高层建筑雷电防护装置检测要点

随着城市环境条件的不断改善，高层建筑越来越多，而高层建筑遭受雷击的概率又远远高于低层建筑物。高层建筑内设备和线路密集，雷电对这些设备及线路的破坏威胁也大大增加。而如何做好高层建筑的雷电防护是摆在从事雷电防护工作人员面前的重要课题。其中，雷电防护工作有一个很重要的环节就是雷电防护装置的检测工作，检测数据的准确与否、检测工作质量的好坏直接影响着建筑物雷电防护措施的有效性。本文从采取雷电防护措施的几种方式着手，对新建高层建筑物雷电防护装置的检测要点做如下阐述。     

视频电子监控系统防雷措施及设计方案

通过对视频电子监控系统遭受雷击电磁脉冲侵入的主要途径和所存在的防雷安全隐患进行分析,结合建筑物和电子信息系统防雷技术和设计规范,提出了电子监控系统雷电防护设计方案及具体防护措施.     

浪涌保护器的安装技术

1概述雷电灾害是最严重的自然灾害之一。为此,人们一直在探寻防御雷电灾害的方法或器件。早在公元1750年,富兰克林先生就发明了原始的避雷针,找到了直接雷击防护方法,并建立了最早的防雷理论。随着微电子技术的飞速发展,人们逐步认识到仅有防直击雷设施不能有效地预防雷电波侵入雷击事故的发生。避雷针虽然可使建筑物本身避免遭受直接雷击,但无法避免建筑物内的信息系统遭受雷电波(雷电过电压波)的袭击,甚至造成人员伤亡。统计资料表明,在雷击灾害中80%以上的雷电灾害是由于雷电波沿电源信号线路等导体侵入室内造成的,因此预防雷电波侵入已…     

自动气象站连续遭雷击的原因分析及解决办法

珠海某自动气象观测站连续2年遭受雷击,经分析发现,气象站遭受雷击的原因如下:1)该站因地处丘陵坡地顶部,地势高、周边空旷且场内有高耸的测风杆、铁塔等突出物,增加了地闪发生的可能性;2)气象站存在着防直击雷、防雷电波侵入和防雷击电磁脉冲措施不完善等雷击隐患。根据以上原因排查隐患情况,提出观测场采用独立接闪、独立接地的方式防直击雷,并通过将观测场内的设备与工作室采取共用接地、屏蔽、等电位连接、安装SPD、综合布线等方式实现对整个自动气象站场室的综合雷电防御。     

紫金县苏区镇“4·29”雷击事故分析及防御对策

根据2015年4月29日21:00发生在河源市紫金县苏区镇的一次雷击事故,运用天气雷达资料、闪电监测定位记录统计资料,结合雷击事故现场的破坏状况、地理环境、设施状况,逐一进行分析。结果表明,该次雷击事故是建筑物没有安装必要的防雷设施,而建筑物天面的雷电导体——金属水箱直接遭受雷击引起的雷电破坏;同时,本着"科学指导,防重于治"的原则,对该建筑物乃至农村楼房就直击雷防护和雷电电磁脉冲(LEMP)防护等方面提出整改意见。     

加油站雷击电磁场影响分析及危害范围界定

为确定加油站雷击电磁脉冲的防护水平和安全间距,根据雷电流特性和油品燃烧爆炸性质,采用ADTD闪电定位系统监测资料,通过对重庆华兴加油站的防雷安全评估,重点分析加油站遭受临近雷击或自身遭受雷击后雷击电磁场影响及起火、爆炸的危害范围。结果表明：在加油站周边防雷设施能保护距离加油站33.54～41m范围的情况下,加油站遭受临近雷击时雷击所产生的电磁场可不考虑;加油站遭受直击雷时,应采用小于5m×5m的屏蔽网格才能使LPZ1区的电磁场处于安全状态;加油站因雷击起火或爆炸的危害范围分别为5.22m和138.95m。结论可为加油站的雷电设防要求及周边规划提供理论依据。     

计算机系统的防雷

1　雷电侵入计算机系统的途径一是雷电流经电源线路进入室内产生雷害。一旦发生这种雷害 ,所有的电器都将受到波及。由于架空电力线路架设高度高 ,路径长 ,因此遭受直击雷和感应雷雷击的概率大。直击雷击中高压电力线后 ,在高压电力线上传输 ,经高压变压器的电容 ,耦合至 2 2 0V低压侧 ,然后侵入计算机系统的供电设备。二是由通信线侵入。通信线中出现雷击过电压 ,一般有两种情况 :一种是当路旁大树、高大建筑物、独立避雷针等地面突出物遭直击雷时 ,强雷电压把附近土壤击穿 ,雷电流直接侵入到电缆外皮 ,进而击穿电缆 ,使高压侵入电缆芯线 …     

剑河县烟花爆竹储存仓库雷电风险评估及防雷设计建议

运用概率统计分析方法对贵州剑河县烟花爆竹储存仓库进行雷电风险评估,计算出该仓库高于风险容许值,需要对建筑物进行防雷保护.在采用完善的直击雷防护措施的前提下,着重考虑雷击电磁脉冲对仓库人员生命和财产安全的影响,提出采用屏蔽、共用接地系统、等电位连接、合理布线、加装浪涌保护器等综合技术.实施该方案可使建筑物的雷击损害降到最低程度,为仓库监控系统安全可靠运行提供保障.     

格尔木市气象台自动气象站雷电防护设计

随着气象观测业务的发展,传统观测仪器已逐步被自动气象观测仪器替代,由于自动气象站仪器主要是以微电子技术为基础的电子信息设备,其集成度高、工作电压低、耐过电压、过电流和抗雷电电磁脉冲的能力差,使得自动气象站仪器遭受雷击危害的可能性比建筑物遭受直击雷的可能性大的多,可达5倍以上,因此在雷电防护方面提出了更高的要求。针对格尔木市气象台自动气象站实际情况,提出自动气象站防雷设计的一些方法。     

一起高层住宅电梯雷击事故分析

通过对一起高层住宅电梯遭受雷击事故的现场调查和分析研究,结果表明：天气原因是雷害生成的首要条件,地闪观测资料证实有雷电发生,地理环境显示建筑物位于河流附近而且是高层建筑容易遭受雷击的天面,三种外部条件是外因,内部原因是：在高层建筑物已安装了外部防雷装置且符合国家标准及电梯的供电线路也安装了多级电源电涌保护器的情况下,电梯的控制系统最容易遭受雷击电磁脉冲的损坏导致电梯控制箱内的电路板、变频器损坏出现停止运行.     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.