基于TM影像的西藏当惹雍错湖面积变化及可能成因

根据1999—2004年及2008、2009年的TM卫星遥感资料和离湖泊较近的西藏申扎、改则两县1999—2009年气温、降水量、蒸发量资料,利用ARCGIS、ARCVIEW、ENVI等遥感、地理信息系统和数据统计处理软件分析了西藏当惹雍错湖面积变化。结果表明,西藏当惹雍错湖面积在近11年内呈较显著的扩大趋势,湖泊面积11年内增长了15.04km2,增长率为1.8%;湖泊面积在东南部区域有明显的扩大。湖泊面积变化原因分析表明,湖区气温持续升高引起流域内冰川和永久积雪的加速融化和降水量不断增大是湖泊面积增长的原因。     

气候变化对黑河流域生态环境的影响

本文介绍了黑河流域的气候概况，分析了近40a流域内以气温和降水为主的气候要素变化，得出黑河流域发生了以“增暖”为主要特征的气候变化。流域生态环境受气候变暖的影响明显。在灾害性天气强度、森林面积、土地荒漠化、湖泊萎缩、草原退化等方面日趋恶化。并就如何保护黑河流域生态环境提出了建议。     

应用EOS/MODIS资料监测河西内陆河下游水库湖泊水域的变化

利用EOS/MODIS资料,对2004年春季至秋季间分布在甘肃省河西境内的2个面积最大的水库———红崖山水库、双塔水库和位于内蒙古额济纳旗的东、西居延海湖泊的水体面积进行监测计算,并与近年同期平均值进行了对比分析,结果表明疏勒河、石羊河及黑河流域下游的水库湖泊水体面积都有不同程度的减小。     

近40年西藏色林错流域湖泊面积变化及影响因素分析

本文根据1975年地形图、1976～2016年Landsat (MSS\TM\ETM\OLI-TIRS)卫星遥感数据以及流域周围的气象资料分析湖面面积和流域周围冰川变化,并探讨了湖泊面积变化的可能影响气象原因。结果表明:1975～2016年间色林错、错鄂和班戈错湖面面积变化趋势有所不同。这一段时间内色林错湖面面积一直处于增长态势,面积增长为757.35km2,增长幅度为46.7%,增长速率为475.2km2/10a;而错鄂湖面面积在这一段时间内有增有减,但面积增量较小,总体保持稳定,面积增长为3.07km2,增长幅度为1.17%;班戈错湖面在这一段时间内面积略有波动,呈增长趋势,增长为49.75km2,增长速率为19.71km2/10a。从空间动态分布来看,色林错扩大较明显的区域为该湖的北部,班戈错扩大明显区域在东北部。色林错流域,近50a降水量年际变化波动较大,总体上呈增加趋势,平均每10a增加13.72mm。地表年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,平均每10年升高0.37℃。20世纪70年代至90年代以气温偏低为主,进入21世纪后,气温快速升温。1986～2016年间色林错流域冰川面积呈现出退缩、减少状态,总共减少了50.16km2,冰川面积变化率为7.57%。综合分析表明,色林错流域湖泊面积变化与气温和降水都有关,同时反映出该区域气温升高使得冰川融水量增加对湖泊补给有一定的作用。      

青海湖水位波动对气候暖湿化情景的响应及其机理研究

利用1961—2015年青海湖水位资料及其流域气温、降水量、蒸发量等气象观测资料,高原季风、西风环流气候等指数及植被数据,分析青海湖水位波动的基本特征,揭示高原季风、西风环流、植被覆盖、径流以及冻土退化对湖泊水位波动的影响机理,建立基于水量平衡的青海湖水位变化的定量评估模型。研究表明：2004年前后,青海湖水位出现由降到升的突变,自2005年以来持续回升;水位波动具有8 a和21 a的显著性周期;全球变暖背景下高原季风增强、西风环流趋弱、气候趋于暖湿、流域植被恢复、冻土退化和径流量显著增大,引起了2005年以来青海湖水位的持续回升。基于湖泊水量平衡原理建立的气候变化对青海湖水位影响定量评估模型,能够客观反映青海湖流域上年及当年降水量、流量和蒸发量对湖泊水位的效应。     

黑河流域生态环境气象卫星遥感监测研究

根据甘肃降水资料和农业气象资料得出1989年和1998年为相似年景，利用1989年和1998年NOAA气象卫星AVHRR晴空资料，判识出黑河流域植被，积雪和水体，并根据相应的计算方法得出植被指数，积雪面积和水体面积，对10年来黑河上游地区的植被和积雪，中游地区绿洲植被和下游地区植被和湖泊变化进行分析。结果表明，10年来黑河上游和下游地区植被在退化，中游地区绿洲面积增加，植被指数增高；1989年与1998年黑河上游山区积雪面积变化特征一致，但1998积雪融化明显快于1989年；下游湖泊面积1998年较1989年严重退缩。     

史灌河流域水量平衡研究

建立了一个水量平衡模型,并用1998、1999年淮河流域能量和水循环试验(HUBEX)期间获得的史灌河流域(HUBEX水文试验区)加密观测资料来率定模型中的参数.结论表明:(1)水量平衡的要素计算合理;(2)梅山、鲇鱼山、蒋集土壤含水量的平均值系列基本上反映了流域蓄水量的变化过程;(3)流域蓄水量的衰减系数、蒸发能力的折算系数比较稳定,不应通过调整这些系数来实现水量平衡.     

近30年甘肃省主要湖泊面积变化及其影响因素分析

内陆湖泊是气候变化敏感的指示器，开展湖泊变化时空演变及成因分析，不仅对水资源利用与管理具有重要的科学价值，而且对于揭示区域气候变化，反映人类活动影响也具有十分重要的意义。本研究采用基于对象影像分析(Object-Based Image Analysis,OBIA)的种子增长法，提取了甘肃省7个典型湖泊从1986-2017年的面积变化，尾闾型湖泊中，大苏干湖面积最大，1986-2017年面积均在60 km²以上；青土湖面积最大达到20 km²以上；小苏干湖面积维持在11～12 km²，变化相对稳定，干海子面积在2 km²以下，波动较大。河源型湖泊中尕海面积在2.9～12.56 km²，面积波动较大，德勒诺尔和天池面积均在2 km²以下，其中德勒诺尔面积波动较大，天池面积波动相对较小。依据湖泊面积的变化特征，通过聚类分析方法将甘肃省7个典型湖泊分成两类，第一类包括尕海、青土湖和大苏干湖，湖泊面积整体呈增加的趋势；第二类包括德勒诺尔、小苏干湖、天池和干海子，湖泊...     

利用最大降水量拟合福州城市内涝积水深度的误差分析

利用2015—2016年福州城区内涝和地面气象观测资料,分析内涝成因、最大降雨量与积水深度的关系,建立城市内涝积水深度拟合方程,并对拟合效果进行了检验。结果表明:1)导致福州城市内涝的突发性原因占26%,是城市管网等数据更新困难的主因,非突发性原因占74%;2)在3次不同天气系统的降雨量拟合结果中,雨季降水过程拟合平均绝对误差最小,午后雷雨天气降雨过程拟合平均绝对误差最大;3)对内涝积水深度负拟合值进行归零处理和阈值限定后,其结果均与实况相符;4)基于最新数据资料所得拟合值的误差更小。     

1988—2018年那曲市其香错水域面积变化及原因分析

基于Landsat卫星遥感数据,采用水体指数法和相关分析法,分析1988—2018年那曲市双湖县其香错湖泊水域面积变化及原因。结果表明：该湖泊近31 a内水域面积呈显著增长趋势（R²=0.88,P < 0.001）,31 a内增长了33.37 km²,增长率为18.03%;从空间上分析,其香错在近31 a内湖泊面积不断向四周扩展,其中在东、西方向和北部变化尤为显著。湖泊所在区域年平均气温呈增加趋势,蒸发量显著减小,冻土深度也明显减小。在上述因素的共同作用下,引起湖泊补给水源的增加和湖泊水容量的增大,最终导致湖泊面积持续上涨。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.