrations(100–3000 mg~(-1)) on hail properties were investigated in an idealized non-severe hail storm experiment using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model, with the National Severe Storms Laboratory 2-moment microphysics scheme. The initial CCN concentration(CCNC) had obvious non-monotonic effects on the mixing ratio, number concentrations, and radius of hail, both in clouds and at the surface, with a CCNC threshold between 300 and 500 mg~(-1). An increasing CCNC is conducive(suppressive) to the amount of surface hail precipitation below(above) the CCNC threshold. The non-monotonic effects were due to both the thermodynamics and microphysics. Below the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratios of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased dramatically with the increasing CCNC, resulting in more latent heat released from condensation and frozen between 4 and 8 km and intensified updraft volume. The extent of the riming process, which is the primary process for hail production, increased dramatically. Above the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratio of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased continuously, but the maximum updraft volume was weakened because of reduced frozen latent heating at low level. The smaller ice crystals reduced the formation of hail and smaller clouds, with decreased rain water reducing riming efficiency so that graupel and hail also decreased with increasing CCNC, which is unfavorable for hail growth.     

不同水汽条件下气溶胶对雷暴云电过程影响的数值模拟研究

为全面了解水汽在气溶胶影响雷暴云电过程中的作用,本研究在已有的二维雷暴云起、放电模式基础上,通过改变相对湿度和气溶胶初始浓度（文中气溶胶浓度均指气溶胶数浓度）进行敏感性数值模拟试验。结果表明:（1）随着气溶胶浓度升高,雷暴云产生更多的小云滴,降水过程受到抑制。而当水汽含量升高时,云滴数浓度的增长速度更快,雨滴数浓度升高,缓解了降水变弱的趋势。（2）水汽含量较低时,随着气溶胶浓度升高,更多小云滴被带入冻结层形成大量小冰晶,霰粒含量升高,雷暴云起电过程增强。气溶胶浓度升高至一定的量级（3000 cm?3）时,冰晶尺度减小和雨滴浓度降低抑制霰粒生长,雷暴云起电过程受到削弱。感应起电和非感应起电过程随气溶胶浓度升高呈先增强后减弱的趋势。水汽含量的升高促进了冰相粒子的增长,起电过程呈现持续增强的趋势,气溶胶浓度为3000 cm?3时起电率达到极值,电荷密度的增幅扩大。（3）水汽含量较低时,雷暴云难以发展成深厚的系统,气溶胶浓度变化对其影响不明显,电荷结构由三极性发展,在消散期演变为偶极性电荷结构;水汽含量较高时,雷暴云迅速发展成深厚的系统,随着气溶胶浓度升高,在雷暴发展旺盛阶段电荷分布表现为多层复杂结构。研究显示水汽含量在气溶胶浓度变化对雷暴云微物理、起电过程及电荷结构的作用中扮演重要角色。      

WRF模式云参数化方案对一次深对流系统模拟的验证和改进

使用中尺度数值模式WRF中的双参数云微物理方案WDM6针对2008年台风“凤凰”登陆过程中造成的强降水进行数值模拟,通过卫星模拟器利用MTSAT-1R和TRMM卫星观测的红外云顶黑体亮温TBB、PR雷达反射率资料使用统计方法验证模拟结果。通过修改云水向雨水自动转化过程、冰晶核化过程、雪和霰的下落末速度、雪和霰的截距进行敏感性试验,减小模拟结果和卫星观测结果的差异。研究结果表明:WDM6方案模拟的台风“凤凰”登陆后的降水,强对流云系及对流柱状雷达回波基本符合实况,但模拟结果局部偏强。WDM6方案模拟产生了较多的浅对流云,低估了对流云系的出现频率。不同云类型模拟的雷达回波均偏强,对流云系雷达回波垂直分布接近观测。敏感性试验结果说明修改WDM6方案中云水向雨水自动转化率有效地改善了模拟效果。同时发现云滴初始数浓度影响云水向雨水自动转化率并最终影响云系结构和雷达反射率的模拟结果,过高的云滴初始数浓度会使模拟结果变差。     

新疆准噶尔盆地冬季系统性降水研究Ⅱ．理论探讨

根据对北疆盆地冬季冷锋降水个例的观测分析，建立一个二维动力场给定、微物理时变的冷云模式。模式考虑了云水、云冰、雪、霰和水汽五种水元间16个微物理过程。本文用其研究了无扰动层状云、发生泡区和高空引晶自然播撒作用于层状云和飞机播撒层状云的降水发展过程，并用一维模式作一些模拟补充。模拟表明，无扰动层状云内液水丰富、冰粒子少，降水不充分。高空引晶自然播撒能大大加强层状云降水。低层发生泡既产生更多的云水又提供大量冰晶，对增加降水有双重作用。模拟得出各个过程中不同部位的各微物理过程相对重要性的时间演变，清楚地解释了观测发现的一些主要降水特征。对层状云飞机播撒同样能加强降水形成，播撒后主要增水区约10公里宽且有最大剂量限制。泡区人工播撒可进一步增加降水，而在自然播撒区再作人工播撒效果不好。     

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程数值模拟的云微物理参数化敏感性研究

梅雨锋暴雨中的云微物理过程对降水的演变有着重要影响。本文通过WRF模式（3.4.1版本）,针对2018年6月29～30日一次梅雨锋背景下的暴雨过程进行数值模拟,分别采用了Morrison、Thompson和MY云微物理参数化方案进行对比分析,结果发现:（1）三个方案模拟的背景场在天气尺度上,都与ERA5再分析资料一致,能够模拟出有利于强降水发生的环流场。云微物理过程对梅雨期暴雨的局地环流有着显著影响,不同方案存在明显差异,本次过程中,Thompson方案模拟出更强的局地环流系统变率和上升气流。三个方案的模拟降水均有所夸大,小时降水率始终大于观测值。冰相粒子融化或雨滴搜集云滴的高估可能是造成降水模拟值偏强的重要原因之一,总体来看,Morrison方案的模拟效果相对最优。（2）冰相粒子融化、雨滴搜集云滴是雨滴增长的关键源项,蒸发则是其最重要的汇项。总的来说,雨滴对云滴的搜集量大于冰相粒子融化。但上述过程在不同方案中存在空间上的差异,从而使得模拟降水的空间分布存在差异。（3）Thompson方案中,冰相粒子融化量最大,雨滴蒸发项显著大于其它两个方案,在底层表现得最为明显。同时,该方案水汽凝结效应最强,使得雨滴搜集更多云滴。该方案模拟的雨滴最多,降水最强。该方案中凝华的主要产物为雪,且其在与过冷水碰并增长过程中占主导地位,故模拟的雪最多。（4）Morrison方案中,水汽主要凝华为雪和少量霰（冰晶忽略不计）;Thompson方案中水汽基本凝华为雪,其它冰相粒子极少;MY方案中,水汽主要凝华为雪和冰晶,冰晶总量略少于雪,但显著大于其它方案。（5）云滴在凇附过程中的总体贡献大于雨滴。Morrison和MY方案中,霰粒子搜集云滴增长的量均最大。Morrison方案中,其它凇附过程不同程度发挥作用,而MY方案中,其它凇附过程几乎可忽略不计。并且,霰粒子搜集云滴的增长量大于凝华过程产生的雪粒子总量。贝吉龙及凇附效应的差异,是不同方案中冰相粒子分布差异的关键原因之一。     

不同云底温度雹云成雹机制及其引晶催化的数值研究

用二维准弹性冰雹云模式模拟了中国不同地区的冰雹云的成雹机制和人工引晶催化的效果,结果表明：强对流云中自然初始降水元的形成主要同云雨自动转化相关;云底温度较低的冰雹云的雹胚形成以云霰转化过程为主,暖云底的雹云则以雨霰转化为主。人工引晶的作用有三：（１）加强云中冰霰转化过程,雹胚过多争食防雹;（２）促进雨霰转化过程,使雹胚浓度增加,并且减少过冷雨滴,抑制冰雹碰冻过冷雨滴的增长;（３）使云的下部霰量增加,降低降水粒子的增长轨迹,阻碍霰雹的增长。多次催化有时比一次大剂量催化的防雹增雨效果好。     

The Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment (CIME) 1998: experiment overview and modelling of the microphysical processes during the seeding by isentropic gas expansion

The second field campaign of the Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment (CIME) project took place in February 1998 on the mountain Puy de Dôme in the centre of France. The content of residual aerosol particles, of H₂O₂ and NH₃ in cloud droplets was evaluated by evaporating the drops larger than 5 μm in a Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) and by measuring the residual particle concentration and the released gas content. The same trace species were studied behind a round jet impactor for the complementary interstitial aerosol particles smaller than 5 μm diameter. In a second step of experiments, the ambient supercooled cloud was converted to a mixed phase cloud by seeding the cloud with ice particles by the gas release from pressurised gas bottles. A comparison between the physical and chemical characteristics of liquid drops and ice particles allows a study of the fate of the trace constituents during the presence of ice crystals in the cloud.In the present paper, an overview is given of the CIME 98 experiment and the instrumentation deployed. The meteorological situation during the experiment was analysed with the help of a cloud scale model. The microphysics processes and the behaviour of the scavenged aerosol particles before and during seeding are analysed with the detailed microphysical model ExMix. The simulation results agreed well with the observations and confirmed the assumption that the Bergeron–Findeisen process was dominating during seeding and was influencing the partitioning of aerosol particles between drops and ice crystals. The results of the CIME 98 experiment give an insight on microphysical changes, redistribution of aerosol particles and cloud chemistry during the Bergeron–Findeisen process when acting also in natural clouds.     

Two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics in the grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG (GAMIL)

A two-moment bulk stratiform microphysics scheme, including recently developed physically-based droplet activation/ice nucleation parameterizations has been implemented into the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG (GAMIL) as an effort to enhance the model’s capability to simulate aerosol indirect effects. Unlike the previous one-moment cloud microphysics scheme, the new scheme produces a reasonable representation of cloud particle size and number concentration. This scheme captures the observed spatial variations in cloud droplet number concentrations. Simulated ice crystal number concentrations in cirrus clouds qualitatively agree with in situ observations. The longwave and shortwave cloud forcings are in better agreement with observations. Sensitivity tests show that the column cloud droplet number concentrations calculated from two different droplet activation parameterizations are similar. However, ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phased clouds is sensitive to different heterogeneous ice nucleation formulations. The simulation with high ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phase clouds has less liquid water path and weaker cloud forcing. Furthermore, ice crystal number concentration in cirrus clouds is sensitive to different ice nucleation parameterizations. Sensitivity tests also suggest that the impact of pre-existing ice crystals on homogeneous freezing in old clouds should be taken into account.     

Microphysical and radiative properties of mixed-phase altocumulus: A model evaluation of glaciation effects

Using a cloud model with explicit microphysics and radiation, we evaluate the microphysical changes in a supercooled liquid altocumulus cloud with increasing ice content, until glaciation occurs. The properties of the ice and water particle constituents are resolved independently, revealing the relative radiative contributions from the water phase source cloud versus the ice phase virga. Cloud contents are also converted to millimeter-wave radar reflectivities to shed light on the ability of such radars to study these ubiquitous clouds. The results show that the radiative and radar backscattering properties of mixed-phase clouds are dominated by the cloud droplets and ice crystals they contain, respectively.     

北京一次短时局地大暴雨过程的特征及对云物理方案的敏感性数值模拟试验

云物理过程是云和降水形成的重要环节。本文针对2011年6月23日发生在北京地区的一次大暴雨过程进行了云降水与天气特征分析,并开展了WRF模式中10种不同云微物理方案对此次暴雨强度、落区和发生时间的敏感性数值模拟试验。研究结果表明,此次大暴雨是由多单体组织、合并形成深厚的中尺度对流系统,并具有明显的短时局地特征和有利的高低空、高低纬度大中尺度天气环流形势及强烈的水汽输送条件。暴雨强度、落区和发生时间的数值模拟结果对云物理方案非常敏感。不同云物理方案对累积降水量≥50 mm和≥100 mm的暴雨模拟的ETS评分显示,只有Thompson方案对此暴雨量级的评分均为正,其他方案的ETS评分均不理想,特别是对累积降水量≥100 mm的大暴雨模拟。在小时暴雨强度和发生时间方面,Thompson方案模拟效果也较好,其次是Lin方案和WSM6方案;对区域累积最大降水量和落区的模拟方面,Thompson方案和Morrison方案模拟的最大累积降水量更接近观测值,但在落区方面,一些具有完整云物理过程的单参数方案（Lin方案、WSM6方案）模拟效果较好,但模拟的最大降水量偏小。针对暖雨的双参数方案WDM6对区域平均降水模拟较好,但对暴雨极端降水模拟较差。对造成差异的原因分析表明,不同云物理方案的差异主要体现在雪和霰的参数化方面,由于采用的粒子谱分布、密度和末速度不同,导致云中粒子间的碰并和形成过程不同,大部分云物理方案模拟的霰含量高,雪含量低。这种云微物理过程的差异会导致云动力过程的反馈作用出现明显不同,但这种反馈作用的差异主要体现在降水粒子对上升气流的拖曳作用不同。尽管云中相变潜热过程对云动力过程具有很重要的影响,但不同云物理方案在相变潜热过程和温度廓线分布方面造成的差异并不明显。因此,云物理方案中考虑合理的粒子谱分布、形态和密度变化,有利于提高暴雨的模拟效果。     

双参数微物理方案的冰相过程模拟及冰核数浓度的影响试验

利用耦合Morrison 2-mon(MOR)双参数微物理方案的中尺度天气研究与预报模式(WRF)中的单气柱模式,对热带暖池国际云试验(TWP-ICE)期间的个例进行数值模拟。通过与观测资料和云分辨率模式的模拟结果进行对比,检验MOR方案对热带对流云系的微物理特征的模拟能力。模拟结果显示:MOR方案能够较好地模拟出热带云系中液相和冰相水凝物的垂直分布以及随时间的演变特征。地表向下长波辐射和大气顶向外长波辐射的量级和时间演变趋势同观测也非常接近。对与冰晶和雪有关的云微物理特征分析之后发现:季风活跃期,冰晶主要的源汇项有凝华增长过程、沉降过程、冰晶向雪的自动转化以及冰晶被雪碰并的过程。由于冰晶主体位于温度低于―20℃的高空,因而它对雨水的形成主要是间接贡献。同时期雪的主要源汇项中,凝华增长和沉降过程占据着主导地位。雪的凝华过程消耗了大量的水汽,可能抑制了冰晶的增长。另外雪的融化过程非常强盛,是产生降水的重要因子。季风抑制期,冰相的微物理过程变得相对简单且整体削弱,以凝华升华和沉降过程为主。凝华凝冻核的数浓度(N_dep)的气溶胶敏感性试验表明:季风抑制期,高空的冰晶云的宏观和微观性质对凝华凝冻核数浓度的响应情况呈现显著的线性特征。冰晶的含量随着N_dep的增加而增加,反之降低。该时期微物理过程主要同冰晶有关,水分的分配较为简单,N_dep增加时,高空冰云中小冰晶粒子数目增多且云顶升高,使得大气顶部向外长波辐射(OLR)值减小,反之冰云主体中冰晶有效半径增加,高空的冰云更加透明,云顶更低,对 OLR值增加起促进作用。而季风活跃期,微物理过程复杂,冰晶云的宏微观特征对N_dep的响应表现出一定的不规律特征。